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{{Short description|Original historical works on science and technology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
'''Antiquarian science books''' are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning [[List of important publications in science|science]], [[List of important publications in mathematics|mathematics]] and sometimes [[engineering]].
'''Antiquarian science books''' are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning [[List of important publications in science|science]], [[List of important publications in mathematics|mathematics]] and sometimes [[engineering]]. These books are important primary references for the study of the [[history of science and technology]], they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry ([[History of science]], [[History of mathematics]], etc.)
These books are important primary references for the study of the [[history of science and technology]], they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry ([[History of science]], [[History of mathematics]], etc.)


[[File:Vesalius Fabrica p184.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Vesalius, ''Fabrica'', 16th century.]]
[[File:Vesalius Fabrica p184.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Vesalius, ''Fabrica'', 16th century]]


The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.).<ref>Prices quoted were collected using sources such as {{cite web|url=https://ilab.org/buy_books |title=International League of Antiquarian Booksellers |accessdate=2018-06-07 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509062742/http://www.ilab.org/services/searchform.php |archivedate=2008-05-09 }} {{cite web|url=https://www.abaa.org/ |title=ABAA |accessdate=2018-06-07 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701041121/http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/searchform.php |archivedate=2009-07-01 }} http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry http://www.sothebys.com http://www.christies.com</ref>
The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.).<ref>Prices quoted were collected using sources such as {{cite web|url=https://ilab.org/buy_books |title=International League of Antiquarian Booksellers |access-date=2018-06-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509062742/http://www.ilab.org/services/searchform.php |archive-date=2008-05-09 }} {{cite web|url=https://www.abaa.org/ |title=ABAA |access-date=2018-06-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701041121/http://search.abaa.org/dbp2/searchform.php |archive-date=2009-07-01 }} http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry http://www.sothebys.com http://www.christies.com</ref>
Reprints of these books are often available, for example from [[Great Books of the Western World]], [[Dover Publications]] or [[Google Book Search|Google Books]].
Reprints of these books are often available, for example from [[Great Books of the Western World]], [[Dover Publications]] or [[Google Book Search|Google Books]].


[[Incunabula]] are extremely rare and valuable, but as the "[[scientific revolution]]" is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of [[Renaissance literature]] (including [[alchemy]], [[Renaissance magic]], etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning scientific revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of [[Copernican heliocentrism]]. [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]' ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'' of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions.<ref>US$2,210,500 at a [http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/copernicus-nicolaus-de-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-5084091-details.aspx Christies] auction in 2008.</ref>
[[Incunabula]] are extremely rare and valuable, but as the "[[scientific revolution]]" is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of [[Renaissance literature]] (including [[alchemy]], [[Renaissance magic]], etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning scientific revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of [[Copernican heliocentrism]]. [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]' ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]]'' of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions.<ref>US$2,210,500 at a [http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/copernicus-nicolaus-de-revolutionibus-orbium-coelestium-5084091-details.aspx Christies] auction in 2008.</ref>


==List of notable books==
==List of notable books==
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[[File:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Copernicus, ''De revolutionibus'', 1500s]]
⚫
; 16th century

⚫
===16th century===
*[[Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia|Tartaglia, Niccolò]]. ''[[Nova Scientia]] (A New Science).'' [[Venice]], '''1537'''. [[Ballistics]].
*[[Vannoccio Biringuccio|Biringuccio, Vannoccio]]. ''[[De la pirotechnia]].'' [[Venice]], '''1540'''. [[Metallurgy]].
*[[Leonhart Fuchs|Fuchs, Leonhart]]. ''[[De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes]].'' [[Basel]], '''1542'''. [[Botany]].
*[[Leonhart Fuchs|Fuchs, Leonhart]]. ''[[De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes]].'' [[Basel]], '''1542'''. [[Botany]].
*[[Nicolaus Copernicus is cool|Copernicus, Nicolaus it is me Leokusaurus]]. ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]].''<ref>[http://ads.harvard.edu/books/1543droc.book/ ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium''], from [[Harvard University]].</ref> [[Wittenberg]], '''1543'''. [[Copernican heliocentrism]].
*[[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus, Nicolaus]]. ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium]].''<ref>[http://ads.harvard.edu/books/1543droc.book/ ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713225327/http://ads.harvard.edu/books/1543droc.book/ |date=13 July 2006 }}, from [[Harvard University]].</ref> [[Wittenberg]], '''1543'''. [[Copernican heliocentrism]].
*[[Andreas Vesalius|Vesalius, Andreas]]. ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]] (On the Structure of the Human Body).''<ref>[http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/ ''De Humani Corporis Fabrica'' online] &mdash; translated with full images, from Northwestern University</ref> [[Basel]], '''1543'''. [[Anatomy]].
*[[Andreas Vesalius|Vesalius, Andreas]]. ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]] (On the Structure of the Human Body).''<ref>[http://vesalius.northwestern.edu/ ''De Humani Corporis Fabrica'' online] &mdash; translated with full images, from Northwestern University</ref> [[Basel]], '''1543'''. [[Anatomy]].
*[[Gerolamo Cardano|Cardano, Gerolamo]]. ''[[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|Artis magnae sive de regulis algebraicis]] (The Art of Solving Algebraic Equations).'' [[Nuremberg]], '''1545'''. [[Algebra]].
*[[Gerolamo Cardano|Cardano, Gerolamo]]. ''[[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|Artis magnae sive de regulis algebraicis]] (The Art of Solving Algebraic Equations).'' [[Nuremberg]], '''1545'''. [[Algebra]].
*[[Otto Brunfels|Brunfels, Otto]]. ''Kreuterbüch'', '''1546'''. [[Botany]].
*[[Otto Brunfels|Brunfels, Otto]]. ''Kreuterbüch'', '''1546'''. [[Botany]].
*[[Conrad von Gesner|Gessner, Conrad]]. ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia Animalium]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORIAE ANIMALIUM liber IIII (first edition)|url=http://rarefishbooks.com/k2-categories/Books/310-gessner-conrad-1516-1565.html|editor=Rare Fish Books|access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> '''1551-58'''. [[Zoology]]
*[[Hieronymus Bock|Bock, Hieronymus]]. ''Kreutterbuch.'' [[Strasbourg]], '''1552'''. [[Botany]].
*[[Hieronymus Bock|Bock, Hieronymus]]. ''Kreutterbuch.'' [[Strasbourg]], '''1552'''. [[Botany]].
*[[Paracelsus]]. ''Theil der grossen Wundartzney.''<ref>
*[[Paracelsus]]. ''Theil der grossen Wundartzney.''<ref>
First edition: {{cite web |url=https://ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=Theil+der+grossen+Wundartzney |title= Theil der grossen Wundartzney |website=ILAB |accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> [[Frankfurt]], '''1556'''. [[Medicine]].
First edition: {{cite web |url=https://ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=Theil+der+grossen+Wundartzney |title= Theil der grossen Wundartzney |website=ILAB |access-date=1 August 2018}}</ref> [[Frankfurt]], '''1556'''. [[Medicine]].
*[[Georgius Agricola|Agricola, Georgius]]. ''[[De re metallica]].'' [[Basel]], '''1561'''. [[Mineralogy]].
*[[Georgius Agricola|Agricola, Georgius]]. ''[[De re metallica]].'' [[Basel]], '''1561'''. [[Mineralogy]].
*[[Regiomontanus]]. ''De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071019135140/http://www.polybiblio.com/marta/165.html Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Daniel, ed. De Triangulis Planis et Sphaericis libri quinque. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna 1561]. First edition: [https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2852/johannes-regiomontanus-daniel-santbech-georg-von-peuerbach/de-triangulis-planis-et-sphaericis-libri-quinque-una-cum-tabulis-sinuum-in-quibus-tota-ipsorum De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque]</ref> [[Basel]], '''1561'''. [[Trigonometry]].
*[[Regiomontanus]]. ''De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071019135140/http://www.polybiblio.com/marta/165.html Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Daniel, ed. De Triangulis Planis et Sphaericis libri quinque. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna 1561]. First edition: [https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2852/johannes-regiomontanus-daniel-santbech-georg-von-peuerbach/de-triangulis-planis-et-sphaericis-libri-quinque-una-cum-tabulis-sinuum-in-quibus-tota-ipsorum De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703140446/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2852/johannes-regiomontanus-daniel-santbech-georg-von-peuerbach/de-triangulis-planis-et-sphaericis-libri-quinque-una-cum-tabulis-sinuum-in-quibus-tota-ipsorum |date=3 July 2020 }}</ref> [[Basel]], '''1561'''. [[Trigonometry]].
*[[Rafael Bombelli|Bombelli, Rafael]]. ''[[Rafael Bombelli#Bombelli's Algebra|Algebra]].'' '''1569'''/'''1572'''. [[Imaginary numbers]].
*[[Rafael Bombelli|Bombelli, Rafael]]. ''[[Rafael Bombelli#Bombelli's Algebra|Algebra]].'' '''1569'''/'''1572'''. [[Imaginary numbers]].
*[[Andrea Cesalpino|Cesalpino, Andrea]]. ''De plantis libri XVI.'' '''1583'''. [[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomy]].
*[[Giordano Bruno|Bruno, Giordano]]. ''[[De l'infinito, universo e mondi]].''<ref>Giordano Bruno, ''[http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/b/bruno/de_l_infinito_universo_e_mondi/pdf/de_l_i_p.pdf De l'infinito, universo e mondi]'', a cura di [[Giovanni Aquilecchia]], Sansoni, Firenze, 1985.</ref> '''1584''' [[Cosmology]].
*[[Giordano Bruno|Bruno, Giordano]]. ''[[De l'infinito, universo e mondi]].''<ref>Giordano Bruno, ''[http://www.liberliber.it/mediateca/libri/b/bruno/de_l_infinito_universo_e_mondi/pdf/de_l_i_p.pdf De l'infinito, universo e mondi]'', a cura di [[Giovanni Aquilecchia]], Sansoni, Firenze, 1985.</ref> '''1584''' [[Cosmology]].
*[[Simon Stevin|Stevin, Simon]]. ''[[De Thiende]].'' '''1585'''. [[Decimal|Decimal numeral system]].
*[[Simon Stevin|Stevin, Simon]]. ''[[De Beghinselen Der Weeghconst|De Beghinselen der Weeghconst]].'' '''1586'''. [[Statics]].
*[[Tycho Brahe|Brahe, Tycho]]. ''Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata.'' '''1588'''. [[Astronomy]].
*[[François Viète|Viète, François]]. ''In artem analyticam isagoge (Introduction to the Analytical Art).''<ref>First edition:
*[[François Viète|Viète, François]]. ''In artem analyticam isagoge (Introduction to the Analytical Art).''<ref>First edition:
{{cite web|url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3128/francois-viete-j-l-vaulezard/introduction-en-lart-analytic-ou-nouuelle-algebre-de-francois-viete-bound-with-les-cinq-livres-des |title=Introduction to the analytical art |accessdate=2018-08-01}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3128/francois-viete-j-l-vaulezard/introduction-en-lart-analytic-ou-nouuelle-algebre-de-francois-viete-bound-with-les-cinq-livres-des |title=Introduction to the analytical art |access-date=2018-08-01}}
</ref> [[Tours]], '''1591'''. [[Algebra]].
</ref> [[Tours]], '''1591'''. [[Algebra]].
*[[Carlo Ruini|Ruini, Carlo]]. ''Anatomia del Cavallo.'' [[Venice]], '''1598'''. [[Veterinary medicine]].


[[File:Principia Page 1726.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Newton, ''Principia'', 1600s.]]
[[File:Principia Page 1726.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Newton, ''Principia'', 1600s]]


