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Coordinates: 31°53′01″S 127°01′25″E / 31.8835°S 127.0235°E / -31.8835; 127.0235
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{{Short description|Pastoral lease in Western Australia}}
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{{Use Australian English|date=December 2013}}
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{{Location map|Western Australia|label=Madura Station
{{Location map|Western Australia|label=Madura Station
|position=left
|position=left
|lat_deg=31.88347|lat_dir=S
|lat_deg=31.88347|lat_dir=S
|lon_deg=127.02353|lon_dir=N
|lon_deg=127.02353|lon_dir=E
|caption=Location in Western Australia}}
|caption=Location in Western Australia}}
[[Image:Nullabor plain from the indian pacific.jpg|thumb|The Nullarbor Plain]]
[[Image:Nullabor plain from the indian pacific.jpg|thumb|The Nullarbor Plain]]
[[Image:Madura Pass, 2012.JPG|thumb|View of the Madura Pass towards the roadhouse, 2012]]
[[Image:Madura Pass, 2012.JPG|thumb|View of the Madura Pass towards the roadhouse, 2012]]
[[Image:Nullabor Plain With Trees.jpg|thumb|View of the Nullarbor from Madura Pass]]
[[Image:Nullabor Plain With Trees.jpg|thumb|View of the Nullarbor from Madura Pass]]
'''Madura Station''' also known as '''Madura Plains''' is a pastoral lease and [[sheep]] [[Station (Australian agriculture)|station]] located about {{convert|700|km|mi|0}} east south east of [[Kalgoorlie, Western Australia|Kalgoorlie]] in the [[Goldfields-Esperance]] region of [[Western Australia]]. It is within the locality of [[Madura, Western Australia|Madura]] and the [[Eyre Highway]] runs along the boundary of the station.
'''Madura Station''' also known as '''Madura Plains''' is a pastoral lease and [[sheep station]] located about {{convert|700|km|mi|0}} east south east of [[Kalgoorlie, Western Australia|Kalgoorlie]] in the [[Goldfields-Esperance]] region of [[Western Australia]]. It is within the locality of [[Madura, Western Australia|Madura]] and the [[Eyre Highway]] runs along the boundary of the station.

==Description==
==Description==
The station occupies an area of approximately {{convert|7082|km2|sqmi|0}} or 1.75 million acres, making it larger than the nation of [[Brunei]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctyareal.htm|title=Countries of the World (by largest land area, including indigenous water)|publisher=''World Atlas''|year=2012|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref> in the remote south east of Western Australia. It is the third [[List of the largest stations in Australia|largest sheep station]] in Australia, after [[Rawlinna Station|Rawlinna]] and [[Commonwealth Hill Station]] and is currently owned by the Jumbuck Pastoral Company.<ref name="Jumbuck">{{cite web|url=http://www.jumbuckpastoral.com/pages/stations/Madura.html|title=Madura|publisher=''Jumbuck Pastoral''|year=2012|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref>
The station occupies an area of approximately {{convert|7082|km2|sqmi|0}} or 1.75 million acres – making it larger than the nation of [[Brunei]] – in the remote south east of Western Australia.<ref name="Jumbuck">{{cite web|url=http://www.jumbuckpastoral.com/pages/stations/Madura.html|title=Madura|publisher=Jumbuck Pastoral|year=2012|accessdate=21 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409182057/http://www.jumbuckpastoral.com/pages/stations/madura.html|archivedate=9 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctyareal.htm|title=Countries of the World (by largest land area, including indigenous water)|work=World Atlas|year=2012|accessdate=24 February 2013}}</ref> It is the second [[List of the largest stations in Australia|largest sheep station]] in Australia, after [[Rawlinna Station|Rawlinna]] and is currently owned by CC Cooper & Co.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-19/david-cooper-buys-madura-plains-sheep-station-wa/7098216|title=Madura Plains sheep station in Western Australia sells to the Cooper family from South Australia for a reported $10 million|accessdate=24 June 2015|date=10 January 2016|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>


In 1927, the extent of the Madura Station was reported as two million [[acre]]s.<ref name="The Sydney Mail - 20Jul1927 - Madura Station - 2,000,000 Acres">{{cite news|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d45VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MZYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4995,932345&dq=madura-station&hl=en|title=Madura Station—2,000,000 Acres|date=20 July 1927|work=[[The Sydney Mail]]|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>
In 1927, the extent of the Madura Station was reported as two million [[acre]]s.<ref name="The Sydney Mail – 20Jul1927 – Madura Station – 2,000,000 Acres">{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=d45VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MZYDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4995,932345&dq=madura-station&hl=en|title=Madura Station—2,000,000 Acres|date=20 July 1927|work=[[The Sydney Mail]]|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>


The station has a carrying capacity of 50,000 sheep, which are [[merino]]s raised for their [[wool]]. The company employed had eight staff in 2012 working under the supervision of the station manager, Matt Haines.<ref name="Jumbuck"/>
The station has a carrying capacity of 58,000 sheep, which are [[merino]]s raised for their [[wool]]. The company employed eight staff in 2012 working under the supervision of the station manager, Matt Haines.<ref name="Jumbuck"/>


