Jump to content

Jahai language: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
+fr:
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
 
(42 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Austroasiatic language spoken in Malaysia}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Jahai
|name=Jahai
|nativename=
|nativename=
|states=[[Malaysia]]
|states=[[Malaysia]], a few in [[Thailand]]
|region=
|region=
|ethnicity={{sigfig|1,810|2}} [[Jahai people]] (2008)<ref name=e18/>
|speakers=1,000
|speakers=1,000 in Malaysia
|date=2006
|date=2006
|ref=e18
|ethnicity=1,843 (2003)
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic
|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic
|fam2=[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
|fam2=[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]
|fam3=[[Jahaic languages|Jahaic]]
|fam3=[[Jahaic languages|Jahaic]]
|fam4=Eastern
|fam4=Eastern
|iso3=jhi}}
|iso3=jhi
|glotto=jeha1242
|glottorefname=Jehai
}}


'''Jahai''' (Jehai) is an aboriginal [[Mon–Khmer language]] spoken by the [[Jahai people]] living in the [[Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests|montane rainforests]] of northern [[Peninsular Malaysia]] and [[Thailand|southernmost Thailand]]. It is the largest [[Jahaic languages|Northern Aslian]] language. Though spoken by only a little more than 1,000 people, Jahai does not appear to be in immediate danger of extinction due to the prevalence of Jahai parents passing on the language to their children as their [[First language|mother tongue]].<ref name="Burenhult">{{Cite book |last=Burenhult |first=Niclas |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146729/1/PL-566.pdf |title=A Grammar of Jahai |publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University |year=2005 |isbn=0-85883-554-1 |series=Pacific Linguistics 566 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/pl-566 |hdl=1885/146729 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
'''Jahai''' (Jehai) is an aboriginal [[Mon–Khmer language]] spoken in [[Malaysia|Malaya]]. The small number of speakers is increasing.

Jahai has a unique vocabulary for [[Olfactory language|describing odors]].<ref name=":0" />

== Phonology ==
=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Jahai vowels
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}}
|{{IPA link|ɨ}} {{IPA link|ɨ̃}}
|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}}
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{IPA link|e}}
|
|{{IPA link|o}}
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛ̃}}
|{{IPA link|ə}} {{IPA link|ə̃}}
|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}}
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}}
|
|}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Jahai consonants
! colspan="2" |
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|c}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|rowspan="2"|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|ɟ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|ɸ}}
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}~{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|}

=== Syllable structure ===
On the surface level, the maximal syllable in Jahai is represented as CV(C). The [[Syllable onset|onset]] consonant is obligatorily required.<ref name="Burenhult" />

=== Stress and tone ===
The position of [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] always falls on the last syllable. Burenhult states there is no [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal]] distinction in Jahai language.<ref name="Burenhult" />

== Olfactory categories ==
Odor terms in Jahai are based on abstract qualities rather than specific sources (which is more common cross-linguistically, particularly in European languages).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Majid|first1=Asifa|last2=Burenhult|first2=Niclas|last3=Stensmyr|first3=Marcus|last4=de Valk|first4=Josje|last5=Hansson|first5=Bill S.|date=2018|title=Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1752|pages=20170139|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0139|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6015838|pmid=29915007}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Odor terms<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Majid|first1=Asifa|last2=Burenhult|first2=Niclas|date=2014|title=Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language|journal=Cognition|volume=130|issue=2|pages=266–270|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|pmid=24355816|issn=0010-0277|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0014-9D63-D|s2cid=16257849|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
!Odor terms
!Approximate translation
!Examples of sources
!Notes
|-
|{{lang|jhi|cŋəs}}
|'to smell edible, tasty'
|cooked food, sweets
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|crŋir}}
|'to smell roasted'
|roasted food
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|harɨm}}
|'to be fragrant'
|various flowers, perfumes, soap
|Malay loan; original Malay meaning 'fragrant'
|-
|{{lang|jhi|ltpɨt}}
|'to be fragrant'
|various flowers, perfumes, [[binturong|bearcat]]
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|haʔɛ̃t}}
|'to stink'
|feces, rotten meat, prawn paste
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|pʔus}}
|'to be musty'
|old dwellings, mushrooms, stale food
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|cŋɛs}}
|'to have a stinging smell'
|petrol, smoke, bat droppings
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|sʔı̃ŋ}}
|'to have a smell of human urine'
|human urine, village ground
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|haɲcı̃ŋ}}
|'to have a urine-like smell'
|urine
|Malay loan; original Malay meaning 'foul odor, stench'
|-
|{{lang|jhi|pʔih}}, {{lang|jhi|plʔeŋ}}
|'to have a blood/fish/meat-like smell'
|blood, raw fish, raw meat
|
|-
|{{lang|jhi|plʔɛŋ}}
|'to have a bloody smell which attracts tigers'
|crushed head lice, squirrel blood
|
|}