; 17th century
===17th century===
*[[William Gilbert (astronomer)|Gilbert, William]]. ''[[De Magnete]].''<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33810 ''De Magnete''] at [[Project Gutenberg]].
*[[William Gilbert (astronomer)|Gilbert, William]]. ''[[De Magnete]].''<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33810 ''De Magnete''] at [[Project Gutenberg]].
{{cite web |title=De Magnete (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/2520/william-gilbert/de-magnete-magneticisque-corporibus-et-de-magno-magnete-tellure-physiologia-nova-plurimis |website=JONATHAN A. HILL, BOOKSELLER, INC. |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> London, '''1600''' [[Magnetism]]
{{cite web |title=De Magnete (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/2520/william-gilbert/de-magnete-magneticisque-corporibus-et-de-magno-magnete-tellure-physiologia-nova-plurimis |website=JONATHAN A. HILL, BOOKSELLER, INC. |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162745/https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/2520/william-gilbert/de-magnete-magneticisque-corporibus-et-de-magno-magnete-tellure-physiologia-nova-plurimis |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1600''' [[Magnetism]]
*[[Galileo Galilei|Galilei, Galileo]]. ''[[Sidereus Nuncius|Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)]].'' [[Frankfurt]], '''1610'''. [[Astronomy]]
*[[Galileo Galilei|Galilei, Galileo]]. ''[[Sidereus Nuncius|Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger)]].'' [[Frankfurt]], '''1610'''. [[Astronomy]]
*[[John Napier|Napier, John]]. ''Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio'',<ref>''[http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb11110567_00011.html Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio]'' ([[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]]'s English translation was published in 1616).
*[[John Napier|Napier, John]]. ''[[Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio]]'',<ref>''[https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb11110567?page=11 Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio]'' ([[Edward Wright (mathematician)|Edward Wright]]'s English translation was published in 1616).
{{cite web |title=Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio (early edition) |url=https://www.antiquariat-gruber.de/product.php?lang=de&action=details&catalog_id=&product_id=105659-01 |website=Antiquariat Gerhard Gruber |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> '''1614'''. [[Logarithms]]
{{cite web |title=Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio (early edition) |url=https://www.antiquariat-gruber.de/product.php?lang=de&action=details&catalog_id=&product_id=105659-01 |website=Antiquariat Gerhard Gruber |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802163644/https://www.antiquariat-gruber.de/product.php?lang=de&action=details&catalog_id=&product_id=105659-01 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1614'''. [[Logarithms]]
*[[Johannes Kepler|Kepler, Johannes]]. ''[[Harmonices Mundi]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Harmonices Mundi (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2603/johannes-kepler/prodromus-dissertationum-cosmographicarum-continens-mysterium-cosmographicum-de-admirabili |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=2 August 2018 |location=(Ritterhude, Germany) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162711/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2603/johannes-kepler/prodromus-dissertationum-cosmographicarum-continens-mysterium-cosmographicum-de-admirabili |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Linz]], '''1619'''. [[Celestial mechanics]]
*[[Johannes Kepler|Kepler, Johannes]]. ''[[Harmonices Mundi]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Harmonices Mundi (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2603/johannes-kepler/prodromus-dissertationum-cosmographicarum-continens-mysterium-cosmographicum-de-admirabili |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=2 August 2018 |location=(Ritterhude, Germany) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162711/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2603/johannes-kepler/prodromus-dissertationum-cosmographicarum-continens-mysterium-cosmographicum-de-admirabili |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Linz]], '''1619'''. [[Celestial mechanics]]
*[[Francis Bacon|Bacon, Francis]]. ''[[Novum Organum]].'' London, '''1620'''. [[Experimentation]]
*[[Francis Bacon|Bacon, Francis]]. ''[[Novum Organum]].'' London, '''1620'''. [[Experimentation]]
*[[Galileo Galilei|Galilei, Galileo]]. ''[[Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems|Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Tolemaico, e Coperniciano]]''. [[Florence]], '''1632'''. [[Heliocentrism]]
*[[René Descartes|Descartes, René]]. ''[[Discourse on the Method|Discours de la Methode]] / [[La Geometrie]]''. [[Leiden]], '''1637''' [[Analytical geometry]]
*[[René Descartes|Descartes, René]]. ''[[Discourse on the Method|Discours de la Methode]] / [[La Geometrie]]''. [[Leiden]], '''1637''' [[Analytical geometry]]
*[[Pierre de Fermat|Fermat, Pierre de]]. ''Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam'',<ref>First written in a letter to Mersenne in 1638, the first printed publication of the method is in the fifth volume of the "Supplementum Cursus Mathematici" (1642) written by Herigone, and only in 1679 it appears in Fermat's "Varia opera mathematica". [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C5%92uvres_de_Fermat/I/Maxima_et_Minima Electronic version] in latin. [https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/3105/pierre-de-fermat/varia-opera-mathematica-accesserunt-selectae-quaedam-eiusdem-epistolae-vel-ad-ipsum-a-plerisque First edition] of "Varia opera mat." at Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc.</ref> '''1638'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Pierre de Fermat|Fermat, Pierre de]]. ''Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam'',<ref>First written in a letter to Mersenne in 1638, the first printed publication of the method is in the fifth volume of the "Supplementum Cursus Mathematici" (1642) written by Herigone, and only in 1679 it appears in Fermat's "Varia opera mathematica". [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/%C5%92uvres_de_Fermat/I/Maxima_et_Minima Electronic version] in latin. [https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/3105/pierre-de-fermat/varia-opera-mathematica-accesserunt-selectae-quaedam-eiusdem-epistolae-vel-ad-ipsum-a-plerisque First edition] of "Varia opera mat." at Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc.</ref> '''1638'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Galileo Galilei|Galilei, Galileo]]. ''[[Two new sciences|Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze]]''. [[Leiden]], '''1638'''. [[Classical dynamics]]
*[[Galileo Galilei|Galilei, Galileo]]. ''[[Two new sciences|Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze]]''. [[Leiden]], '''1638'''. [[Classical dynamics]]
*[[Gérard Desargues|Desargues, Gérard]]. ''Brouillon-project d'une atteinte aux evenemens des rencontres du cone avec un plan'', '''1639'''. [[Projective geometry]].
*[[Gérard Desargues|Desargues, Gérard]]. ''Brouillon-project d'une atteinte aux evenemens des rencontres du cone avec un plan'', '''1639'''. [[Projective geometry]].
*[[William Harvey|Harvey, William]]. ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]] (Anatomical Exercises, Concerning the Heart and Blood)'' <ref>{{cite web |title=De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus (early edition) |url=http://www.libreriabrighenti.it/libri/rare-books-libri-antichi/de-motu-cordis-et-sanguinis-in-animalibus-anatomica-exercitatio-detail |website=LIBRERIA BRIGHENTI |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> London, '''1653'''. [[Circulatory system]]
*[[William Harvey|Harvey, William]]. ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]] (Anatomical Exercises, Concerning the Heart and Blood)''<ref>{{cite web |title=De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus (early edition) |url=http://www.libreriabrighenti.it/libri/rare-books-libri-antichi/de-motu-cordis-et-sanguinis-in-animalibus-anatomica-exercitatio-detail |website=LIBRERIA BRIGHENTI |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163622/http://www.libreriabrighenti.it/libri/rare-books-libri-antichi/de-motu-cordis-et-sanguinis-in-animalibus-anatomica-exercitatio-detail |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1653'''. [[Circulatory system]]
*[[John Wallis|Wallis, John]]. ''Arithmetica infinitorum'', '''1655'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[John Wallis|Wallis, John]]. ''Arithmetica infinitorum'', '''1655'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Robert Boyle|Boyle, Robert]]. ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sceptical Chymist (first edition) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4552/robert-boyle/the-sceptical-chymist-or-chymo-physical-doubts-and-paradoxes-touching-the-experiments-whereby |website=Sophia Rare Books |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> London, '''1661'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[Robert Boyle|Boyle, Robert]]. ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sceptical Chymist (first edition) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4552/robert-boyle/the-sceptical-chymist-or-chymo-physical-doubts-and-paradoxes-touching-the-experiments-whereby |website=Sophia Rare Books |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163459/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4552/robert-boyle/the-sceptical-chymist-or-chymo-physical-doubts-and-paradoxes-touching-the-experiments-whereby |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1661'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal, Blaise]]. ''Traitez de l'Equilibre des Liqueurs, et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l'Air.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Traitez de l'équilibre des liqueurs (first edition) |url=http://hatchuel.fr/index.php?f=c |website=Librairie Hatchuel. 58 rue Monge 75005 Paris - France |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, '''1663'''. [[Fluid statics]]
*[[Blaise Pascal|Pascal, Blaise]]. ''Traitez de l'Equilibre des Liqueurs, et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l'Air.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Traitez de l'équilibre des liqueurs (first edition) |url=http://hatchuel.fr/index.php?f=c |website=Librairie Hatchuel. 58 rue Monge 75005 Paris - France |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, '''1663'''. [[Fluid statics]]
*[[James Gregory (mathematician)|Gregory, James]]. ''Optica Promota'', '''1663'''. [[Optics]]
*[[James Gregory (mathematician)|Gregory, James]]. ''Optica Promota'', '''1663'''. [[Optics]]
*[[Robert Hooke|Hooke, Robert]]. ''[[Micrographia]].'' London, '''1665'''. [[Microscopy]]
*[[Robert Hooke|Hooke, Robert]]. ''[[Micrographia]].'' London, '''1665'''. [[Microscopy]]
*[[Nicolas Steno|Steno, Nicolas]]. ''De Solido intra Solidum Naturaliter Contento Dissertationis Prodromus.'' [[Florence]], '''1669'''. [[Stratigraphy]]
*[[Nicolas Steno|Steno, Nicolas]]. ''De Solido intra Solidum Naturaliter Contento Dissertationis Prodromus.'' [[Florence]], '''1669'''. [[Stratigraphy]]
*[[Isaac Barrow|Barrow, Isaac]]. ''Lectiones geometricae'',<ref>{{Gutenberg author |id=Barrow,+Isaac | name=Isaac Barrow}}. {{cite web |title=Lectiones opticae & geometricae (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1989/isaac-barrow-isaac-newton/lectiones-opticae-geometricae-in-quibus-phaenomenon-opticorum-genuinae-rationes |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163455/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1989/isaac-barrow-isaac-newton/lectiones-opticae-geometricae-in-quibus-phaenomenon-opticorum-genuinae-rationes |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1670'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Isaac Barrow|Barrow, Isaac]]. ''Lectiones geometricae'',<ref>{{Gutenberg author |id=3430| name=Isaac Barrow}}. {{cite web |title=Lectiones opticae & geometricae (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1989/isaac-barrow-isaac-newton/lectiones-opticae-geometricae-in-quibus-phaenomenon-opticorum-genuinae-rationes |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163455/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1989/isaac-barrow-isaac-newton/lectiones-opticae-geometricae-in-quibus-phaenomenon-opticorum-genuinae-rationes |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1670'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Otto von Guericke|von Guericke, Otto]]. ''Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio''.<ref>First editions of ''Experimenta Nova'' available at [https://ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=experimenta+nova+guericke ILAB]</ref> Magdeburger Halbkugeln, '''1672'''. [[Experimental physics]]
*[[Otto von Guericke|von Guericke, Otto]]. ''Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio''.<ref>First editions of ''Experimenta Nova'' available at [https://ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=experimenta+nova+guericke ILAB]</ref> Magdeburger Halbkugeln, '''1672'''. [[Experimental physics]]
*[[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens, Christiaan]]. ''[[Horologium Oscillatorium]].'' [[Paris]], '''1673'''. [[Pendulus]].
*[[Pierre de Fermat|Fermat, Pierre de]]. ''Ad locus planos et solidos isagoge'', '''1679'''. [[Analytic geometry]]
*[[Pierre de Fermat|Fermat, Pierre de]]. ''Ad locus planos et solidos isagoge'', '''1679'''. [[Analytic geometry]]
*[[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz, Gottfried]]. ''[[Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis]]'', '''1684'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz, Gottfried]]. ''[[Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis]]'', '''1684'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Isaac Newton|Newton, Isaac]]. ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]].'' <ref>{{cite web |title=Principia - Second edition, 1713 |url=https://www.jamescumminsbookseller.com/pages/books/252301/isaac-newton/philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica-auctore-isaaco-newtonio-equite-aurato-editio |website=James Cummins Bookseller (member ABAA/ILAB) |accessdate=3 August 2018 |location=699 Madison Ave., 7th Floor, New York, NY 10065, USA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194138/https://www.jamescumminsbookseller.com/pages/books/252301/isaac-newton/philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica-auctore-isaaco-newtonio-equite-aurato-editio |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, 3 Vol, '''1687'''. [[Classical mechanics]]
*[[Isaac Newton|Newton, Isaac]]. ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Principia - Second edition, 1713 |url=https://www.jamescumminsbookseller.com/pages/books/252301/isaac-newton/philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica-auctore-isaaco-newtonio-equite-aurato-editio |website=James Cummins Bookseller (member ABAA/ILAB) |access-date=3 August 2018 |location=New York|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194138/https://www.jamescumminsbookseller.com/pages/books/252301/isaac-newton/philosophiae-naturalis-principia-mathematica-auctore-isaaco-newtonio-equite-aurato-editio |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, 3 Vol, '''1687'''. [[Classical mechanics]]
*[[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens, Christiaan]]. ''[[Treatise on Light|Traité de la Lumière]].'' [[Leiden]], '''1690'''. [[Optics]]
*[[Christiaan Huygens|Huygens, Christiaan]]. ''[[Treatise on Light|Traité de la Lumière]].'' [[Leiden]], '''1690'''. [[Optics]]
*[[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm]]. ''Specimen Dynamicum.'' [[Vienna]], '''1695'''. [[Classical mechanics]]
*[[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm]]. ''Specimen Dynamicum.'' [[Vienna]], '''1695'''. [[Classical mechanics]]
*[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie]]. ''Arcana Naturae, Ope & Beneficio Exquisitissimorum Microscopiorum.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Arcana naturae (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1987/anton-van-leeuwenhoek/arcana-naturae-detecta-arcana-naturae-detecta-editio-altera-continuatio-epistolarum-editio |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803193958/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1987/anton-van-leeuwenhoek/arcana-naturae-detecta-arcana-naturae-detecta-editio-altera-continuatio-epistolarum-editio |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leiden]], '''1696'''. [[Microbiology]]
*[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek|van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie]]. ''Arcana Naturae, Ope & Beneficio Exquisitissimorum Microscopiorum.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Arcana naturae (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1987/anton-van-leeuwenhoek/arcana-naturae-detecta-arcana-naturae-detecta-editio-altera-continuatio-epistolarum-editio |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803193958/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1987/anton-van-leeuwenhoek/arcana-naturae-detecta-arcana-naturae-detecta-editio-altera-continuatio-epistolarum-editio |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leiden]], '''1696'''. [[Microbiology]]
*[[Guillaume de l'Hôpital|l'Hôpital, Guillaume de]]. ''[[Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes|Analyse des infiniment petits]].'' Paris, '''1696'''. [[Calculus]]
*[[Guillaume de l'Hôpital|l'Hôpital, Guillaume de]]. ''[[Analyse des Infiniment Petits pour l'Intelligence des Lignes Courbes|Analyse des infiniment petits]].'' Paris, '''1696'''. [[Calculus]]


[[File:Systema Naturae cover.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Linnaeus, ''Systema Naturae'', 1700s]]
[[File:Systema Naturae cover.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Linnaeus, ''Systema Naturae'', 1700s]]