The land is mostly gently undulating calcareous plains with [[eucalypt]]–[[melaleuca]]–[[Acacia papyrocarpa|myall]] woodlands and [[chenopod]] shrubland interspersed with [[saltbush]] shrubland and [[Soliva sessilis|bindii]] grassland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/rpm/techbull97_nullarbor_part8_appendices.pdf|title=Appendices Station Summaries|publisher=''[[Government of Western Australia]]''|date=31 March 2011|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref> Many caves can be found amongst the [[limestone]] bedrock of the [[Nullarbor Plain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41840293 |title=Underground Caves|newspaper=[[The Cairns Post|Cairns Post]] |location=Queensland|date=3 February 1938 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=11 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>
The land is mostly gently undulating calcareous plains with [[eucalypt]]–[[melaleuca]]–[[Acacia papyrocarpa|myall]] woodlands and [[chenopod]] shrubland interspersed with [[saltbush]] shrubland and [[Soliva sessilis|bindii]] grassland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/rpm/techbull97_nullarbor_part8_appendices.pdf|title=Appendices Station Summaries|publisher=Government of Western Australia|date=31 March 2011|accessdate=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323194229/http://agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/rpm/techbull97_nullarbor_part8_appendices.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many caves can be found amongst the [[limestone]] bedrock of the [[Nullarbor Plain]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41840293 |title=Underground Caves|newspaper=[[The Cairns Post]] |location=Queensland|date=3 February 1938 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=11 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The [[Indigenous Australian|traditional owners]] of the area are the [[Mirning people]], whose territory stretched across the [[Nullarbor]] and into [[South Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aija.org.au/Aboriginal%20Benchbook%202nd%20Ed/Chapter%204.pdf|title=Aboriginal People in Western Australia|publisher=|date=6 August 2008|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref>
The [[traditional owners]] of the area are the [[Mirning people]], whose territory stretched across the [[Nullarbor]] and into [[South Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aija.org.au/Aboriginal%20Benchbook%202nd%20Ed/Chapter%204.pdf|title=Aboriginal People in Western Australia|date=6 August 2008|accessdate=21 February 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029050022/http://aija.org.au/Aboriginal%20Benchbook%202nd%20Ed/Chapter%204.pdf|archivedate=29 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

⚫
Europeans settled the area in 1876 to breed horses, which were sent to India to be used by the [[British Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exploreaustralia.net.au/Western-Australia/Esperance-and-Nullarbor/Madura|title=Madura|publisher=Explore Australia|year=2012|accessdate=21 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301032944/http://www.exploreaustralia.net.au/Western-Australia/Esperance-and-Nullarbor/Madura|archive-date=1 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first recorded lease encompassing the old [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]] was by G.Heinzmann for a period of one year; the lease was not renewed for 1878.

⚫
The station underwent significant improvements through 1884, including the addition of fencing and water tanks. Bores were sunk and [[brackish]] water was found and then drilled through in the hope of finding permanent freshwater.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71999275 |title=The Eucla Country |newspaper=[[The Inquirer & Commercial News]] |location=Perth|date=23 July 1884 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=3 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


In 1888 the Madura Squatting and Investment Company was floated to raise £100,000 capital to take over the leasehold and many surrounding blocks, to have a total usable area of over 4 million acres or {{convert|6250|sqmi|sqkm|0}}. The property included a good [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]] and a well provisioned store. The property had been recently depastured and was only carrying 800 merino ewes and a few horses.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article6109240 |title=Advertising.|newspaper=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]]|location=Melbourne|date=12 March 1888 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
⚫
Europeans settled the area in 1876 to breed horses, which were sent to [[India]] to be used by the [[British Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exploreaustralia.net.au/Western-Australia/Esperance-and-Nullarbor/Madura|title=Madura|publisher=Explore Australia|year=2012|accessdate=21 February 2013}}</ref> The first recorded lease encompassing the old [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]] was by G.Heinzmann for a period of one year; the lease was not renewed for 1878.


⚫
The Ponton brothers and John Sharp were the next to take up the lease, in 1898, when the property was known as Clifton Downs Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/rpm/techbull97_nullarbor_part1_introduction_and_revew.pdf|title=Technical Bulletin No.97: An inventory and condition survey of the Western Australian part of the Nullarbor region|publisher=[[Government of Western Australia]]|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=22 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323203649/http://agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/rpm/techbull97_nullarbor_part1_introduction_and_revew.pdf|archive-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
The station underwent significant improvements through 1884, including the addition of fencing and water tanks. Bores were sunk and [[brackish]] water was found and then drilled through in the hope of finding permanent freshwater.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71999275 |title=The Eucla Country |newspaper=[[The Inquirer & Commercial News]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=23 July 1884 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=3 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