==See also==
* [[Kensiu language]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==Further reading==
* http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
*Burenhult, N. (2005). ''A grammar of Jahai''. Pacific linguistics, 566. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-554-1
* [[hdl:10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6701-4@view|http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6701-4@view]] Jahai in RWAAI Digital Archive
* [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/jeha1242 Jahai DoReCo corpus] compiled by Niclas Burenhult. Audio recordings of narrative texts with transcriptions time-aligned at the phone level, translations, and - for some texts - time-aligned morphological annotations.
{{Languages of Malaysia}}
{{Languages of Thailand}}
{{Austro-Asiatic languages}}

{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}


[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Languages of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Languages of Thailand]]
[[Category:Languages of Thailand]]
[[Category:Aslian languages]]
[[Category:Aslian languages]]


{{AustroAsiatic-lang-stub}}

[[fr:Jehai]]
[[pms:Lenga jehai]]

Latest revision as of 11:11, 6 July 2024

Jahai
Native toMalaysia, a few in Thailand
Ethnicity1,800 Jahai people (2008)[1]
Native speakers
1,000 in Malaysia (2006)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3jhi
Glottologjeha1242
ELPJahai

Jahai (Jehai) is an aboriginal Mon–Khmer language spoken by the Jahai people living in the montane rainforests of northern Peninsular Malaysia and southernmost Thailand. It is the largest Northern Aslian language. Though spoken by only a little more than 1,000 people, Jahai does not appear to be in immediate danger of extinction due to the prevalence of Jahai parents passing on the language to their children as their mother tongue.[2]

Jahai has a unique vocabulary for describing odors.[3]

Phonology

[edit]

Vowels

[edit]
Jahai vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɛ̃ ə ə̃ ɔ ɔ̃
Open a ã

Consonants

[edit]
Jahai consonants
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t c k ʔ
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Fricative ɸ s h
Lateral l
Rhotic ɾ~r
Approximant w j

Syllable structure

[edit]

On the surface level, the maximal syllable in Jahai is represented as CV(C). The onset consonant is obligatorily required.[2]

Stress and tone

[edit]

The position of stress always falls on the last syllable. Burenhult states there is no tonal distinction in Jahai language.[2]

Olfactory categories

[edit]

Odor terms in Jahai are based on abstract qualities rather than specific sources (which is more common cross-linguistically, particularly in European languages).[4]

Odor terms[3]
Odor terms Approximate translation Examples of sources Notes
cŋəs 'to smell edible, tasty' cooked food, sweets
crŋir 'to smell roasted' roasted food
harɨm 'to be fragrant' various flowers, perfumes, soap Malay loan; original Malay meaning 'fragrant'
ltpɨt 'to be fragrant' various flowers, perfumes, bearcat
haʔɛ̃t 'to stink' feces, rotten meat, prawn paste
pʔus 'to be musty' old dwellings, mushrooms, stale food
cŋɛs 'to have a stinging smell' petrol, smoke, bat droppings
sʔı̃ŋ 'to have a smell of human urine' human urine, village ground
haɲcı̃ŋ 'to have a urine-like smell' urine Malay loan; original Malay meaning 'foul odor, stench'
pʔih, plʔeŋ 'to have a blood/fish/meat-like smell' blood, raw fish, raw meat
plʔɛŋ 'to have a bloody smell which attracts tigers' crushed head lice, squirrel blood

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Jahai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ a b c Burenhult, Niclas (2005). A Grammar of Jahai (PDF). Pacific Linguistics 566. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/pl-566. hdl:1885/146729. ISBN 0-85883-554-1.
  3. ^ a b Majid, Asifa; Burenhult, Niclas (2014). "Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language". Cognition. 130 (2): 266–270. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-9D63-D. ISSN 0010-0277. PMID 24355816. S2CID 16257849.
  4. ^ Majid, Asifa; Burenhult, Niclas; Stensmyr, Marcus; de Valk, Josje; Hansson, Bill S. (2018). "Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 373 (1752): 20170139. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0139. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 6015838. PMID 29915007.
[edit]

This Austroasiatic language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Jahai_language&oldid=1232929150"