; 18th century
===18th century===
*[[Isaac Newton|Newton, Isaac]] (England). ''[[Opticks]].''<ref>First editions at [https://www.ilab.org/search_results ILAB]</ref> London, '''1704'''. [[Optics]]
*[[Isaac Newton|Newton, Isaac]] (England). ''[[Opticks]].''<ref>First editions at [https://www.ilab.org/search_results ILAB]</ref> London, '''1704'''. [[Optics]]
*[[Brook Taylor|Taylor, Brook]] (England). ''Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa'',<ref>{{citation|first=Brook|last=Taylor|title=Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa|publisher=William Innys|year=1715a|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-Gq9YyZYXYC&pg=PP3}}</ref> '''1715'''. [[Taylor series]]
*[[Brook Taylor|Taylor, Brook]] (England). ''Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa'',<ref>{{citation|first=Brook|last=Taylor|title=Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa|publisher=William Innys|year=1715a|location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-Gq9YyZYXYC&pg=PP3}}</ref> '''1715'''. [[Taylor series]]
*[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus, Carl]] (Sweden). ''[[Systema Naturae]].'' Netherlands, '''1735'''. [[Linnaean taxonomy]]
*[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus, Carl]] (Sweden). ''[[Systema Naturae]].'' Netherlands, '''1735'''. [[Linnaean taxonomy]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli, Daniel]] (Netherlands). ''[[Hydrodynamica]].'' [[Strasbourg]], '''1738''', [[Fluid dynamics]]
*[[Daniel Bernoulli|Bernoulli, Daniel]] (Netherlands). ''[[Hydrodynamica]].'' [[Strasbourg]], '''1738''', [[Fluid dynamics]]
*[[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert, Jean le Rond]] (France). ''Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Reflexions sur la Cause generale des Vents (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/3482/jean-le-rond-d-alembert/reflexions-sur-la-cause-generale-des-vents-piece-qui-a-remporte-le-prix-propose-par-lacademie |website=Jonathan A. Hill. Bookseller, Inc. |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> '''1747'''. [[Complex numbers]]
*[[Jean le Rond d'Alembert|d'Alembert, Jean le Rond]] (France). ''Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Reflexions sur la Cause generale des Vents (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/3482/jean-le-rond-d-alembert/reflexions-sur-la-cause-generale-des-vents-piece-qui-a-remporte-le-prix-propose-par-lacademie |website=Jonathan A. Hill. Bookseller, Inc. |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> '''1747'''. [[Complex numbers]]
*[[Leonhard Euler|Euler, Leonhard]] (Switzerland). ''[[Introductio in analysin infinitorum]].'' [[Lausanne]], '''1748'''. [[Mathematical analysis]]
*[[Leonhard Euler|Euler, Leonhard]] (Switzerland). ''[[Introductio in analysin infinitorum]].'' [[Lausanne]], '''1748'''. [[Mathematical analysis]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]] (America). ''[[Experiments and Observations on Electricity]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Experiments and Observations on Electricity (early edition) |url=https://shop.felcone.com/pages/books/12365/benjamin-franklin/experiments-and-observations-on-electricity-made-at-philadelphia |website=Joseph J. Felcone Inc. Bookseller. |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> London/[[Philadelphia]], '''1751'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Benjamin Franklin|Franklin, Benjamin]] (America). ''[[Experiments and Observations on Electricity]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Experiments and Observations on Electricity (early edition) |url=https://shop.felcone.com/pages/books/12365/benjamin-franklin/experiments-and-observations-on-electricity-made-at-philadelphia |website=Joseph J. Felcone Inc. Bookseller. |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> London/[[Philadelphia]], '''1751'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Thomas Bayes|Bayes, Thomas]] (England). ''[[An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances (first edition) |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2090/thomas-bayes/an-essay-towards-solving-a-problem-in-the-doctrine-of-chances |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |accessdate=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140114/https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2090/thomas-bayes/an-essay-towards-solving-a-problem-in-the-doctrine-of-chances |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[London]], '''1763'''. [[Inverse probability]]
*[[Thomas Bayes|Bayes, Thomas]] (England). ''[[An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances (first edition) |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2090/thomas-bayes/an-essay-towards-solving-a-problem-in-the-doctrine-of-chances |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140114/https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2090/thomas-bayes/an-essay-towards-solving-a-problem-in-the-doctrine-of-chances |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[London]], '''1763'''. [[Inverse probability]]
*[[Alessandro Volta|Volta, Alessandro]] (Italy). ''De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus'',<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/title/de-vi-attractiva-ignis-electrici-ac-phaenomenis-inde-pendentibus/oclc/1419897 De vi attractiva ignis electrici] (in latin)</ref> '''1799'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Alessandro Volta|Volta, Alessandro]] (Italy). ''De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus'',<ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1419897 De vi attractiva ignis electrici] (in latin)</ref> '''1769'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Adam Smith|Smith, Adam]] (Scotland). ''[[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]].'' London, 2 Vol, '''1776'''. [[Capitalism]]
*[[Adam Smith|Smith, Adam]] (Scotland). ''[[An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations]].'' London, 2 Vol, '''1776'''. [[Capitalism]]
*[[Gaspard Monge|Monge, Gaspard]] (France). ''Sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais'',<ref>''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35800/f796 Mémoire sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais]'' De l'Imprimerie Royale.</ref> '''1781'''. [[Descriptive geometry]].
*[[Gaspard Monge|Monge, Gaspard]] (France). ''Sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais'',<ref>''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35800/f796 Mémoire sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais]'' De l'Imprimerie Royale.</ref> '''1781'''. [[Descriptive geometry]].
*[[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange, Joseph]] (Italy). ''[[Mécanique analytique]].'' Paris, '''1788'''. [[Dynamics (physics)|Dynamics]]
*[[Joseph Louis Lagrange|Lagrange, Joseph]] (Italy). ''[[Mécanique analytique]].'' Paris, '''1788'''. [[Dynamics (physics)|Dynamics]]
*[[James Hutton|Hutton, James]] (Scotland). ''[[Theory of the Earth]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Theory of the Earth (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1667/james-hutton/theory-of-the-earth-with-proofs-and-illustrations |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140323/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1667/james-hutton/theory-of-the-earth-with-proofs-and-illustrations |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Edinburgh]], '''1788'''. [[Geology]]
*[[James Hutton|Hutton, James]] (Scotland). ''[[Theory of the Earth]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Theory of the Earth (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1667/james-hutton/theory-of-the-earth-with-proofs-and-illustrations |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808140323/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1667/james-hutton/theory-of-the-earth-with-proofs-and-illustrations |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Edinburgh]], '''1788'''. [[Geology]]
*[[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier, Antoine]] (France). ''[[Traité Élémentaire de Chimie]] (Elements of Chemistry).''<ref>{{cite web |title=Traité élémentaire de chimie (first edition) |url=http://www.alainbrieux.com/traite-elementaire-de-chimie-presente-dans-un-ordre-ako71393.html |website=Librairie Alain Brieu |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, 2 Vol, '''1789'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier, Antoine]] (France). ''[[Traité Élémentaire de Chimie]] (Elements of Chemistry).''<ref>{{cite web |title=Traité élémentaire de chimie (first edition) |url=http://www.alainbrieux.com/traite-elementaire-de-chimie-presente-dans-un-ordre-ako71393.html |website=Librairie Alain Brieu |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, 2 Vol, '''1789'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[Luigi Galvani|Galvani, Luigi]] (Italy). ''De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110909013601/http://137.204.24.205/cis13b/bsco3/intro_opera.asp?id_opera=23 ''De viribus electricitatis''], 1791. The International Centre for the History of Universities and Science (CIS), Università di Bologna</ref> [[Bologna]], '''1791'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Luigi Galvani|Galvani, Luigi]] (Italy). ''De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110909013601/http://137.204.24.205/cis13b/bsco3/intro_opera.asp?id_opera=23 ''De viribus electricitatis''], 1791. The International Centre for the History of Universities and Science (CIS), Università di Bologna</ref> [[Bologna]], '''1791'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Adrien-Marie Legendre|Legendre, Adrien-Marie]] (France). ''Essai sur la théorie des nombres''.<ref>[http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb30775982w Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres] (Paris : Duprat, 1798). [https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3414/adrien-marie-legendre/essai-sur-la-theorie-des-nombres First edition] at Sophia Rare Books</ref> Paris, '''1798'''. [[Number theory]]
*[[Adrien-Marie Legendre|Legendre, Adrien-Marie]] (France). ''Essai sur la théorie des nombres''.<ref>[http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb30775982w Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres] (Paris: Duprat, 1798). [https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3414/adrien-marie-legendre/essai-sur-la-theorie-des-nombres First edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701002432/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3414/adrien-marie-legendre/essai-sur-la-theorie-des-nombres |date=1 July 2020 }} at Sophia Rare Books</ref> Paris, '''1798'''. [[Number theory]]
*[[Edward Jenner|Jenner, Edward]] (England). ''[[An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ]].''<ref>A [http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=614.4_J54I_1798 digitized copy] of ''An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine'' (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at [[Carnegie Mellon]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (first edition) |url=https://weberrarebooks.secure-chrislands.com/product/112161/An-Inquiry-into-the-Causes-and-Effects-of-the-Variolae-Vaccinae-A-disease-discovered-in-some-of-the-western-counties-of-England-particularly-Gloucestershire-and-known-by-the-name-of-the-Cow-Pox-JENNER-Edward-1749-1823 |website=Jeff Weber Rare Books |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> '''1798'''. [[Immunology]]
*[[Edward Jenner|Jenner, Edward]] (England). ''[[An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ]].''<ref>A [http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=614.4_J54I_1798 digitized copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626210358/http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=614.4_J54I_1798 |date=26 June 2010 }} of ''An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine'' (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at [[Carnegie Mellon]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (first edition) |url=https://weberrarebooks.secure-chrislands.com/product/112161/An-Inquiry-into-the-Causes-and-Effects-of-the-Variolae-Vaccinae-A-disease-discovered-in-some-of-the-western-counties-of-England-particularly-Gloucestershire-and-known-by-the-name-of-the-Cow-Pox-JENNER-Edward-1749-1823 |website=Jeff Weber Rare Books |access-date=8 August 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''1798'''. [[Immunology]]
*[[Caspar Wessel|Wessel, Caspar]] (Norway). ''Om directionens analytiske betegning.''<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wessel | first=Caspar | date=1799 | url=https://archive.org/stream/nyesamlingafdetk5179kong#page/468/mode/2up | title=Om Directionens analytiske Betegning, et Forsog, anvendt fornemmelig til plane og sphæriske Polygoners Oplosning | trans-title=On the analytic representation of direction, an effort applied in particular to the determination of plane and spherical polygons | language=Danish | journal=Nye Samling af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter <!-- New Collection of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters --> | volume=5 | pages=469–518 | location=Copenhagen | publisher=Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters}} <!-- In §5 (p. 475), Wessel introduces a vector ε = {{math|{{sqrt|–1}}}} that is perpendicular to the real line, thereby constructing the complex plane. --></ref> [[Copenhagen]], '''1799'''. [[Imaginary numbers]]
*[[Caspar Wessel|Wessel, Caspar]] (Norway). ''Om directionens analytiske betegning.''<ref>{{cite journal | last=Wessel | first=Caspar | date=1799 | url=https://archive.org/stream/nyesamlingafdetk5179kong#page/468/mode/2up | title=Om Directionens analytiske Betegning, et Forsog, anvendt fornemmelig til plane og sphæriske Polygoners Oplosning | trans-title=On the analytic representation of direction, an effort applied in particular to the determination of plane and spherical polygons | language=Danish | journal=Nye Samling af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter <!-- New Collection of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters --> | volume=5 | pages=469–518 | location=Copenhagen | publisher=Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters}} <!-- In §5 (p. 475), Wessel introduces a vector ε = {{math|{{sqrt|–1}}}} that is perpendicular to the real line, thereby constructing the complex plane. --></ref> [[Copenhagen]], '''1799'''. [[Imaginary numbers]]
*[[Paolo Ruffini|Ruffini, Paolo]] (Italy). ''Teoria generale dele equazioni, in cui si dimostra impossibile. La soluzione algebraica delle equazioni generali di grado superiore al quatro.'' [[Bologna]], '''1799'''. [[Algebra]]
*[[Paolo Ruffini (mathematician)|Ruffini, Paolo]] (Italy). ''Teoria generale dele equazioni, in cui si dimostra impossibile. La soluzione algebraica delle equazioni generali di grado superiore al quatro.'' [[Bologna]], '''1799'''. [[Algebra]]


[[File:Lyell Principles frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lyell, ''Principles of Geology'', 1800s]]
[[File:Lyell Principles frontispiece.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Lyell, ''Principles of Geology'', 1800s]]