In 1888 the ''Madura Squatting and Investment Company'' was floated to raise £100,000 capital to take over the leasehold, and many surrounding blocks to have a total usable area of over 4 million acres or {{convert|6250|sqmi|sqkm|0}}. The property included a good [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]] and a well provisioned store. The property had been recently depastured and was only carrying 800 merino ewes and a few horses.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article6109240 |title=Advertising.|newspaper=[[The Argus (Australia)|The Argus]]|location=Melbourne, Victoria|date=12 March 1888 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
A [[Rabbit plagues in Australia|rabbit plague]] swept through the area and continued westward in 1901. William Ponton reported that millions of rabbits were already between [[Eucla, Western Australia|Eucla]] and Nullarbor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14381591 |title=Western Australia|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=New South Wales|date=5 January 1901 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


Shortly afterwards Mr A. J. Talbot took over the property, along with Mundrabilla Station. Talbot was also raising mostly cattle along with horses as well as a small herd of camels at Madura. The artesian bores were pumping {{convert|37000|impgal|L}} per day from a depth of {{convert|2200|ft|m|0}} to water stock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92591163 |title=The Bight Country|newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |location=Western Australia|date=27 July 1912 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Cattle from Madura were routinely being [[overlanding|overlanded]] to the [[Kalgoorlie, Western Australia|Kalgoorlie]] saleyards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93727782|title=Advertising|newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]]|location=Western Australia|date=3 October 1925 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
⚫
The Ponton brothers and John Sharp were the next to take up the lease in 1898, when the property was known as Clifton Downs Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/lwe/rpm/techbull97_nullarbor_part1_introduction_and_revew.pdf|title=Techical Bulletin No.97: An inventory and condition survey of the Western Australian part of the Nullarbor region|publisher=''[[Government of Western Australia]]''|date=1 December 2010|accessdate=22 February 2013}}</ref>


⚫
In 1927 the Madura Pastoral and Settlement Company successfully acquired 5 million acres ({{convert|7812|sqmi|sqkm|0}}) around Madura Station with the intention of developing it for settlement. The company wanted the federal government to spend £100,000 on dog-proof fencing and water boring to make over 15 million acres of land able to carry an additional one million sheep that would be able to produce an additional 30,000 [[wool bale|bales of wool]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78901591 |title=Our open spaces |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |location=Perth |date=13 July 1927 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The station changed hands at some point around the same time and was owned by Charles Bowen from 1927<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74307782 |title=General Notes|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide |date=9 July 1927 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=11 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> to 1932 when he became ill and was no longer able to operate the rationing depot for the department of [[Protector of Aborigines|Aboriginal Protection]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32660033 |title=South coast natives |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=2 March 1932 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=10 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
A [[Rabbits in Australia|rabbit plague]] swept through the area and continued westward in 1901. William Ponton reported that millions of rabbits were already between [[Eucla, Western Australia|Eucla]] and Nullarbor.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14381591 |title=Western Australia|newspaper=[[Sydney morning herald|The Sydney Morning Herald]] |location=New South Wales|date=5 January 1901 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


Shortly afterward Mr A. J. Talbot took over the property, along with Mundrabilla Station. Talbot was also raising mostly cattle along with horses as well as a small herd of camels at Madura. The artesian bores were pumping {{convert|37000|impgal|l}} per day from a depth of {{convert|2200|ft|m|0}} to water stock.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article92591163 |title=The Bight Country|newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |location=Western Australia|date=27 July 1912 |accessdate=22 February 2013 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref> Cattle from Madura were routinely being [[overlanding|overlanded]] to the [[Kalgoorlie, Western Australia|Kalgoorlie]] saleyards.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article93727782|title=Advertising|newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]]|location=Western Australia|date=3 October 1925 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Several hundred [[brumby|brumbies]] were roaming Madura station in 1933 along with a substantial herd of wild cattle. The station owners erected trap and [[Feedlot|stockyards]] at an artesian bore that had been flowing continuously for 28 years. Other men from the district had come and had caught over 300 of the horses, which were taken and sold. The bore was also a stopping place for overlanders with the warm water making it a popular bathing place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74022689 |title=Ceduna men trap brumbies|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide|date=12 July 1933 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=8 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The area experienced heavy rains in 1934 resulting in boggy roads under {{convert|2|ft|m|1}} of water.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32955341 |title=Overland to Adelaide|newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth|date=3 July 1934 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=17 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
⚫
In 1927 the ''Madura Pastoral and Settlement Company'' successfully acquired 5 million acres {{convert|7812|sqmi|sqkm|0}} around Madura Station with the intention of developing it for settlement. The company wanted the federal government to spend £100,000 on dog-proof fencing and water boring to make over 15 million acres of land able to carry an additional one million sheep that would be able to produce an additional 30,000 [[wool bale|bales of wool]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article78901591 |title=Our open spaces |newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=13 July 1927 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The station changed hands at some point around the same time and was owned by Mr Charles Bowen from 1927<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74307782 |title=General Notes|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide, South Australia |date=9 July 1927 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=11 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> to 1932 when he became ill and was no longer able to operate the rationing depot for the department of [[Protector of Aborigines|Aboriginal Protection]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32660033 |title=South coast natives |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=2 March 1932 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=10 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>