; 19th century
===19th century===
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]] (Germany). ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Disquisitiones arithmeticae (first edition) |url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=16783182952&searchurl=kn%3DDisquisitiones%2Barithmeticae%26sortby%3D1&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1 |website=WP Watson Antiquarian Books (in Abebooks) |accessdate=3 August 2018 |location=London}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1801'''. [[Number theory]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Gauss|Gauss, Carl Friedrich]] (Germany). ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Disquisitiones arithmeticae (first edition) |url=https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=16783182952&searchurl=kn%3DDisquisitiones%2Barithmeticae%26sortby%3D1&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1 |website=WP Watson Antiquarian Books (in Abebooks) |access-date=3 August 2018 |location=London}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1801'''. [[Number theory]]
*[[Thomas Young (scientist)|Young, Thomas]] (England). ''Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics'',<ref>{{cite journal| last=Young| first=Thomas| title=Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|year=1804|volume=94|pages = 1–16 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AZGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1|bibcode = 1804RSPT...94....1Y| doi=10.1098/rstl.1804.0001}}. First edition at [https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=6406566337&searchurl=kn%3DExperiments%2Band%2BCalculations%2BRelative%2Bto%2BPhysical%2BOptics%26sortby%3D1&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1 Abebooks]</ref> '''1803'''. [[Light]]
*[[Thomas Young (scientist)|Young, Thomas]] (England). ''Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics'',<ref>{{cite journal| last=Young| first=Thomas| title=Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|year=1804|volume=94|pages = 1–16 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7AZGAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA1|bibcode = 1804RSPT...94....1Y| doi=10.1098/rstl.1804.0001| s2cid=110408369| doi-access=free}}. First edition at [https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=6406566337&searchurl=kn%3DExperiments%2Band%2BCalculations%2BRelative%2Bto%2BPhysical%2BOptics%26sortby%3D1&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1 Abebooks]</ref> '''1803'''. [[Light]]
*[[Jean-Robert Argand|Argand, Jean-Robert]] (Switzerland). ''Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques'',<ref>''Essai sur une manière de représenter des quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques'', 2e édition, Gauthier Villars, Paris (1874) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ BNF]</ref> '''1806'''. [[Imaginary numbers]].
*[[Jean-Robert Argand|Argand, Jean-Robert]] (Switzerland). ''Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques'',<ref>''Essai sur une manière de représenter des quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques'', 2e édition, Gauthier Villars, Paris (1874) [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ BNF]</ref> '''1806'''. [[Imaginary numbers]].
*[[John Dalton|Dalton, John]] (England). ''[[A New System of Chemical Philosophy]].''<ref>{{cite book | last = Dalton | first = John | title = A new system of chemical philosophy | year = 1808 | url = https://archive.org/details/newsystemofchemi01daltuoft | accessdate =8 July 2008 | isbn = 978-1-153-05671-7| publisher = London }}. First edition at [https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3950/john-dalton/a-new-system-of-chemical-philosophy Sophia Rare Books]</ref> London, '''1808'''. [[Atomic theory]]
*[[John Dalton|Dalton, John]] (England). ''[[A New System of Chemical Philosophy]].''<ref>{{cite book | last = Dalton | first = John | title = A new system of chemical philosophy | year = 1808 | url = https://archive.org/details/newsystemofchemi01daltuoft | access-date = 8 July 2008 | isbn = 978-1-153-05671-7 | publisher = London }}. First edition at [https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3950/john-dalton/a-new-system-of-chemical-philosophy Sophia Rare Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805041106/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/3950/john-dalton/a-new-system-of-chemical-philosophy |date=5 August 2021 }}</ref> London, '''1808'''. [[Atomic theory]]
*[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius, Jöns Jacob]] (Sweden). ''Läroboken i kemien'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Läroboken i kemien (early edition, in swedish) |url=https://www.antikvariat.net/sv/roe50667-laroboken-i-kemien-berzelius-j-jac-antikvariat-rode-orm |website=Antikvariat Röde Orm (in www.antikvariat.net) |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> '''1808'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius|Berzelius, Jöns Jacob]] (Sweden). ''Läroboken i kemien'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Läroboken i kemien (early edition, in swedish) |url=https://www.antikvariat.net/sv/roe50667-laroboken-i-kemien-berzelius-j-jac-antikvariat-rode-orm |website=Antikvariat Röde Orm (in www.antikvariat.net) |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> '''1808'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[George Cayley|Cayley, George]] (England). ''[[On Aerial Navigation]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=On Aerial Navigation (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2687/george-cayley/on-aerial-navigation |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162839/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2687/george-cayley/on-aerial-navigation |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brompton, Scarborough|Brompton]], 3 Vol, '''1809'''. [[Aeronautics]].
*[[George Cayley|Cayley, George]] (England). ''[[On Aerial Navigation]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=On Aerial Navigation (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2687/george-cayley/on-aerial-navigation |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162839/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2687/george-cayley/on-aerial-navigation |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Brompton, Scarborough|Brompton]], 3 Vol, '''1809'''. [[Aeronautics]].
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted|Ørsted, Hans Christian]] (Denmark). ''Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Experimentacirc00Orst Electronic version] in archive.org</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Experimenta circa effectum...(H.C. Oersted; first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1924/hans-christian-oersted/experimenta-circa-effectum-etc-experiences-sur-leffet-du-conflict-electrique-sur-laiguille |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808181143/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1924/hans-christian-oersted/experimenta-circa-effectum-etc-experiences-sur-leffet-du-conflict-electrique-sur-laiguille |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Copenhagen]], '''1820'''. [[Electromagnetism]].
*[[Hans Christian Ørsted|Ørsted, Hans Christian]] (Denmark). ''Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/Experimentacirc00Orst Electronic version] in archive.org</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Experimenta circa effectum...(H.C. Oersted; first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1924/hans-christian-oersted/experimenta-circa-effectum-etc-experiences-sur-leffet-du-conflict-electrique-sur-laiguille |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808181143/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/1924/hans-christian-oersted/experimenta-circa-effectum-etc-experiences-sur-leffet-du-conflict-electrique-sur-laiguille |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Copenhagen]], '''1820'''. [[Electromagnetism]].
*[[Joseph Fourier|Fourier, Joseph]] (France). ''[[Joseph Fourier#The Analytic Theory of Heat|Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Theorie analytique de la chaleur (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2022/jean-baptiste-joseph-fourier/theorie-analytique-de-la-chaleur |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193000/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2022/jean-baptiste-joseph-fourier/theorie-analytique-de-la-chaleur |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paris, '''1822'''. [[Fourier series]].
*[[Joseph Fourier|Fourier, Joseph]] (France). ''[[Joseph Fourier#The Analytic Theory of Heat|Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Theorie analytique de la chaleur (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2022/jean-baptiste-joseph-fourier/theorie-analytique-de-la-chaleur |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=2 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802193000/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2022/jean-baptiste-joseph-fourier/theorie-analytique-de-la-chaleur |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paris, '''1822'''. [[Fourier series]].
*[[Augustin-Jean Fresnel|Fresnel, Augustin-Jean]] (France). ''Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences.'' Paris, '''1822'''. [[Wave optics]]
*[[Augustin-Jean Fresnel|Fresnel, Augustin-Jean]] (France). ''Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences.'' Paris, '''1822'''. [[Wave optics]]
*[[Charles Babbage|Babbage, Charles]] (England). ''Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables.''<ref>First edition at [https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=517657289&searchurl=kn%3DMr.%2BBabbage%2527s%2Binvention%253A%2BApplication%2Bof%2Bmachinery%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpurpose%2Bof%2Bcalculating%2Band%2Bprinting%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1 Abebooks] - Jeremy Norman's historyofscience Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.)</ref> London, '''1823'''. [[Computing]]
*[[Charles Babbage|Babbage, Charles]] (England). ''Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables.''<ref>First edition at [https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=517657289&searchurl=kn%3DMr.%2BBabbage%2527s%2Binvention%253A%2BApplication%2Bof%2Bmachinery%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bpurpose%2Bof%2Bcalculating%2Band%2Bprinting%26sortby%3D17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1 Abebooks] - Jeremy Norman's historyofscience Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.)</ref> London, '''1823'''. [[Computing]]
*[[Nikolai Lobachevsky|Lobachevsky, Nikolai]] (Russia). ''Geometriya.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Géométrie imaginaire (first edition in french) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4453/nikolai-ivanovich-lobachevsky/geometrie-imaginaire |website=Sophia Rare Books |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> '''1823'''. [[Non-Euclidean geometry]]
*[[Nikolai Lobachevsky|Lobachevsky, Nikolai]] (Russia). ''Geometriya.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Géométrie imaginaire (first edition in french) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4453/nikolai-ivanovich-lobachevsky/geometrie-imaginaire |website=Sophia Rare Books |access-date=3 August 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630155802/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4453/nikolai-ivanovich-lobachevsky/geometrie-imaginaire |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1823'''. [[Non-Euclidean geometry]]
*[[Augustin-Louis Cauchy|Cauchy, Augustin-Louis]] (France). ''Le calcul infinitesimal.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdaugusti01caucrich ''Œuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy''] Académie des sciences (France). Ministère de l'éducation nationale.</ref> Paris, '''1823'''. [[Mathematical analysis]]
*[[Augustin-Louis Cauchy|Cauchy, Augustin-Louis]] (France). ''Le calcul infinitesimal.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdaugusti01caucrich ''Œuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy''] Académie des sciences (France). Ministère de l'éducation nationale.</ref> Paris, '''1823'''. [[Mathematical analysis]]
*[[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, Sadi]] (France). ''[[Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire|Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance]].'' Paris, '''1824'''. [[Thermodynamics]]
*[[Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot|Carnot, Sadi]] (France). ''[[Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire|Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance]].'' Paris, '''1824'''. [[Thermodynamics]]
*[[André-Marie Ampère|Ampère, André-Marie]] (France). ''[[Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques]]'',<ref>Early edition at [https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22751070016&searchurl=kn%3Dampere%26sortby%3D1%26ds%3D20&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title2 Abebooks] (Jeremy Norman's historyofscience, Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.))</ref> '''1827'''. [[Electromagnetism]]
*[[André-Marie Ampère|Ampère, André-Marie]] (France). ''[[Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques]]'',<ref>Early edition at [https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=22751070016&searchurl=kn%3Dampere%26sortby%3D1%26ds%3D20&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title2 Abebooks] (Jeremy Norman's historyofscience, Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.))</ref> '''1827'''. [[Electromagnetism]]
*[[Pierre-Simon Laplace|Laplace, Pierre-Simon]] (France). ''[[Traité de mécanique céleste|Traité de Mécanique Céleste]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Traité de Mécanique Céleste (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/5481/pierre-simon-laplace-marquis-de/traite-de-mecanique-celeste |website=Jonathan A. Hill Bookseller |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, '''1827'''. [[Classical mechanics]]
*[[Pierre-Simon Laplace|Laplace, Pierre-Simon]] (France). ''[[Traité de mécanique céleste|Traité de Mécanique Céleste]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=Traité de Mécanique Céleste (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/5481/pierre-simon-laplace-marquis-de/traite-de-mecanique-celeste |website=Jonathan A. Hill Bookseller |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, '''1827'''. [[Classical mechanics]]
*[[Georg Ohm|Ohm, Georg]] (Germany). ''Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/3373/georg-simon-ohm/die-galvanische-kette-mathematisch-bearbeitet |website=Jonathan A. Hill Bookseller |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> Berlin, '''1827'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Georg Ohm|Ohm, Georg]] (Germany). ''Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (first edition) |url=https://www.jonathanahill.com/pages/books/3373/georg-simon-ohm/die-galvanische-kette-mathematisch-bearbeitet |website=Jonathan A. Hill Bookseller |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> Berlin, '''1827'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Charles Lyell|Lyell, Charles]] (Scotland). ''[[Principles of Geology]].''<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Geology (first edition) |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/principles-geology-being-attempt-explain-former/d/986174328 |website=Roger Middleton - Bookseller (in www.biblio.com) |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> London, '''1830'''. [[Geology]]
*[[Charles Lyell|Lyell, Charles]] (Scotland). ''[[Principles of Geology]].''<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Geology |url=https://www.biblio.com/book/principles-geology-being-attempt-explain-former/d/986174328 |website=Roger Middleton - Bookseller (in www.biblio.com) |access-date=3 August 2018|edition=first }}</ref> London, '''1830'''. [[Geology]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson|Poisson, Siméon Denis]] (France). ''Théorie Mathématique de la Chaleur.'' Paris, '''1835'''. [[Heat transfer]]
*[[Siméon Denis Poisson|Poisson, Siméon Denis]] (France). ''Théorie Mathématique de la Chaleur.'' Paris, '''1835'''. [[Heat transfer]]
*[[Michael Faraday|Faraday, Michael]] (England). ''[[Experimental Researches in Electricity]].''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/experimentalrese00faraiala Electronic version] in archive.org</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Experimental Researches in Electricity (first edition, 8vo, 3 volumes) |url=https://www.rulon.com/pages/books/50035/michael-faraday/experimental-researches-in-electricity |website=Rulon-Miller Books. |accessdate=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171741/https://www.rulon.com/pages/books/50035/michael-faraday/experimental-researches-in-electricity |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1839-55'''. [[Electricity]].
*[[Michael Faraday|Faraday, Michael]] (England). ''[[Experimental Researches in Electricity]].''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/experimentalrese00faraiala Electronic version] in archive.org</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Experimental Researches in Electricity (first edition, 8vo, 3 volumes) |url=https://www.rulon.com/pages/books/50035/michael-faraday/experimental-researches-in-electricity |website=Rulon-Miller Books. |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171741/https://www.rulon.com/pages/books/50035/michael-faraday/experimental-researches-in-electricity |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1839-55'''. [[Electricity]].
*[[Charles Babbage|Babbage, Charles]] & [[Ada Lovelace|Lovelace, Ada]] (England). ''Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage (with additional notes by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace)'',<ref>Ada Lovelace's notes: {{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2367/charles-babbage-ada-lovelace/sketch-of-the-analytical-engine-invented-by-charles-babbage-by-l-f-menabrea-translated-and/?soldItem=true |title=Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage [by L.F. Menabrea, translated, and appended with additional notes, by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace] |accessdate=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194717/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2367/charles-babbage-ada-lovelace/sketch-of-the-analytical-engine-invented-by-charles-babbage-by-l-f-menabrea-translated-and/?soldItem=true |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1843'''. [[Computing]]
*[[Charles Babbage|Babbage, Charles]] & [[Ada Lovelace|Lovelace, Ada]] (England). ''Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage (with additional notes by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace)'',<ref>Ada Lovelace's notes: {{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2367/charles-babbage-ada-lovelace/sketch-of-the-analytical-engine-invented-by-charles-babbage-by-l-f-menabrea-translated-and/?soldItem=true |title=Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage [by L.F. Menabrea, translated, and appended with additional notes, by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace] |access-date=2018-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194717/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2367/charles-babbage-ada-lovelace/sketch-of-the-analytical-engine-invented-by-charles-babbage-by-l-f-menabrea-translated-and/?soldItem=true |archive-date=10 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1843'''. [[Computing]]
*[[James Prescott Joule|Joule, James P.]] (England). ''On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity, and on the Mechanical Value of Heat.''<ref>{{cite web |title=On the calorific effects of magneto-electricity, and on the mechanical value of heat (first edition) |url=https://www.jnorman.com/pages/books/40295/james-prescott-joule/on-the-calorific-effects-of-magneto-electricity-and-on-the-mechanical-value-of-heat |website=Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>In June 1845, Joule read his paper "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" to the British Association meeting in Cambridge (Joule, J.P. (1845) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46638#page/429/mode/1up "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat"], ''Brit. Assoc. Rep., trans. Chemical Sect'', p.31)</ref> London, '''1843'''. [[Conservation of energy]]
*[[James Prescott Joule|Joule, James P.]] (England). ''On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity, and on the Mechanical Value of Heat.''<ref>{{cite web |title=On the calorific effects of magneto-electricity, and on the mechanical value of heat (first edition) |url=https://www.jnorman.com/pages/books/40295/james-prescott-joule/on-the-calorific-effects-of-magneto-electricity-and-on-the-mechanical-value-of-heat |website=Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref><ref>In June 1845, Joule read his paper "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" to the British Association meeting in Cambridge (Joule, J.P. (1845) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46638#page/429/mode/1up "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat"], ''Brit. Assoc. Rep., trans. Chemical Sect'', p.31)</ref> London, '''1843'''. [[Conservation of energy]]
*[[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton, William Rowan]] (Ireland). ''On Quaternions.'' London/Edinburgh/Dublin, '''1844'''. [[Quaternions]].
*[[William Rowan Hamilton|Hamilton, William Rowan]] (Ireland). ''On Quaternions.'' London/Edinburgh/Dublin, '''1844'''. [[Quaternions]].
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz|von Helmholtz, Hermann]] (Germany). ''Über die Erhaltung der Kraft'' (On the Conservation of Force).<ref>{{cite web |title=Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (first edition) |url=https://www.oakknoll.com/pages/books/131431/hermann-ludwig-ferdinand-von-helmholtz/uber-die-erhaltung-der-kraft-eine-physikalische-abhandlung-vorgetragen-in-der-sitzung-der |website=Oak Knoll Books |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> '''1847'''. [[Conservation of energy]]
*[[Hermann von Helmholtz|von Helmholtz, Hermann]] (Germany). ''Über die Erhaltung der Kraft'' (On the Conservation of Force).<ref>{{cite web |title=Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (first edition) |url=https://www.oakknoll.com/pages/books/131431/hermann-ludwig-ferdinand-von-helmholtz/uber-die-erhaltung-der-kraft-eine-physikalische-abhandlung-vorgetragen-in-der-sitzung-der |website=Oak Knoll Books |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> '''1847'''. [[Conservation of energy]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius|Clausius, Rudolf]] (Germany). ''Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme'' (On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme (first edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=53436&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3Dclausius%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr53436&s_currency= |website=Bookshop Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> Leipzig, '''1850'''. [[Laws of thermodynamics]]
*[[Rudolf Clausius|Clausius, Rudolf]] (Germany). ''Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme'' (On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme (first edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=53436&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3Dclausius%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr53436&s_currency= |website=Bookshop Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701115417/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=53436&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3Dclausius%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr53436&s_currency= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Leipzig, '''1850'''. [[Laws of thermodynamics]]
*[[Lord Kelvin|Thomson, William (1st Baron Kelvin)]] (Scotland/Ireland). ''On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam''.<ref>{{cite web |title=On the dynamical theory of heat...(first edition) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4028/william-thomson-lord-kelvin/on-the-dynamical-theory-of-heat-with-numerical-results-deduced-from-mr-joules-equivalent-of-a |website=Sophia Rare Books |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> [[Edinburgh]], '''1851'''. [[Thermodynamics]]
*[[Lord Kelvin|Thomson, William (1st Baron Kelvin)]] (Scotland/Ireland). ''On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam''.<ref>{{cite web |title=On the dynamical theory of heat...(first edition) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4028/william-thomson-lord-kelvin/on-the-dynamical-theory-of-heat-with-numerical-results-deduced-from-mr-joules-equivalent-of-a |website=Sophia Rare Books |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808172247/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4028/william-thomson-lord-kelvin/on-the-dynamical-theory-of-heat-with-numerical-results-deduced-from-mr-joules-equivalent-of-a |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Edinburgh]], '''1851'''. [[Thermodynamics]]
*[[George Boole|Boole, George]] (England). ''[[The Laws of Thought|An Investigation of the Laws of Thought]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (first edition) |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/rarebooks/book.php?id=60981 |website=Blackwell's Rare Books |accessdate=3 August 2018}}</ref> London, '''1854'''. [[Boolean algebra (logic)|Boolean algebra]]
*[[George Boole|Boole, George]] (England). ''[[The Laws of Thought|An Investigation of the Laws of Thought]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (first edition) |url=https://blackwells.co.uk/rarebooks/book.php?id=60981 |website=Blackwell's Rare Books |access-date=3 August 2018}}</ref> London, '''1854'''. [[Boolean algebra (logic)|Boolean algebra]]
*[[Matthew Fontaine Maury|Maury, Matthew Fontaine]] (America). ''The Physical Geography of the Sea.''<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hlxDAAAAIAAJ&dq=Matthew+Fontaine+Maury| title= The Physical Geography of the Sea| publisher= Harper & Brothers| edition= 1858 | year= 1855| via= Google Books}}</ref> New York, '''1855'''. [[Oceanography]]
*[[Matthew Fontaine Maury|Maury, Matthew Fontaine]] (America). ''The Physical Geography of the Sea.''<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hlxDAAAAIAAJ&q=Matthew+Fontaine+Maury| title= The Physical Geography of the Sea| publisher= Harper & Brothers| edition= 1858 | year= 1855| via= Google Books}}</ref> New York, '''1855'''. [[Oceanography]]
*[[Rudolf Virchow|Virchow, Rudolf]] (Germany). ''Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre.''<ref>First editions of ''Die cellularpathologie'' at [https://www.ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=die+cellularpathologie,%20virchow ILAB]</ref> '''1858'''. [[Cellular pathology]]
*[[Rudolf Virchow|Virchow, Rudolf]] (Germany). ''Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre.''<ref>First editions of ''Die cellularpathologie'' at [https://www.ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=die+cellularpathologie,%20virchow ILAB]</ref> '''1858'''. [[Cellular pathology]]
*[[Charles Darwin|Darwin, Charles]] (England). ''[[On the Origin of Species]] by Means of Natural Selection.''<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Origin of Species (1859 edition, 8ov) |url=https://www.johnwindle.com/shop/windle/110417.html |website=John Windle, Antiquarian Bookselle |accessdate=3 August 2018 |location=49 Geary Street, Suite 233 San Francisco, CA 94108 USA}}</ref> London, '''1859'''. [[Evolutionary biology]]
*[[Charles Darwin|Darwin, Charles]] (England). ''[[On the Origin of Species]] by Means of Natural Selection.''<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Origin of Species (1859 edition, 8ov) |url=https://www.johnwindle.com/shop/windle/110417.html |website=John Windle, Antiquarian Bookselle |access-date=3 August 2018 |location=San Francisco, CA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163658/https://www.johnwindle.com/shop/windle/110417.html |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1859'''. [[Evolutionary biology]]
*[[Louis Pasteur|Pasteur, Louis]] (France). ''Memoire sur les corpuscules organises qui existent dans l'atmosphere.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mémoire sur Les Corpuscules organisés qui existent dans L'Atmosphère (early edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=47021&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DM%25E9moire%2520sur%2520Les%2520Corpuscules%2520organis%25E9s%2520qui%2520existent%2520dans%2520L%2527Atmosph%25E8re%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr47021&s_currency= |website=Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S |accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> Paris, '''1861'''. [[Microbiology]].
*[[Louis Pasteur|Pasteur, Louis]] (France). ''Memoire sur les corpuscules organises qui existent dans l'atmosphere.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Mémoire sur Les Corpuscules organisés qui existent dans L'Atmosphère (early edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=47021&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DM%25E9moire%2520sur%2520Les%2520Corpuscules%2520organis%25E9s%2520qui%2520existent%2520dans%2520L%2527Atmosph%25E8re%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr47021&s_currency= |website=Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630180000/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=47021&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DM%25E9moire%2520sur%2520Les%2520Corpuscules%2520organis%25E9s%2520qui%2520existent%2520dans%2520L%2527Atmosph%25E8re%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr47021&s_currency= |url-status=dead }}</ref> Paris, '''1861'''. [[Microbiology]].
*[[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet|Lejeune Dirichlet, P. G.]] (Germany). ''[[Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie]].'' [[Braunschweig]], '''1863''', [[Number theory]].
*[[Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet|Lejeune Dirichlet, P. G.]] (Germany). ''[[Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie]].'' [[Braunschweig]], '''1863''', [[Number theory]].
*[[Claude Bernard|Bernard, Claude]] (France). ''[[Claude Bernard#Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine|Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale]].''<ref>First editions of ''Introduction à l'etude de la médicine'' at [https://www.ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=Introduction+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+la+m%C3%A9decine+exp%C3%A9rimentale+bernard+first ILAB]</ref> [[Paris]], '''1865'''. [[Physiology]]
*[[Claude Bernard|Bernard, Claude]] (France). ''[[Claude Bernard#Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine|Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale]].''<ref>First editions of ''Introduction à l'etude de la médicine'' at [https://www.ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=Introduction+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9tude+de+la+m%C3%A9decine+exp%C3%A9rimentale+bernard+first ILAB]</ref> [[Paris]], '''1865'''. [[Physiology]]
*[[Gregor Mendel|Mendel, Gregor]] (Czech Republic/Austria). ''[[Experiments on Plant Hybridization|Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden]] (Experiments on Plant Hybridization).''<ref>Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", ''Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn'', Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865, ''Abhandlungen'': 3–47, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124139#page/133/mode/1up]. For the English translation, see: {{cite journal | last1= Druery |first1= C. T. |first2= William |last2= Bateson |title=Experiments in plant hybridization |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society|volume=26|pages=1–32|year=1901|url=http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/gm-65.pdf|accessdate=9 October 2009}}</ref><ref>"Mendel's paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", was read at meetings of the Brunn Natural History Society on 8th February and 8th March 1865, and was published in the ''Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn'', '''4''', 1865, which appeared in 1866" (Gregor Mendel, ''Experiments in Plant Hybridisation'', Cosimo, Inc., 2008, p. 7).</ref> [[Brno]], '''1866'''. [[Genetics]]
*[[Gregor Mendel|Mendel, Gregor]] (Czech Republic/Austria). ''[[Experiments on Plant Hybridization|Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden]] (Experiments on Plant Hybridization).''<ref>Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", ''Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn'', Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865, ''Abhandlungen'': 3–47, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/124139#page/133/mode/1up]. For the English translation, see: {{cite journal | last1= Druery |first1= C. T. |first2= William |last2= Bateson |title=Experiments in plant hybridization |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society|volume=26|pages=1–32|year=1901|url=http://www.esp.org/foundations/genetics/classical/gm-65.pdf|access-date=9 October 2009}}</ref><ref>"Mendel's paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", was read at meetings of the Brunn Natural History Society on 8th February and 8th March 1865, and was published in the ''Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn'', '''4''', 1865, which appeared in 1866" (Gregor Mendel, ''Experiments in Plant Hybridisation'', Cosimo, Inc., 2008, p. 7).</ref> [[Brno]], '''1866'''. [[Genetics]]
*[[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann, Bernhard]] (Germany). ''Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen.''<ref>{{cite web |title=On The Hypotheses which lie at the Bases of Geometry (first English translation) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=53254&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DRIEMANN%252C%2520BERNHARD%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr53254&s_currency= |website=Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S |accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> [[Göttingen]], '''1868'''. [[Riemannian geometry]]
*[[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann, Bernhard]] (Germany). ''Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen.''<ref>{{cite web |title=On The Hypotheses which lie at the Bases of Geometry (first English translation) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=53254&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DRIEMANN%252C%2520BERNHARD%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr53254&s_currency= |website=Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702233634/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=53254&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DRIEMANN%252C%2520BERNHARD%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr53254&s_currency= |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Göttingen]], '''1868'''. [[Riemannian geometry]]