Several hundred [[brumby|brumbies]] were roaming Madura station in 1933 along with a substantial herd of wild cattle. The station owners erected trap and [[stockyard]]s at an artesian bore that had been flowing continuously for 28 years. Other men from the district had come and had caught over 300 of the horses which were taken and sold. The bore was also a stopping place for overlanders with the warm water making it a popular bathing place.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article74022689 |title=Ceduna men trap brumbies|newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]] |location=Adelaide, South Australia|date=12 July 1933 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=8 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The station manager, Mr W O'Donovan had to be evacuated by an emergency flight by Goldfields Airways using a new [[de Havilland Fox Moth|Fox Moth]] airplane when he was dangerously ill in 1935. A doctor was on board and O'Donovan was flown to Kalgoorlie for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32871298 |title=Doctor's emergency flight |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=11 July 1935 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=18 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> O'Donovan died the following day as a result of an internal [[Bleeding|haemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32869159 |title=Pastoralist's death|newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth|date=24 July 1935 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=19 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The area experienced heavy rains in 1934 resulting in boggy roads under {{convert|2|ft|m|1}} of water.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32955341 |title=Overland to Adelaide|newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=3 July 1934 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=17 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The acting manager and former [[Stockman (Australia)|stockman]], Michael O'Brien, was charged with cattle stealing in 1937. O'Brien had taken 102 cattle to [[Loongana railway station|Loongana]] and put another [[Livestock branding|brand]] on them before selling them, he defended himself saying that the [[Melbourne]] based company had not paid him any wages since the death of O'Donovan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41601711 |title=Station manager charged|newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth|date=24 December 1937|accessdate=23 February 2013|page=17|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The station manager, Mr W O'Donovan had to be evacuated by an emergency flight by Goldfields Airways using a new [[de Havilland Fox Moth|Fox Moth]] airplane when he was dangerously ill in 1935. A doctor was on board and O'Donovan was flown to [[Kalgoorlie, Western Australia|Kalgoorlie]] for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32871298 |title=Doctor's emergency flight |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=11 July 1935 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=18 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> O'Donovan died the following day as a result of an internal [[Bleeding|haemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32869159 |title=Pastoralist's death|newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Austrlia|date=24 July 1935 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=19 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>
In 1939 flooding occurred in areas around the station and Madura recorded {{convert|1|in|mm|0}} of rain, filling dams and weirs. Strong winds blew down many trees causing problems on roads in the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76061759 |title=Kalgoorlie Mines Reopen Monday.|newspaper=[[The Mirror (Western Australia)|The Mirror]] |location=Perth|date=21 January 1939 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The acting manager and former [[Stockman (Australia)|stockman]], Michael O'Brien, was charged with cattle stealing in 1937. O'Brien had taken 102 cattle to [[Loongana railway station|Loongana]] and put another [[Livestock branding|brand]] on them before selling them, he defended himself saying that the [[Melbourne]] based company had not paid him any wages since the death of O'Donovan.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article41601711 |title=Station manager charged|newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=24 December 1937|accessdate=23 February 2013|page=17|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
The station had been the target of thieves and vandals in 1940 prompting the station owner's wife to carry a [[revolver]] whenever her husband was away. Sign-posts and water tanks had been damaged, articles had been stolen and even the [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]] had been burnt down by a party of overlanders.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58968119 |title=Truth about the Track. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|Sunday Times]] |location=Perth|date=18 February 1940 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=24 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The manager at the time, Robert Mackie, was often away overlanding himself and often reported on the road conditions in the area, particularly the Madura Pass.


In 1939 flooding occurred in areas around the station and Madura recorded {{convert|1|in|mm|0}} of rain filling dams and weirs. Strong winds blew down many trees causing problems on roads in the area.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76061759 |title=Kalgoorlie Mines Reopen Monday.|newspaper=[[Mirror]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=21 January 1939 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=1 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>
1941 saw heavy rains in the area with {{convert|3|in|mm|0}} of rain being recorded at the homestead. Mackie reported {{convert|300|yd|m|0}} of the pass being washed away, making it impossible for even camels to traverse.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83022161 |title=Trans Tack Now Unusable.|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |location=Perth|date=1 May 1941|accessdate=24 February 2013|page=21|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The station had been the target of thieves and vandals in 1940 prompting the station owners wife to carry a [[revolver]] whenever her husband was away. Sign-posts and water tanks had been damaged, articles had been stolen and even the [[homestead (buildings)|homestead]] had been burnt down by a party of overlanders.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article58968119 |title=Truth about the Track. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Western_Australia)|Sunday Times]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=18 February 1940 |accessdate=23 February 2013 |page=24 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> The manager at the time, Robert Mackie, was often away overlanding himself and often reported on the road conditions in the area, particularly the Madura Pass.
Four young men were arrested at Madura in 1947 after they stole a car in [[Norseman, Western Australia|Norseman]], some {{convert|350|mi|km|0}} to the west of Madura, and made for the [[South Australia]]n border before their car broke down near the homestead. They fled into the bush but were found by [[Aboriginal tracker]]s and apprehended by police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46280382 |title=Four arrests at Madura |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth|date=2 May 1947|accessdate=24 February 2013|page=15 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