*[[Eugenio Beltrami|Beltrami, Eugenio]] (Italy). ''Saggio di interpretazione della geometria non-euclidea (Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry)'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Study, E.|authorlink=Eduard Study|title=Review: ''Opere matematiche di Eugenio Beltrami''|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1909|volume=16|issue=3|pages=147–149|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1909-01882-8}}</ref> '''1868'''. [[Hyperbolic geometry]]
*[[Eugenio Beltrami|Beltrami, Eugenio]] (Italy). ''Saggio di interpretazione della geometria non-euclidea (Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry)'',<ref>{{cite journal|author=Study, E.|authorlink=Eduard Study|title=Review: ''Opere matematiche di Eugenio Beltrami''|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1909|volume=16|issue=3|pages=147–149|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1909-01882-8|doi-access=free}}</ref> '''1868'''. [[Hyperbolic geometry]]
*[[Francis Galton|Galton, Francis]] (England). ''Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences.'' London, '''1869''', [[Statistics]]
*[[Francis Galton|Galton, Francis]] (England). ''Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences.'' London, '''1869''', [[Statistics]]
*[[Ferdinand Cohn|Cohn, Ferdinand]] (Poland). ''Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2060/ferdinand-cohn/untersuchungen-ueber-bacterien |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806181503/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2060/ferdinand-cohn/untersuchungen-ueber-bacterien |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Breslau]], 3 Vol, '''1870'''. [[Bacteriology]].
*[[Ferdinand Cohn|Cohn, Ferdinand]] (Poland). ''Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien.''<ref>{{cite web |title=Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2060/ferdinand-cohn/untersuchungen-ueber-bacterien |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806181503/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2060/ferdinand-cohn/untersuchungen-ueber-bacterien |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Breslau]], 3 Vol, '''1870'''. [[Bacteriology]].
*[[Charles Darwin|Darwin, Charles]] (England). ''[[The Descent of Man]], and Selection in Relation to Sex.''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Descent of Man (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2676/charles-darwin/the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex-2-volumes |website=Milestones of Science Books |accessdate=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180752/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2676/charles-darwin/the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex-2-volumes |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1871'''. [[Evolutionary biology]].
*[[Charles Darwin|Darwin, Charles]] (England). ''[[The Descent of Man]], and Selection in Relation to Sex.''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Descent of Man (first edition) |url=https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2676/charles-darwin/the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex-2-volumes |website=Milestones of Science Books |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180752/https://www.milestone-books.de/pages/books/2676/charles-darwin/the-descent-of-man-and-selection-in-relation-to-sex-2-volumes |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> London, '''1871'''. [[Evolutionary biology]].
*[[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] (Germany). ''[[Das Kapital]].'' [[St. Petersburg]], '''1872'''. [[Economics]].
*[[Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] (Germany). ''[[Das Kapital]].'' [[St. Petersburg]], '''1872'''. [[Economics]].
*[[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell, James Clerk]] (Scotland). ''[[A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (first edition) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4308/james-clerk-maxwell/a-treatise-on-electricity-and-magnetism |website=Sophia Rare Books |accessdate=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180346/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4308/james-clerk-maxwell/a-treatise-on-electricity-and-magnetism |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Oxford]], 2 Vol, '''1873'''. [[Classical electromagnetism]].
*[[James Clerk Maxwell|Maxwell, James Clerk]] (Scotland). ''[[A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism]].''<ref>{{cite web |title=A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (first edition) |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4308/james-clerk-maxwell/a-treatise-on-electricity-and-magnetism |website=Sophia Rare Books |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806180346/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4308/james-clerk-maxwell/a-treatise-on-electricity-and-magnetism |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Oxford]], 2 Vol, '''1873'''. [[Classical electromagnetism]].
*[[Robert Koch|Koch, Robert]] (Germany). ''Untersuchungen uber die aetiologie der wundinfectionskrankheiter.'' [[Leipzig]], '''1878'''. [[Bacteriology]].
*[[Robert Koch|Koch, Robert]] (Germany). ''Untersuchungen uber die aetiologie der wundinfectionskrankheiter.'' [[Leipzig]], '''1878'''. [[Bacteriology]].
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs, Willard]] (America). ''[[On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances]].'' [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], '''1878'''. [[Physical chemistry]]
*[[Josiah Willard Gibbs|Gibbs, Willard]] (America). ''[[On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances]].'' [[New Haven, Connecticut|New Haven]], '''1878'''. [[Physical chemistry]]
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*[[Niels Henrik Abel|Abel, Niels Henrik]] (Norway). ''Oeuvres complètes'', '''1881'''. [[Mathematical analysis]].
*[[Niels Henrik Abel|Abel, Niels Henrik]] (Norway). ''Oeuvres complètes'', '''1881'''. [[Mathematical analysis]].
*[[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Zhukovsky, Nikolai]] (Russia). ''O protchnosti dvizheniya (The Durability of Motion).'' Moscow, '''1882'''. [[Aeronautics]].
*[[Nikolay Yegorovich Zhukovsky|Zhukovsky, Nikolai]] (Russia). ''O protchnosti dvizheniya (The Durability of Motion).'' Moscow, '''1882'''. [[Aeronautics]].
*[[Georg Cantor|Cantor, Georg]] (Russia/Germany). ''Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre.''<ref>{{cite journal | author=Georg Cantor | title=Ueber unendliche, lineare Punktmannichfaltigkeiten (5) | journal=Mathematische Annalen | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=545–591 | url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN235181684_0021&DMDID=DMDLOG_0051 | year=1883 | doi=10.1007/bf01446819 | ref={{harvid|Cantor|1883}} }} Published separately as: ''Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre''.</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1883'''. [[Set theory]].
*[[Georg Cantor|Cantor, Georg]] (Russia/Germany). ''Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre.''<ref>{{cite journal | author=Georg Cantor | title=Ueber unendliche, lineare Punktmannichfaltigkeiten (5) | journal=Mathematische Annalen | volume=21 | issue=4 | pages=545–591 | url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/img/?PPN=PPN235181684_0021&DMDID=DMDLOG_0051 | year=1883 | doi=10.1007/bf01446819 | s2cid=121930608 | ref={{harvid|Cantor|1883}} }} Published separately as: ''Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre''.</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1883'''. [[Set theory]].
*[[William James|James, William]] (America). ''[[The Principles of Psychology]].'' New York, '''1890'''. [[Psychology]]
*[[William James|James, William]] (America). ''[[The Principles of Psychology]].'' New York, '''1890'''. [[Psychology]]
*[[Dmitri Mendeleev|Mendeleev, Dmitri]] (Russia). ''Principles of Chemistry.'' London, '''1891'''. [[Chemistry]]
*[[Dmitri Mendeleev|Mendeleev, Dmitri]] (Russia). ''Principles of Chemistry.'' London, '''1891'''. [[Chemistry]]
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*[[Henri Poincaré|Poincare, Henri]] (France). ''Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste.''<ref>[[Henri Poincaré#Poincaré's writings in English translation|List of Poincaré writings in English translation]]</ref> Paris, '''1892'''. [[Celestial mechanics]]
*[[Henri Poincaré|Poincare, Henri]] (France). ''Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste.''<ref>[[Henri Poincaré#Poincaré's writings in English translation|List of Poincaré writings in English translation]]</ref> Paris, '''1892'''. [[Celestial mechanics]]
*[[Nikola Tesla|Tesla, Nikola]] ([[Croatia]]/America). ''[[The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla#Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and HF|Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency]].'' New York, '''1892'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Nikola Tesla|Tesla, Nikola]] ([[Croatia]]/America). ''[[The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla#Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and HF|Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency]].'' New York, '''1892'''. [[Electricity]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz, Heinrich]] (Germany). ''Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft'' (Electric Waves).<ref>First editions at [https://www.ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Ausbreitung+der+elektrischen+Kraft ILAB]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Waves (first edition in english) |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/334/heinrich-hertz/electric-waves-being-researches-on-the-propagation-of-electric-action-with-finite-velocity |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |accessdate=8 August 2018}}</ref> '''1893'''. [[Electromagnetic radiation]]
*[[Heinrich Hertz|Hertz, Heinrich]] (Germany). ''Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft'' (Electric Waves).<ref>First editions at [https://www.ilab.org/global_search?simpleSearch=1&keys=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Ausbreitung+der+elektrischen+Kraft ILAB]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Electric Waves (first edition in english) |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/334/heinrich-hertz/electric-waves-being-researches-on-the-propagation-of-electric-action-with-finite-velocity |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |access-date=8 August 2018}}</ref> '''1893'''. [[Electromagnetic radiation]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen|Röntgen, Wilhelm]] (Germany). ''Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen'' (On A New Kind Of Rays).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (first edition) |url=https://www.jnorman.com/pages/books/38525/wilhelm-konrad-rontgen/eine-neue-art-von-strahlen-2-offprints |website=Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. |accessdate=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171942/https://www.jnorman.com/pages/books/38525/wilhelm-konrad-rontgen/eine-neue-art-von-strahlen-2-offprints |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1895'''. [[X-rays]]
*[[Wilhelm Röntgen|Röntgen, Wilhelm]] (Germany). ''Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen'' (On A New Kind Of Rays).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (first edition) |url=https://www.jnorman.com/pages/books/38525/wilhelm-konrad-rontgen/eine-neue-art-von-strahlen-2-offprints |website=Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. |access-date=8 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171942/https://www.jnorman.com/pages/books/38525/wilhelm-konrad-rontgen/eine-neue-art-von-strahlen-2-offprints |archive-date=8 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1895'''. [[X-rays]]
*[[János Bolyai|Bolyai, János]] (Hungary). ''The Science of Absolute Space.''<ref>[http://real-eod.mtak.hu/2790/ "The science absolute of space : independent of the truth or falsity of Euclid's axiom XI (which can never be decided a priori)"], The Neomon, Austin, 1896</ref> '''1896'''. [[Non-Euclidean geometry]]
*[[János Bolyai|Bolyai, János]] (Hungary). ''The Science of Absolute Space.''<ref>[http://real-eod.mtak.hu/2790/ "The science absolute of space : independent of the truth or falsity of Euclid's axiom XI (which can never be decided a priori)"], The Neomon, Austin, 1896</ref> '''1896'''. [[Non-Euclidean geometry]]
*[[Évariste Galois|Galois, Évariste]] (France). ''Oeuvres Mathematiques d'Évariste Galois.'' Paris, '''1897'''. [[Group theory]]
*[[Évariste Galois|Galois, Évariste]] (France). ''Oeuvres Mathematiques d'Évariste Galois.'' Paris, '''1897'''. [[Group theory]]
*[[Marie Curie|Curie, Marie]] (Poland/France) & [[Pierre Curie|Curie, Pierre]] (France). ''Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende ''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active dans la pechblende (first edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=30684&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DSur%2520une%2520nouvelle%2520substance%2520fortement%2520radio-active%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr30684&s_currency= |website=Bookshop Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn |accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> (Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences). Paris, '''1898'''. [[Radioactivity]]
*[[Marie Curie|Curie, Marie]] (Poland/France) & [[Pierre Curie|Curie, Pierre]] (France). ''Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende ''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active dans la pechblende (first edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=30684&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DSur%2520une%2520nouvelle%2520substance%2520fortement%2520radio-active%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr30684&s_currency= |website=Bookshop Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn |access-date=6 August 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630155636/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=30684&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3DSur%2520une%2520nouvelle%2520substance%2520fortement%2520radio-active%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr30684&s_currency= |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences). Paris, '''1898'''. [[Radioactivity]]
*[[David Hilbert|Hilbert, David]] (Germany). ''[[Grundlagen der Geometrie]] (The Foundations of Geometry)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grundlagen der Geometrie (first edition) |url=https://www.argosybooks.com/pages/books/230153/david-hilbert/grundlagen-der-geometrie |website=Argosy Book Store |accessdate=6 August 2018}}</ref> '''1899'''. [[Mathematics]]
*[[David Hilbert|Hilbert, David]] (Germany). ''[[Grundlagen der Geometrie]] (The Foundations of Geometry)''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Grundlagen der Geometrie (first edition) |url=https://www.argosybooks.com/pages/books/230153/david-hilbert/grundlagen-der-geometrie |website=Argosy Book Store |access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref> '''1899'''. [[Mathematics]]
*[[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Ramón y Cajal, Santiago]] (Spain). ''Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rootenbergbooks.com/pages/books/14048/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/textura-del-sistema-nervioso-del-hombre-y-de-los-vertebrados-estudios-sobre-el-plan-estructural-y |title=Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados (first edition in Spanish) |accessdate=2018-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142020/https://www.rootenbergbooks.com/pages/books/14048/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/textura-del-sistema-nervioso-del-hombre-y-de-los-vertebrados-estudios-sobre-el-plan-estructural-y |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }} [https://www.iberlibro.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=9480144652&clickid=Q27xWW3dq2zrz7%25253AWHJXCaW7UUkjRZ8SL0TImUM0&cm_mmc=aff-_-ir-_-59419-_-77797&ref=imprad59419&afn_sr=impact Histologie du système nerveux], first edition in french, 1909</ref> '''1899-1904'''. [[Neuroscience]]
*[[Santiago Ramón y Cajal|Ramón y Cajal, Santiago]] (Spain). ''Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rootenbergbooks.com/pages/books/14048/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/textura-del-sistema-nervioso-del-hombre-y-de-los-vertebrados-estudios-sobre-el-plan-estructural-y |title=Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados (first edition in Spanish) |access-date=2018-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142020/https://www.rootenbergbooks.com/pages/books/14048/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/textura-del-sistema-nervioso-del-hombre-y-de-los-vertebrados-estudios-sobre-el-plan-estructural-y |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead }} [https://www.iberlibro.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=9480144652&clickid=Q27xWW3dq2zrz7%25253AWHJXCaW7UUkjRZ8SL0TImUM0&cm_mmc=aff-_-ir-_-59419-_-77797&ref=imprad59419&afn_sr=impact Histologie du système nerveux], first edition in french, 1909</ref> '''1899-1904'''. [[Neuroscience]]
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Principia Mathematica theorem 54-43.png|thumb|right|200px|Whitehead and Russell, ''Principia Mathematica'', 1900s]] -->
[[File:The Principle of Relativity.jpg|thumb|right|100px|Einstein, ''The Principle of Relativity'', 1900s]]


;20th century (pre-World War II)
===20th century (pre-Cold War)===
*[[Max Planck|Planck, Max]] (Germany). ''Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum.''<ref>{{cite journal
*[[Max Planck|Planck, Max]] (Germany). ''Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum.''<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Planck
|last1=Planck
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|page=237
|page=237
|url=https://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende01goog#page/n246/mode/2up
|url=https://archive.org/stream/verhandlungende01goog#page/n246/mode/2up
|ref=harv
}} Translated in {{cite book
}} Translated in {{cite book
|last1=ter Haar |first1=D.
|last1=ter Haar |first1=D.
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|lccn=66029628
|lccn=66029628
}} First edition:
}} First edition:
{{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4317/max-planck/zur-theorie-des-gesetzes-der-energieverteilung-im-normalspectrum |title=Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum |accessdate=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124931/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4317/max-planck/zur-theorie-des-gesetzes-der-energieverteilung-im-normalspectrum |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1900'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
{{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4317/max-planck/zur-theorie-des-gesetzes-der-energieverteilung-im-normalspectrum |title=Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum |access-date=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124931/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4317/max-planck/zur-theorie-des-gesetzes-der-energieverteilung-im-normalspectrum |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1900'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky|Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich]] (Russia). ''The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices.'' [[Kaluga]], '''1903'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky|Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich]] (Russia). ''The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices.'' [[Kaluga]], '''1903'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford, Ernest]] (New Zealand). ''Radio-activity.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/radioactivity00ruthgoog ''Radio-activity'' (1904), 2nd ed. (1905)], {{ISBN|978-1-60355-058-1}}
*[[Ernest Rutherford|Rutherford, Ernest]] (New Zealand). ''Radio-activity.''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/radioactivity00ruthgoog ''Radio-activity'' (1904), 2nd ed. (1905)], {{ISBN|978-1-60355-058-1}}
First edition:
First edition:
{{cite web|url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2680/ernest-rutherford/radio-activity |title=Radio-activity |accessdate=2018-08-01}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2680/ernest-rutherford/radio-activity |title=Radio-activity |access-date=2018-08-01 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630155731/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/2680/ernest-rutherford/radio-activity |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cambridge]], '''1904'''. [[Nuclear physics]]
</ref> [[Cambridge]], '''1904'''. [[Nuclear physics]]
*[[Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz, Hendrik]] (Netherlands). ''Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light.''<ref>{{Citation
*[[Hendrik Lorentz|Lorentz, Hendrik]] (Netherlands). ''Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light.''<ref>{{Citation
|author=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
|author=Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon
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|volume=6
|volume=6
|pages=809–831|title-link=s:Electromagnetic phenomena
|pages=809–831|title-link=s:Electromagnetic phenomena
|bibcode=1903KNAB....6..809L
}}</ref> [[Amsterdam]], '''1904'''. [[Special relativity]]
}}</ref> [[Amsterdam]], '''1904'''. [[Special relativity]]
*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]]<ref>[[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein]].</ref> (Germany). ''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies")''<ref>{{Cite journal
*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]]<ref>[[List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein]].</ref> (Germany). ''Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies")''<ref>{{Cite journal
Line 191: Line 202:
|first = Albert
|first = Albert
|date = 1905d
|date = 1905d
|orig-year = Manuscript received: 30 June 1905
|publication-date = 10 March 2006
|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ
|title = Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper
|title = Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper
|trans-title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
|trans-title = On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
|language = German
|language=de
⚫
|journal = Annalen der Physik
|place = Berne, Switzerland
⚫
|journal = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)
|volume = 322
|volume = 322
|issue = 10
|issue = 10
|pages = 891–921
|pages = 891–921
|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004
|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053221004
|doi-access=free
|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E
|bibcode = 1905AnP...322..891E
|hdl = 10915/2786
|hdl = 10915/2786
|hdl-access = free
|hdl-access = free
|ref=harv}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1905'''<ref>[[Albert Einstein#1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers|Annus Mirabilis pappers]]</ref>>. [[Special relativity]]
}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1905'''.<ref>[[Albert Einstein#1905 – Annus Mirabilis papers|''Annus Mirabilis'' papers]]</ref> [[Special relativity]]
*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]] (Germany). ''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?''<ref>
*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]] (Germany). ''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?''<ref>
{{Cite journal
{{Cite journal
Line 212: Line 220:
|first = Albert
|first = Albert
|date = 1905e
|date = 1905e
|orig-year = Manuscript received: 27 September 1905
|publication-date = 10 March 2006
|publication-place = Hoboken, NJ
|title = Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?
|title = Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?
|trans-title = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?
|trans-title = Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?
|language = German
|language =de
⚫
|journal = Annalen der Physik
|place = Berne, Switzerland
⚫
|journal = Annalen der Physik (Berlin)
|volume = 323
|volume = 323
|issue = 13
|issue = 13
|pages = 639–641
|pages = 639–641
|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314
|doi = 10.1002/andp.19053231314
|doi-access=free
|bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E
|bibcode = 1905AnP...323..639E
|ref=harv|url = https://zenodo.org/record/1424057/files/article.pdf
}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1905'''. [[Physics]]
}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1905'''. [[Physics]]
*[[Lewis Fry Richardson|Richardson, Lewis]] (England). ''The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam.''<ref>
*[[Lewis Fry Richardson|Richardson, Lewis]] (England). ''The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam.''<ref>
Line 234: Line 238:
| journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]]
| journal = [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A]]
| title = The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam
| title = The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam
| volume = 210
| volume = 210
| issue = 459–470
| issue = 459–470
| pages = 307–357
| pages = 307–357
| doi=10.1098/rsta.1911.0009
| doi=10.1098/rsta.1911.0009
|bibcode = 1911RSPTA.210..307R }}</ref> London, '''1910'''. [[Computational mechanics]]
|bibcode = 1911RSPTA.210..307R | doi-access = free
}}</ref> London, '''1910'''. [[Computational mechanics]]
*[[Franz Boas|Boas, Franz]] (Germany/America). ''[[The Mind of Primitive Man]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mind of Primitive Man (first edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=50084&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3Dfranz%2520boas%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr50084&s_currency= |website=Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> New York, '''1911'''. [[Anthropology]]
*[[Franz Boas|Boas, Franz]] (Germany/America). ''[[The Mind of Primitive Man]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mind of Primitive Man (first edition) |url=http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=50084&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3Dfranz%2520boas%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr50084&s_currency= |website=Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701115359/http://www.lynge.com/item.php?bookid=50084&c_sourcepage=search.php%3Fpg%3D1%26amp%3Bs_author%3D%26amp%3Bs_title%3D%26amp%3Bs_all%3Dfranz%2520boas%26amp%3Bs_currency%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmin%3D%26amp%3Bs_pmax%3D%26amp%3Bs_catalogue%3D%26amp%3Bs_year1%3D0%26amp%3Bs_year2%3D0%26amp%3Bs_addedsince%3D0%26amp%3Bs_sort%3D%26amp%3Bs_direction%3D%26amp%3Bs_bookid%3D0%23booknr50084&s_currency= |url-status=dead }}</ref> New York, '''1911'''. [[Anthropology]]
*[[Niels Bohr|Bohr, Niels]] (Denmark). ''On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules.''<ref>
*[[Niels Bohr|Bohr, Niels]] (Denmark). ''On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules.''<ref>
{{cite journal | first=Niels |last=Bohr | title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I | journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1913 | volume=26 | pages=1–24 | doi= 10.1080/14786441308634955| url=http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13/eng.pdf | issue=151}}</ref><ref name="Bohr 1913 476">{{cite journal | first=Niels |last=Bohr | title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus | journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1913 | volume=26 | pages=476–502 | url=http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13b/eng.pdf | doi=10.1080/14786441308634993 | issue=153}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=Niels |last=Bohr | title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III Systems containing several nuclei| journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1913 | volume=26 | pages=857–875|issue=155|doi=10.1080/14786441308635031|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430922 }}</ref> London, '''1913'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
{{cite journal | first=Niels |last=Bohr | title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I | journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1913 | volume=26 | pages=1–24 | doi= 10.1080/14786441308634955| url=http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13/eng.pdf | issue=151 | bibcode=1913PMag...26....1B}}</ref><ref name="Bohr 1913 476">{{cite journal | first=Niels |last=Bohr | title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus | journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1913 | volume=26 | pages=476–502 | url=http://web.ihep.su/dbserv/compas/src/bohr13b/eng.pdf | doi=10.1080/14786441308634993 | issue=153 | bibcode=1913PMag...26..476B}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | first=Niels |last=Bohr | title=On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III Systems containing several nuclei| journal=[[Philosophical Magazine]] | year=1913 | volume=26 | pages=857–875|issue=155|doi=10.1080/14786441308635031|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1430922 | bibcode=1913PMag...26..857B }}</ref> London, '''1913'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]] (Germany). ''Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity).''<ref>[http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1916_49_769-822.pdf Link "Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"]</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1916'''. [[Physics]].
*[[Albert Einstein|Einstein, Albert]] (Germany). ''Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity).''<ref>[http://www.physik.uni-augsburg.de/annalen/history/einstein-papers/1916_49_769-822.pdf Link "Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"]</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1916'''. [[Physics]].
*[[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard, Robert Hutchings]] (America). ''[[Robert H. Goddard#A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes|A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes]].'' Washington, D.C, '''1919'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard, Robert Hutchings]] (America). ''[[Robert H. Goddard#A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes|A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes]].'' Washington, D.C, '''1919'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[Louis de Broglie|de Broglie, Louis]] (France). ''Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory)'',<ref>Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).</ref> '''1924'''. [[Wave-particle duality]]
*[[Louis de Broglie|de Broglie, Louis]] (France). ''Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory)'',<ref>Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).</ref> '''1924'''. [[Wave–particle duality]]
*[[Alfred North Whitehead|Whitehead, Alfred North]] (England) and [[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]] (England). ''[[Principia Mathematica]].'' [[Cambridge]], '''1925'''. [[Mathematics]]
*[[Alfred North Whitehead|Whitehead, Alfred North]] (England) and [[Bertrand Russell|Russell, Bertrand]] (England). ''[[Principia Mathematica]].'' [[Cambridge]], '''1925'''. [[Mathematics]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg, Werner]] (Germany). ''[[Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen|Über quantentheorestische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen]].'' Berlin, '''1925'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg, Werner]] (Germany). ''[[Über quantentheoretische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen|Über quantentheorestische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen]].'' Berlin, '''1925'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger, Erwin]] (Austria). ''Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem.''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schrodinger|first=Erwin|title=Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]]|year=1926|volume=384|issue=4|pages=273–376|doi=10.1002/andp.19263840404|bibcode=1926AnP...384..361S}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1926'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Erwin Schrödinger|Schrödinger, Erwin]] (Austria). ''Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem.''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Schrodinger|first=Erwin|title=Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem|journal=[[Annalen der Physik]]|year=1926|volume=384|issue=4|pages=273–376|doi=10.1002/andp.19263840404|bibcode=1926AnP...384..361S|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Leipzig]], '''1926'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg, Werner]] (Germany). ''Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik''<ref>{{Citation |first=W. |last=Heisenberg |title=Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik |language=de|journal=[[Zeitschrift für Physik]] |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |year=1927 |pages=172–198 |doi=10.1007/BF01397280 |postscript=. |bibcode = 1927ZPhy...43..172H }}</ref> Berlin, '''1927'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Werner Heisenberg|Heisenberg, Werner]] (Germany). ''Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik''<ref>{{Citation |first=W. |last=Heisenberg |title=Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik |language=de|journal=[[Zeitschrift für Physik]] |volume=43 |issue=3–4 |year=1927 |pages=172–198 |doi=10.1007/BF01397280 |postscript=. |bibcode = 1927ZPhy...43..172H |s2cid=122763326 }}</ref> Berlin, '''1927'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlov, Ivan]] (Russia). ''Conditioned Reflexes.'' New York, '''1928'''. [[Classical conditioning]]
*[[Ivan Pavlov|Pavlov, Ivan]] (Russia). ''Conditioned Reflexes.'' New York, '''1928'''. [[Classical conditioning]]
*[[Hermann Oberth|Oberth, Hermann]] (Romania). ''Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight).''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19720008133 ''Ways to Spaceflight''] (1929) {{OCLC|255256956}}</ref> [[Munich]]/Berlin, '''1929'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[Hermann Oberth|Oberth, Hermann]] (Romania). ''Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight).''<ref>[https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19720008133 ''Ways to Spaceflight''] (1929) {{OCLC|255256956}}</ref> [[Munich]]/Berlin, '''1929'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[Edwin Hubble|Hubble, Edwin]] (America). ''A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae.''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |date=1929 |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/15/3/168 |doi=10.1073/pnas.15.3.168 |pmid=16577160 |pmc=522427 |bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H}}</ref> Washington, D.C., '''1929'''. [[Astrophysics]]
*[[Edwin Hubble|Hubble, Edwin]] (America). ''A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae.''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hubble |first=Edwin |date=1929 |title=A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]] |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=168–173 |doi=10.1073/pnas.15.3.168 |pmid=16577160 |pmc=522427 |bibcode=1929PNAS...15..168H|doi-access=free }}</ref> Washington, D.C., '''1929'''. [[Astrophysics]]
*[[Paul Dirac|Dirac, Paul]] (England). ''[[The Principles of Quantum Mechanics]].'' [[Oxford]], '''1930'''. [[Quantum mechanics]].
*[[Paul Dirac|Dirac, Paul]] (England). ''[[The Principles of Quantum Mechanics]].'' [[Oxford]], '''1930'''. [[Quantum mechanics]].
*[[Kurt Gödel|Gödel, Kurt]] (Czech Republic/America). ''[[On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems|On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems]].'' [[Leipzig]], '''1931'''. [[Mathematical logic]].
*[[Kurt Gödel|Gödel, Kurt]] (Czech Republic/America). ''[[On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems|On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems]].'' [[Leipzig]], '''1931'''. [[Mathematical logic]].
*[[John von Neumann|von Neumann, John]] (Hungary/America). ''[[Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics|Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik.]]'' '''1932'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[John von Neumann|von Neumann, John]] (Hungary/America). ''[[Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics|Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik.]]'' '''1932'''. [[Quantum mechanics]]
*[[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard, Robert Hutchings]] (America). ''Liquid Propellant Rocket Development.''<ref>First edition:
*[[Robert H. Goddard|Goddard, Robert Hutchings]] (America). ''Liquid Propellant Rocket Development.''<ref>First edition:
{{cite web|url=https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/goddard-robert-h/liquid-propellant-rocket-development/107009.aspx |title=Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development |accessdate=2018-08-01}}
{{cite web|url=https://www.baumanrarebooks.com/rare-books/goddard-robert-h/liquid-propellant-rocket-development/107009.aspx |title=Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development |access-date=2018-08-01}}
</ref> Washington, D.C., '''1936'''. [[Rocket]]s
</ref> Washington, D.C., '''1936'''. [[Rocket]]s
*[[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes, John Maynard]] (England). ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]].'' London, '''1936'''. [[Economics]]
*[[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes, John Maynard]] (England). ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]].'' London, '''1936'''. [[Economics]]
*[[Alonzo Church|Church, Alonzo]] (America). ''A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem.''<ref>First edition:
*[[Alonzo Church|Church, Alonzo]] (America). ''A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem.''<ref>First edition:
{{cite web|url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4546/alonzo-church/a-note-of-the-entscheidungsproblem |title=A Note of the Entscheidungsproblem |accessdate=2018-08-01}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4546/alonzo-church/a-note-of-the-entscheidungsproblem |title=A Note of the Entscheidungsproblem |access-date=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190211/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4546/alonzo-church/a-note-of-the-entscheidungsproblem |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], '''1936'''. [[Computer science]].
</ref> [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], '''1936'''. [[Computer science]].
*[[Alan Turing|Turing, Alan]] (England). ''[[Turing's proof|On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem]].''<ref>First edition:
*[[Alan Turing|Turing, Alan]] (England). ''[[Turing's proof|On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem]].''<ref>First edition:
{{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4474/alan-mathison-turing/on-computable-numbers-with-an-application-to-the-entscheidungsproblem-on-computable-numbers |title=On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem |accessdate=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190213/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4474/alan-mathison-turing/on-computable-numbers-with-an-application-to-the-entscheidungsproblem-on-computable-numbers |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cambridge]], '''1937'''. [[Computing]]
{{cite web |url=https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4474/alan-mathison-turing/on-computable-numbers-with-an-application-to-the-entscheidungsproblem-on-computable-numbers |title=On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem |access-date=2018-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190213/https://www.sophiararebooks.com/pages/books/4474/alan-mathison-turing/on-computable-numbers-with-an-application-to-the-entscheidungsproblem-on-computable-numbers |archive-date=1 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Cambridge]], '''1937'''. [[Computing]]
*[[Theodosius Dobzhansky|Dobzhansky, Theodosius]] (Ukraine/America). ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]''. '''1937'''. [[Evolutionary biology]]
*[[Theodosius Dobzhansky|Dobzhansky, Theodosius]] (Ukraine/America). ''[[Genetics and the Origin of Species]]''. '''1937'''. [[Evolutionary biology]]
*[[Claude Shannon|Shannon, Claude E.]] (America). ''[[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]]'' (Master's thesis, MIT).<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11173 Full text at MIT]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2071/claude-shannon/a-symbolic-analysis-of-relay-and-switching-circuits |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |publisher=First printing in: Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 57 (1938) |accessdate=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122545/https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2071/claude-shannon/a-symbolic-analysis-of-relay-and-switching-circuits |archive-date=9 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1937'''. [[Computing]]
*[[Claude Shannon|Shannon, Claude E.]] (America). ''[[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits]]'' (Master's thesis, MIT).<ref>[http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/11173 Full text at MIT]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits |url=https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2071/claude-shannon/a-symbolic-analysis-of-relay-and-switching-circuits |website=Manhattan Rare Book Company |publisher=First printing in: Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 57 (1938) |access-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809122545/https://www.manhattanrarebooks.com/pages/books/2071/claude-shannon/a-symbolic-analysis-of-relay-and-switching-circuits |archive-date=9 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> '''1937'''. [[Computing]]
*[[Linus Pauling|Pauling, Linus]] (America). ''The Nature of the Chemical Bond.''<ref>{{cite book |last= Pauling |first= Linus |authormask= — |year= 1939 |title= The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals |publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]}}
*[[Linus Pauling|Pauling, Linus]] (America). ''The Nature of the Chemical Bond.''<ref>{{cite book |last= Pauling |first= Linus |author-mask= — |year= 1939 |title= The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals |publisher= [[Cornell University Press]]}}
</ref> [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], '''1939'''. [[Chemistry]].
</ref> [[Ithaca, New York|Ithaca]], '''1939'''. [[Chemistry]].
*[[John von Neumann|von Neumann, John]] (Hungary/America) & [[Oskar Morgenstern|Morgenstern, Oskar]] (Germany/America). ''[[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]].'' [[Princeton University Press|Princeton]], '''1944'''. [[Game theory]]
*[[John von Neumann|von Neumann, John]] (Hungary/America) & [[Oskar Morgenstern|Morgenstern, Oskar]] (Germany/America). ''[[Theory of Games and Economic Behavior]].'' [[Princeton University Press|Princeton]], '''1944'''. [[Game theory]]