1941 saw heavy rains in the area with {{convert|3|in|mm|0}} of rain being recorded at the homestead. Mackie reported that {{convert|300|yd|m|0}} of the pass being washed away making it impossible for even camels to traverse.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83022161 |title=Trans Tack Now Unusable.|newspaper=[[Daily News (Perth, Western Australia)|The Daily News]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=1 May 1941|accessdate=24 February 2013|page=21|publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>
The station was gripped by [[drought]] in 1948 with 400 cattle dying as a result of lack of feed. The remaining herd of about 500 was to be driven to Loongana to look for feed and water.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59487310 |title=Drought Brings Cattle Losses. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|Sunday Times]] |location=Perth|date=10 October 1948 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


⚫
Rumours were rife in the press that the station had been abandoned in 1949, after several travellers found dead crows and rabbits around the homestead.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47657655 |title=Harrowing sight for desert travellers|newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=16 April 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Mackie denied the claims, saying he was in Kalgoorlie for an extended business trip.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article95741363 |title=Eyre Highway|newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |location=Western Australia |date=21 April 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Later the same year the Reverend Sopher, his wife and five children arrived at Madura to set up a home and school for Aboriginal children under the auspices of the Australian Aborigines Evangelistal Mission.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47665641 |title=New native mission |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=26 May 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> A few months later Mrs Sopher was badly burnt when a spark from the oven set her dress alight; she then had to endure the long trip to Norseman hospital for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39093756 |title=State news summary |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |location=Perth |date=22 September 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=14|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Four young men were arrested at Madura in 1947 after they stole a car in [[Norseman, Western Australia|Norseman]], some {{convert|350|mi|km|0}} to the west of Madura, and made for the [[South Australia]]n border before their car broke down near the homestead. They fled into the bush but were found by [[Aboriginal tracker]]s and apprehended by police.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article46280382 |title=Four arrests at Madura |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=2 May 1947|accessdate=24 February 2013|page=15 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
⚫
In 1950 the mission was issued a writ claiming damages for [[breach of contract]] on behalf of Madura Ltd concerning the sale of the station to the mission.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47839403 |title=Claim for damages |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=3 April 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Later the same year Mackie began to convert the homestead into a stopping place following six years of drought. Although some heavy rains had fallen they were too far apart to be of any use and the station had virtually no stock left on it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47872689 |title=Six years of drought |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth|date=4 July 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=12 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Petrol]] pumps were installed and the homestead was converted to a motel-hotel,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article95748306 |title=Modern hotel |newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> with a [[liquor licence]] granted later the same year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47892439 |title=Liquor Licence granted for Madura station. |newspaper=[[The West Australian]] |location=Perth |date=17 October 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


The station was gripped by [[drought]] in 1948 with 400 cattle dying as a result of lack of feed. The remaining herd of about 500 was to be driven to Loongana to look for feed and water.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59487310 |title=Drought Brings Cattle Losses. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Western_Australia)|Sunday Times]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=10 October 1948 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=7 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>
Mackie was taken to hospital in 1951 with heart troubles<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59596278 |title=Goldfields Personals. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|Sunday Times]] |location=Perth|date=14 January 1951 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=27 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> and the station was sold later the same year to a group of developers who were to turn the area into a [[tourist]] resort.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55858404 |title=Tourist plans for Madura. |newspaper=[[Sunday Mail (Adelaide)|The Mail]] |location=Adelaide |date=24 February 1951 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=46 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


In the 1960s the Birmingham family (Charlie Carter's grocery chain) held the lease, and the station manager was Brian O'Connor - brother of the politician [[Ray O'Connor]].
⚫
Rumours were rife in the press that the station had been abandoned in 1949, after several travellers found dead crows and rabbits around the homestead.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47657655 |title=Harrowing sight for desert travellers|newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=16 April 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Mackie denied the claims saying he was in Kalgoorlie for an extended business trip.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article95741363 |title=Eyre Highway|newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |location=Western Australia |date=21 April 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Later the same year the Reverend Sopher, his wife and five children arrived at Madura to set up a home and school for Aboriginal children under the auspices of the ''Australian Aborigines Evangelistal Mission''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47665641 |title=New native mission |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=26 May 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref> A few months later Mrs Sopher was badly burnt when a spark from the oven set her dress alight, she then had to endure the long trip to [[Norseman, Western Australia|Norseman]] hospital for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article39093756 |title=State news summary |newspaper=[[Western Mail (Western Australia)|Western Mail]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=22 September 1949 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=14|publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
⚫
In 1950 the mission was issued a writ claiming damages for [[breach of contract]] on behalf of Madura Ltd. concerning the sale of the station to the mission.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47839403 |title=Claim for damages |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=3 April 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=2 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref> Later the same year Mackie began to convert the homestead into a stopping place following six years of drought. Although some heavy rains had fallen they were too far apart to be of any use and the station had virtually no stock left on it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47872689 |title=Six years of drought |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=4 July 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=12 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> [[Petrol]] pumps were installed and the homestead was converted to a motel-hotel,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article95748306 |title=Modern hotel |newspaper=[[Kalgoorlie Miner]] |location=Western Australia |date=23 September 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> with a [[liquor licence]] granted later the same year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47892439 |title=Liquor Licence granted for Madura station. |newspaper=[[Perth Gazette|The West Australian]] |location=Perth, Western Australia |date=17 October 1950 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=9 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref>