== References ==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


Latest revision as of 14:56, 5 July 2024

Antiquarian science books are original historical works (e.g., books or technical papers) concerning science, mathematics and sometimes engineering. These books are important primary references for the study of the history of science and technology, they can provide valuable insights into the historical development of the various fields of scientific inquiry (History of science, History of mathematics, etc.)

Vesalius, Fabrica, 16th century

The landmark are significant first (or early) editions typically worth hundreds or thousands of dollars (prices may vary widely based on condition, etc.).[1] Reprints of these books are often available, for example from Great Books of the Western World, Dover Publications or Google Books.

Incunabula are extremely rare and valuable, but as the "scientific revolution" is only taken to have started around the 1540s, such works of Renaissance literature (including alchemy, Renaissance magic, etc.) are not usually included under the notion of "scientific" literature. Printed originals of the beginning scientific revolution thus date to the 1540s or later, notably beginning with the original publication of Copernican heliocentrism. Nicolaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium of 1543 sold for more than US$2 million at auctions.[2]

List of notable books

[edit]
Copernicus, De revolutionibus, 1500s

16th century

[edit]
Newton, Principia, 1600s

17th century

[edit]
Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, 1700s

18th century

[edit]
Lyell, Principles of Geology, 1800s

19th century

[edit]
Einstein, The Principle of Relativity, 1900s

20th century (pre-Cold War)

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Prices quoted were collected using sources such as "International League of Antiquarian Booksellers". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 7 June 2018. "ABAA". Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2018. http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/SearchEntry http://www.sothebys.com http://www.christies.com
  2. ^ US$2,210,500 at a Christies auction in 2008.
  3. ^ De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Archived 13 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, from Harvard University.
  4. ^ De Humani Corporis Fabrica online — translated with full images, from Northwestern University
  5. ^ Rare Fish Books (ed.). "HISTORIAE ANIMALIUM liber IIII (first edition)". Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  6. ^ First edition: "Theil der grossen Wundartzney". ILAB. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  7. ^ Polybiblio: Regiomontanus, Johannes/Santbech, Daniel, ed. De Triangulis Planis et Sphaericis libri quinque. Basel Henrich Petri & Petrus Perna 1561. First edition: De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque Archived 3 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Giordano Bruno, De l'infinito, universo e mondi, a cura di Giovanni Aquilecchia, Sansoni, Firenze, 1985.
  9. ^ First edition: "Introduction to the analytical art". Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  10. ^ De Magnete at Project Gutenberg. "De Magnete (first edition)". JONATHAN A. HILL, BOOKSELLER, INC. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  11. ^ Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio (Edward Wright's English translation was published in 1616). "Mirifici logarithmorum canonis constructio (early edition)". Antiquariat Gerhard Gruber. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  12. ^ "Harmonices Mundi (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. (Ritterhude, Germany). Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  13. ^ First written in a letter to Mersenne in 1638, the first printed publication of the method is in the fifth volume of the "Supplementum Cursus Mathematici" (1642) written by Herigone, and only in 1679 it appears in Fermat's "Varia opera mathematica". Electronic version in latin. First edition of "Varia opera mat." at Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller, Inc.
  14. ^ "De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus (early edition)". LIBRERIA BRIGHENTI. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  15. ^ "The Sceptical Chymist (first edition)". Sophia Rare Books. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  16. ^ "Traitez de l'équilibre des liqueurs (first edition)". Librairie Hatchuel. 58 rue Monge 75005 Paris - France. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  17. ^ Works by Isaac Barrow at Project Gutenberg. "Lectiones opticae & geometricae (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  18. ^ First editions of Experimenta Nova available at ILAB
  19. ^ "Principia - Second edition, 1713". James Cummins Bookseller (member ABAA/ILAB). New York. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  20. ^ "Arcana naturae (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  21. ^ First editions at ILAB
  22. ^ Taylor, Brook (1715a), Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa, London: William Innys
  23. ^ "Reflexions sur la Cause generale des Vents (first edition)". Jonathan A. Hill. Bookseller, Inc. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  24. ^ "Experiments and Observations on Electricity (early edition)". Joseph J. Felcone Inc. Bookseller. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  25. ^ "An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances (first edition)". Manhattan Rare Book Company. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  26. ^ De vi attractiva ignis electrici (in latin)
  27. ^ Mémoire sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais De l'Imprimerie Royale.
  28. ^ "Theory of the Earth (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  29. ^ "Traité élémentaire de chimie (first edition)". Librairie Alain Brieu. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  30. ^ De viribus electricitatis, 1791. The International Centre for the History of Universities and Science (CIS), Università di Bologna
  31. ^ Essai sur la Théorie des Nombres (Paris: Duprat, 1798). First edition Archived 1 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine at Sophia Rare Books
  32. ^ A digitized copy Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine of An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (1798), from the Posner Memorial Collection at Carnegie Mellon
  33. ^ "An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variola vaccine (first edition)". Jeff Weber Rare Books. Retrieved 8 August 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  34. ^ Wessel, Caspar (1799). "Om Directionens analytiske Betegning, et Forsog, anvendt fornemmelig til plane og sphæriske Polygoners Oplosning" [On the analytic representation of direction, an effort applied in particular to the determination of plane and spherical polygons]. Nye Samling af det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter (in Danish). 5. Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters: 469–518.
  35. ^ "Disquisitiones arithmeticae (first edition)". WP Watson Antiquarian Books (in Abebooks). London. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  36. ^ Young, Thomas (1804). "Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 94: 1–16. Bibcode:1804RSPT...94....1Y. doi:10.1098/rstl.1804.0001. S2CID 110408369.. First edition at Abebooks
  37. ^ Essai sur une manière de représenter des quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques, 2e édition, Gauthier Villars, Paris (1874) BNF
  38. ^ Dalton, John (1808). A new system of chemical philosophy. London. ISBN 978-1-153-05671-7. Retrieved 8 July 2008.. First edition at Sophia Rare Books Archived 5 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Läroboken i kemien (early edition, in swedish)". Antikvariat Röde Orm (in www.antikvariat.net). Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  40. ^ "On Aerial Navigation (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  41. ^ Electronic version in archive.org
  42. ^ "Experimenta circa effectum...(H.C. Oersted; first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  43. ^ "Theorie analytique de la chaleur (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  44. ^ First edition at Abebooks - Jeremy Norman's historyofscience Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.)
  45. ^ "Géométrie imaginaire (first edition in french)". Sophia Rare Books. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  46. ^ Œuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy Académie des sciences (France). Ministère de l'éducation nationale.
  47. ^ Early edition at Abebooks (Jeremy Norman's historyofscience, Bookseller (Novato, CA, U.S.A.))
  48. ^ "Traité de Mécanique Céleste (first edition)". Jonathan A. Hill Bookseller. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  49. ^ "Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet (first edition)". Jonathan A. Hill Bookseller. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  50. ^ Principles of Geology (first ed.). Retrieved 3 August 2018. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  51. ^ Electronic version in archive.org
  52. ^ "Experimental Researches in Electricity (first edition, 8vo, 3 volumes)". Rulon-Miller Books. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  53. ^ Ada Lovelace's notes: "Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage [by L.F. Menabrea, translated, and appended with additional notes, by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace]". Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  54. ^ "On the calorific effects of magneto-electricity, and on the mechanical value of heat (first edition)". Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  55. ^ In June 1845, Joule read his paper "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat" to the British Association meeting in Cambridge (Joule, J.P. (1845) "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat", Brit. Assoc. Rep., trans. Chemical Sect, p.31)
  56. ^ "Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (first edition)". Oak Knoll Books. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  57. ^ "Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme (first edition)". Bookshop Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  58. ^ "On the dynamical theory of heat...(first edition)". Sophia Rare Books. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  59. ^ "An Investigation of the Laws of Thought (first edition)". Blackwell's Rare Books. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  60. ^ The Physical Geography of the Sea (1858 ed.). Harper & Brothers. 1855 – via Google Books.
  61. ^ First editions of Die cellularpathologie at ILAB
  62. ^ "On the Origin of Species (1859 edition, 8ov)". John Windle, Antiquarian Bookselle. San Francisco, CA. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  63. ^ "Mémoire sur Les Corpuscules organisés qui existent dans L'Atmosphère (early edition)". Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  64. ^ First editions of Introduction à l'etude de la médicine at ILAB
  65. ^ Mendel, J. G. (1866). "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, Bd. IV für das Jahr, 1865, Abhandlungen: 3–47, [1]. For the English translation, see: Druery, C. T.; Bateson, William (1901). "Experiments in plant hybridization" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society. 26: 1–32. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
  66. ^ "Mendel's paper "Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden", was read at meetings of the Brunn Natural History Society on 8th February and 8th March 1865, and was published in the Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn, 4, 1865, which appeared in 1866" (Gregor Mendel, Experiments in Plant Hybridisation, Cosimo, Inc., 2008, p. 7).
  67. ^ "On The Hypotheses which lie at the Bases of Geometry (first English translation)". Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S. Archived from the original on 2 July 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  68. ^ Study, E. (1909). "Review: Opere matematiche di Eugenio Beltrami". Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 16 (3): 147–149. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1909-01882-8.
  69. ^ "Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  70. ^ "The Descent of Man (first edition)". Milestones of Science Books. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  71. ^ "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (first edition)". Sophia Rare Books. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  72. ^ Georg Cantor (1883). "Ueber unendliche, lineare Punktmannichfaltigkeiten (5)". Mathematische Annalen. 21 (4): 545–591. doi:10.1007/bf01446819. S2CID 121930608. Published separately as: Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre.
  73. ^ List of Poincaré writings in English translation
  74. ^ First editions at ILAB
  75. ^ "Electric Waves (first edition in english)". Manhattan Rare Book Company. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  76. ^ "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (first edition)". Jeremy Norman & Co., Inc. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  77. ^ "The science absolute of space : independent of the truth or falsity of Euclid's axiom XI (which can never be decided a priori)", The Neomon, Austin, 1896
  78. ^ "Sur une substance nouvelle radio-active dans la pechblende (first edition)". Bookshop Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  79. ^ "Grundlagen der Geometrie (first edition)". Argosy Book Store. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  80. ^ "Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados (first edition in Spanish)". Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018. Histologie du système nerveux, first edition in french, 1909
  81. ^ Planck, M. (1900b). "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft. 2: 237. Translated in ter Haar, D. (1967). "On the Theory of the Energy Distribution Law of the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). The Old Quantum Theory. Pergamon Press. p. 82. LCCN 66029628. First edition: "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  82. ^ Radio-activity (1904), 2nd ed. (1905), ISBN 978-1-60355-058-1 First edition: "Radio-activity". Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  83. ^ Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1904), "Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light" , Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 6: 809–831, Bibcode:1903KNAB....6..809L
  84. ^ List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein.
  85. ^ Einstein, Albert (1905d). "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper" [On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies]. Annalen der Physik (in German). 322 (10): 891–921. Bibcode:1905AnP...322..891E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053221004. hdl:10915/2786.
  86. ^ Annus Mirabilis papers
  87. ^ Einstein, Albert (1905e). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?" [Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?]. Annalen der Physik (in German). 323 (13): 639–641. Bibcode:1905AnP...323..639E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053231314.
  88. ^ Richardson, L.F. (1910). "The approximate arithmetical solution by finite differences of physical problems involving differential equations, with an application to the stresses in a masonry dam". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 210 (459–470): 307–357. Bibcode:1911RSPTA.210..307R. doi:10.1098/rsta.1911.0009.
  89. ^ "The Mind of Primitive Man (first edition)". Herman H. J. Lynge & Søn A/S. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  90. ^ Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part I" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (151): 1–24. Bibcode:1913PMag...26....1B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634955.
  91. ^ Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part II Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993.
  92. ^ Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules, Part III Systems containing several nuclei". Philosophical Magazine. 26 (155): 857–875. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..857B. doi:10.1080/14786441308635031.
  93. ^ Link "Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie"
  94. ^ Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).
  95. ^ Schrodinger, Erwin (1926). "Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem". Annalen der Physik. 384 (4): 273–376. Bibcode:1926AnP...384..361S. doi:10.1002/andp.19263840404.
  96. ^ Heisenberg, W. (1927), "Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik", Zeitschrift für Physik (in German), 43 (3–4): 172–198, Bibcode:1927ZPhy...43..172H, doi:10.1007/BF01397280, S2CID 122763326.
  97. ^ Ways to Spaceflight (1929) OCLC 255256956
  98. ^ Hubble, Edwin (1929). "A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae". PNAS. 15 (3): 168–173. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..168H. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.3.168. PMC 522427. PMID 16577160.
  99. ^ First edition: "Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development". Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  100. ^ First edition: "A Note of the Entscheidungsproblem". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  101. ^ First edition: "On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem". Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  102. ^ Full text at MIT
  103. ^ "A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits". Manhattan Rare Book Company. First printing in: Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers 57 (1938). Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
  104. ^ — (1939). The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Structure of Molecules and Crystals. Cornell University Press.
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