⚫
The Jumbuck Pastoral Company acquired Madura in 1987,<ref name="Jumbuck"/> adding it to the neighbouring Moonera and began sub-dividing large paddocks and installing extra windmills and water points. Matt Haines was appointed manager in 2011; in the same year 30,000 sheep were shorn producing 850 bales of wool. This followed a good season where the property received {{convert|17|in|mm|0}} of rain, nearly double the annual average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jumbuckpastoral.com/files/news-july2011.pdf|title=Jumbuck News|issue=10|volume=2|date=1 July 2011|accessdate=24 February 2013|publisher=Jumbuck Pastoral Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214200828/http://www.jumbuckpastoral.com/files/news-july2011.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Mackie was taken to hospital in 1951 with heart troubles<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article59596278 |title=Goldfields Personals. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (Western Australia)|Sunday Times]] |location=Perth, Western Australia|date=14 January 1951 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=27 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} </ref> and the station was sold later the same year to a group of developers who were to turn the area into a [[tourist]] resort.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article55858404 |title=Tourist plans for Madura. |newspaper=[[Sunday Mail (Adelaide)|The Mail]] |location=Adelaide, South Australia |date=24 February 1951 |accessdate=24 February 2013 |page=46 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


In 2012 a fire burned for three days near Madura, covering the [[Eyre Highway]] in smoke. Over {{convert|300|ha|acre|0}} of bushland was consumed by the blaze.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/14761687/fire-rages-on-at-madura-station/|title=Fire rages on at Madura Station|date=5 September 2012|accessdate=24 February 2013|work=[[The West Australian]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412052111/http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/14761687/fire-rages-on-at-madura-station/|archive-date=12 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
The Jumbuck Pastoral Company acquired Madura in 1987,<ref name="Jumbuck"/> adding it to the neighbouring Moonera and began sub-dividing large paddocks and installing extra windmills and water points. Matt Haines was appointed manager in 2011; in the same year 30,000 sheep were shorn producing 850 bales of wool. This followed a good season where the property received {{convert|17|in|mm|0}} of rain, nearly double the annual average.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jumbuckpastoral.com/files/news-july2011.pdf|title=Jumbuck News Issue 10 Vol.2|date=1 July 2011|accessdate=24 February 2013|publisher=''Jumbuck Pastoral Company''}}</ref>


In 2012 a fire was burning for three days near Madura covering the [[Eyre Highway]] in smoke. Over {{convert|300|ha|acre|0}} of bushland was consumed by the blaze.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/14761687/fire-rages-on-at-madura-station/|title=Fire rages on at Madura Station|date=5 September 2012|accessdate=24 February 2013|publisher=''[[The West Australian]]''}}</ref>
Madura Plains Station was purchased by CC Cooper & Co, Jamestown, South Australia from Jumbuck Pastoral in February 2016 for {{AUD}}10 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-19/david-cooper-buys-madura-plains-sheep-station-wa/7098216|title=Madura Plains sheep station in Western Australia sells to the Cooper family from South Australia for a reported $10 million|accessdate=24 June 2015|date=10 January 2016|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[List of ranches and stations]]
* [[List of ranches and stations]]
*[[List of the largest stations in Australia]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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{{Stations of the Goldfields-Esperance Western Australia}}
{{Stations of the Goldfields-Esperance Western Australia}}


[[Category:Pastoral leases in Western Australia]]
[[Category:Stations in Goldfields–Esperance]]
[[Category:Goldfields-Esperance]]
[[Category:Nullarbor Plain]]
[[Category:Station (Australian agriculture)]]

Latest revision as of 22:09, 6 July 2024

Madura Station is located in Western Australia
Madura Station
Madura Station
class=notpageimage|
Location in Western Australia
The Nullarbor Plain
View of the Madura Pass towards the roadhouse, 2012
View of the Nullarbor from Madura Pass

Madura Station also known as Madura Plains is a pastoral lease and sheep station located about 700 kilometres (435 mi) east south east of Kalgoorlie in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia. It is within the locality of Madura and the Eyre Highway runs along the boundary of the station.

Description

[edit]

The station occupies an area of approximately 7,082 square kilometres (2,734 sq mi) or 1.75 million acres – making it larger than the nation of Brunei – in the remote south east of Western Australia.[1][2] It is the second largest sheep station in Australia, after Rawlinna and is currently owned by CC Cooper & Co.[3]

In 1927, the extent of the Madura Station was reported as two million acres.[4]

The station has a carrying capacity of 58,000 sheep, which are merinos raised for their wool. The company employed eight staff in 2012 working under the supervision of the station manager, Matt Haines.[1]

The land is mostly gently undulating calcareous plains with eucalypt–melaleuca–myall woodlands and chenopod shrubland interspersed with saltbush shrubland and bindii grassland.[5] Many caves can be found amongst the limestone bedrock of the Nullarbor Plain.[6]

History

[edit]

The traditional owners of the area are the Mirning people, whose territory stretched across the Nullarbor and into South Australia.[7]

Europeans settled the area in 1876 to breed horses, which were sent to India to be used by the British Army.[8] The first recorded lease encompassing the old homestead was by G.Heinzmann for a period of one year; the lease was not renewed for 1878.

The station underwent significant improvements through 1884, including the addition of fencing and water tanks. Bores were sunk and brackish water was found and then drilled through in the hope of finding permanent freshwater.[9]

In 1888 the Madura Squatting and Investment Company was floated to raise £100,000 capital to take over the leasehold and many surrounding blocks, to have a total usable area of over 4 million acres or 6,250 square miles (16,187 km2). The property included a good homestead and a well provisioned store. The property had been recently depastured and was only carrying 800 merino ewes and a few horses.[10]

The Ponton brothers and John Sharp were the next to take up the lease, in 1898, when the property was known as Clifton Downs Station.[11]

A rabbit plague swept through the area and continued westward in 1901. William Ponton reported that millions of rabbits were already between Eucla and Nullarbor.[12]

Shortly afterwards Mr A. J. Talbot took over the property, along with Mundrabilla Station. Talbot was also raising mostly cattle along with horses as well as a small herd of camels at Madura. The artesian bores were pumping 37,000 imperial gallons (170,000 L) per day from a depth of 2,200 feet (671 m) to water stock.[13] Cattle from Madura were routinely being overlanded to the Kalgoorlie saleyards.[14]

In 1927 the Madura Pastoral and Settlement Company successfully acquired 5 million acres (7,812 square miles (20,233 km2)) around Madura Station with the intention of developing it for settlement. The company wanted the federal government to spend £100,000 on dog-proof fencing and water boring to make over 15 million acres of land able to carry an additional one million sheep that would be able to produce an additional 30,000 bales of wool.[15] The station changed hands at some point around the same time and was owned by Charles Bowen from 1927[16] to 1932 when he became ill and was no longer able to operate the rationing depot for the department of Aboriginal Protection.[17]

Several hundred brumbies were roaming Madura station in 1933 along with a substantial herd of wild cattle. The station owners erected trap and stockyards at an artesian bore that had been flowing continuously for 28 years. Other men from the district had come and had caught over 300 of the horses, which were taken and sold. The bore was also a stopping place for overlanders with the warm water making it a popular bathing place.[18]

The area experienced heavy rains in 1934 resulting in boggy roads under 2 feet (0.6 m) of water.[19]

The station manager, Mr W O'Donovan had to be evacuated by an emergency flight by Goldfields Airways using a new Fox Moth airplane when he was dangerously ill in 1935. A doctor was on board and O'Donovan was flown to Kalgoorlie for treatment.[20] O'Donovan died the following day as a result of an internal haemorrhage.[21]

The acting manager and former stockman, Michael O'Brien, was charged with cattle stealing in 1937. O'Brien had taken 102 cattle to Loongana and put another brand on them before selling them, he defended himself saying that the Melbourne based company had not paid him any wages since the death of O'Donovan.[22]

In 1939 flooding occurred in areas around the station and Madura recorded 1 inch (25 mm) of rain, filling dams and weirs. Strong winds blew down many trees causing problems on roads in the area.[23]

The station had been the target of thieves and vandals in 1940 prompting the station owner's wife to carry a revolver whenever her husband was away. Sign-posts and water tanks had been damaged, articles had been stolen and even the homestead had been burnt down by a party of overlanders.[24] The manager at the time, Robert Mackie, was often away overlanding himself and often reported on the road conditions in the area, particularly the Madura Pass.

1941 saw heavy rains in the area with 3 inches (76 mm) of rain being recorded at the homestead. Mackie reported 300 yards (274 m) of the pass being washed away, making it impossible for even camels to traverse.[25]

Four young men were arrested at Madura in 1947 after they stole a car in Norseman, some 350 miles (563 km) to the west of Madura, and made for the South Australian border before their car broke down near the homestead. They fled into the bush but were found by Aboriginal trackers and apprehended by police.[26]

The station was gripped by drought in 1948 with 400 cattle dying as a result of lack of feed. The remaining herd of about 500 was to be driven to Loongana to look for feed and water.[27]

Rumours were rife in the press that the station had been abandoned in 1949, after several travellers found dead crows and rabbits around the homestead.[28] Mackie denied the claims, saying he was in Kalgoorlie for an extended business trip.[29] Later the same year the Reverend Sopher, his wife and five children arrived at Madura to set up a home and school for Aboriginal children under the auspices of the Australian Aborigines Evangelistal Mission.[30] A few months later Mrs Sopher was badly burnt when a spark from the oven set her dress alight; she then had to endure the long trip to Norseman hospital for treatment.[31] In 1950 the mission was issued a writ claiming damages for breach of contract on behalf of Madura Ltd concerning the sale of the station to the mission.[32] Later the same year Mackie began to convert the homestead into a stopping place following six years of drought. Although some heavy rains had fallen they were too far apart to be of any use and the station had virtually no stock left on it.[33] Petrol pumps were installed and the homestead was converted to a motel-hotel,[34] with a liquor licence granted later the same year.[35]

Mackie was taken to hospital in 1951 with heart troubles[36] and the station was sold later the same year to a group of developers who were to turn the area into a tourist resort.[37]

In the 1960s the Birmingham family (Charlie Carter's grocery chain) held the lease, and the station manager was Brian O'Connor - brother of the politician Ray O'Connor.

The Jumbuck Pastoral Company acquired Madura in 1987,[1] adding it to the neighbouring Moonera and began sub-dividing large paddocks and installing extra windmills and water points. Matt Haines was appointed manager in 2011; in the same year 30,000 sheep were shorn producing 850 bales of wool. This followed a good season where the property received 17 inches (432 mm) of rain, nearly double the annual average.[38]

In 2012 a fire burned for three days near Madura, covering the Eyre Highway in smoke. Over 300 hectares (741 acres) of bushland was consumed by the blaze.[39]

Madura Plains Station was purchased by CC Cooper & Co, Jamestown, South Australia from Jumbuck Pastoral in February 2016 for A$10 million.[40]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Madura". Jumbuck Pastoral. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  2. ^ "Countries of the World (by largest land area, including indigenous water)". World Atlas. 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  3. ^ "Madura Plains sheep station in Western Australia sells to the Cooper family from South Australia for a reported $10 million". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  4. ^ "Madura Station—2,000,000 Acres". The Sydney Mail. 20 July 1927. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  5. ^ "Appendices Station Summaries" (PDF). Government of Western Australia. 31 March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  6. ^ "Underground Caves". The Cairns Post. Queensland: National Library of Australia. 3 February 1938. p. 11. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  7. ^ "Aboriginal People in Western Australia" (PDF). 6 August 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  8. ^ "Madura". Explore Australia. 2012. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  9. ^ "The Eucla Country". The Inquirer & Commercial News. Perth: National Library of Australia. 23 July 1884. p. 3. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  10. ^ "Advertising". The Argus. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 12 March 1888. p. 9. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  11. ^ "Technical Bulletin No.97: An inventory and condition survey of the Western Australian part of the Nullarbor region" (PDF). Government of Western Australia. 1 December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  12. ^ "Western Australia". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales: National Library of Australia. 5 January 1901. p. 9. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  13. ^ "The Bight Country". Kalgoorlie Miner. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 27 July 1912. p. 2. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  14. ^ "Advertising". Kalgoorlie Miner. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 3 October 1925. p. 7. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  15. ^ "Our open spaces". The Daily News. Perth: National Library of Australia. 13 July 1927. p. 5. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  16. ^ "General Notes". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 9 July 1927. p. 11. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  17. ^ "South coast natives". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 2 March 1932. p. 10. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  18. ^ "Ceduna men trap brumbies". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 12 July 1933. p. 8. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  19. ^ "Overland to Adelaide". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 3 July 1934. p. 17. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  20. ^ "Doctor's emergency flight". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 11 July 1935. p. 18. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  21. ^ "Pastoralist's death". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 24 July 1935. p. 19. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  22. ^ "Station manager charged". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 24 December 1937. p. 17. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  23. ^ "Kalgoorlie Mines Reopen Monday". The Mirror. Perth: National Library of Australia. 21 January 1939. p. 1. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  24. ^ "Truth about the Track". Sunday Times. Perth: National Library of Australia. 18 February 1940. p. 24. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  25. ^ "Trans Tack Now Unusable". The Daily News. Perth: National Library of Australia. 1 May 1941. p. 21. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  26. ^ "Four arrests at Madura". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 2 May 1947. p. 15. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  27. ^ "Drought Brings Cattle Losses". Sunday Times. Perth: National Library of Australia. 10 October 1948. p. 7. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  28. ^ "Harrowing sight for desert travellers". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 16 April 1949. p. 9. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  29. ^ "Eyre Highway". Kalgoorlie Miner. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 21 April 1949. p. 4. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  30. ^ "New native mission". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 26 May 1949. p. 5. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  31. ^ "State news summary". Western Mail. Perth: National Library of Australia. 22 September 1949. p. 14. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  32. ^ "Claim for damages". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 3 April 1950. p. 2. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  33. ^ "Six years of drought". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 4 July 1950. p. 12. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  34. ^ "Modern hotel". Kalgoorlie Miner. Western Australia: National Library of Australia. 23 September 1950. p. 5. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  35. ^ "Liquor Licence granted for Madura station". The West Australian. Perth: National Library of Australia. 17 October 1950. p. 9. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  36. ^ "Goldfields Personals". Sunday Times. Perth: National Library of Australia. 14 January 1951. p. 27. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  37. ^ "Tourist plans for Madura". The Mail. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 24 February 1951. p. 46. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  38. ^ "Jumbuck News" (PDF). Jumbuck Pastoral Company. 1 July 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  39. ^ "Fire rages on at Madura Station". The West Australian. 5 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  40. ^ "Madura Plains sheep station in Western Australia sells to the Cooper family from South Australia for a reported $10 million". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.

31°53′01″S 127°01′25″E / 31.8835°S 127.0235°E / -31.8835; 127.0235

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