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{{short description|Changes that happen to the faces of smokers}}
Smoker's face describes the characteristic changes that happen to the faces of many people who [[Smoking|smoke]] tobacco products.<ref>[http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4086656.pdf Smoker's Face: Beauty is only skin deep] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221828/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4086656.pdf|date=2012-05-03}}, UK Department of Health</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jane E. Brody |date=June 19, 1996 |title=Personal Health: Smoker's Face |url=https://www.nytimes.com/specials/women/warchive/960619_1213.html |newspaper=The New York Times |authorlink=Jane Brody}}</ref> Smoking causes damage to the skin by depleting the skin of oxygen and nutrients.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ASH |title=How Smoking Affects the Way You Look |url=https://ash.org.uk/resources/view/how-smoking-affects-the-way-you-look |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=ASH |language=en}}</ref> The general appearance is of accelerated ageing of the face, with a characteristic pattern of facial wrinkling and sallow coloration.
'''Smoker's face''' describes the characteristic changes that happen to the faces of many people who [[Smoking|smoke]] tobacco products.<ref>[http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4086656.pdf Smoker's Face: Beauty is only skin deep] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503221828/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4086656.pdf|date=2012-05-03}}, UK Department of Health</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jane E. Brody |date=June 19, 1996 |title=Personal Health: Smoker's Face |url=https://www.nytimes.com/specials/women/warchive/960619_1213.html |newspaper=The New York Times |authorlink=Jane Brody}}</ref> Smoking causes damage to the skin by depleting the skin of oxygen and nutrients.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=How Smoking Affects the Way You Look |url=https://ash.org.uk/resources/view/how-smoking-affects-the-way-you-look |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=ASH |language=en}}</ref> The general appearance is of accelerated ageing of the face, with a characteristic pattern of facial wrinkling and sallow coloration.


A summary of a study published by the [[National Institutes of Health]] found that certain facial features appeared in about 46% of continuing smokers and 8% of former smokers who had smoked a full decade while those same features were absent in a control group of non-smokers.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Model D|journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)|year=1985|volume=291|issue=6511|pages=1760&ndash;1762| title=Smoker's face: an underrated clinical sign?|pmid=3936573|pmc=1419177|doi=10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1760}}</ref>
A summary of a study published by the [[National Institutes of Health]] found that certain facial features appeared in about 46% of continuing smokers and 8% of former smokers who had smoked a full decade while those same features were absent in a control group of non-smokers.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Model D|journal=Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)|year=1985|volume=291|issue=6511|pages=1760&ndash;1762| title=Smoker's face: an underrated clinical sign?|pmid=3936573|pmc=1419177|doi=10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1760}}</ref>


== Causes ==
== Causes ==
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) are enzymes that promote breakdown of the extracellular matrix.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrix Metalloproteinase - an overview |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/matrix-metalloproteinase |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.sciencedirect.com}}</ref> This matrix contains important nutrients and proteins like collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. All of which are involved in skin health and structure.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1097/IJG.0000000000000108 | title=Biology of the Extracellular Matrix | date=2014 | last1=Yue | first1=Beatrice | journal=Journal of Glaucoma | volume=23 | issue=8 Suppl 1 | pages=S20–S23 | pmid=25275899 | pmc=4185430 }}</ref> The MMP levels in a smoker are elevated, causing over breakdown of the matrix. Therefore, those essential proteins and antioxidants, like Vitamin C, also begin to disappear.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Morita |first=Akimichi |date=December 2007 |title=Tobacco smoke causes premature skin aging |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17951030/#:~:text=Smoking%20increases%20MMP%20levels,%20which,smoke-induced%20premature%20skin%20aging. |journal=Journal of Dermatological Science |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=169–175 |doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.06.015 |issn=0923-1811 |pmid=17951030}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Juanjuan |last2=Liu |first2=Yang |last3=Zhao |first3=Zhao |last4=Qiu |first4=Jie |date=October 2021|title=Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ics.12728 |journal=International Journal of Cosmetic Science |language=en |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=495–509 |doi=10.1111/ics.12728 |pmid=34312881 |issn=0142-5463}}</ref> This leaves the skin empty and depleted of its structure, causing hollowness and sagging of the skin.<ref name=":0" />

Nearby blood vessels can become damaged by the tobacco extracts and then constrict, reducing flow of oxygen to the face.<ref name=":0" /> Oxygen breakdown without circulation causes reactive oxygen species, or ROS and free radicals, to build up. Then skin, now deplete of antioxidants, cannot clean up the free radicals leaving them to build up in the tissues.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Tiwari |first=Budhi Sagar |date=April 2002 |title=Oxidative Stress Increased Respiration and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Resulting in ATP Depletion, Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, and Programmed Cell Death |journal=Plant Physiology |volume=128 |issue=4 |pages=1271–1281 |doi=10.1104/pp.010999 |pmid=11950976 |pmc=154255 }}</ref> This eventually leads to oxidative stress.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=Poonam |last2=Nandar |first2=Shashi Kumar |last3=Kathuria |first3=Sushruta |last4=Ramesh |first4=V. |date=2017-07-01 |title=Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review |url=https://ijdvl.com/effects-of-air-pollution-on-the-skin-a-review/ |journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology |language=en |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=415–423 |doi=10.4103/0378-6323.199579 |doi-access=free |issn=0378-6323 |pmid=28195077}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> This is attributed to what is called extrinsic aging; known to be caused by external and environmental factors.<ref name=":4" /> This can cause skin allergies, skin thinning, wrinkles, issues with pigmentation, cancers and more.<ref name=":5" /> Important enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, which help clean up the extracellular matrix also become reduced.<ref name=":5" />

== Symptoms and Appearance ==
[[File:Debi Austin.png|thumb|Debi Austin, a well known anti-smoking activist. Seen in her neck is a surgically made stoma made to treat her laryngeal cancer caused by her tobacco use.]]

=== Skin ===
* Wrinkles<ref name=":32" />
* Sagging<ref name=":0" />
* Premature aging<ref name=":32" />
* Greyish skin tone<ref name=":0" />
* Cancer<ref name=":32" />

=== Hair ===
* Hair loss<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Services |first=Department of Health & Human |title=Smoking and oral health |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/smoking-and-oral-health |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mouth ===
* Gum disease<ref name=":1" />
* Tooth decay<ref name=":1" />
* Tooth loss<ref name=":1" />
* Dry socket<ref name=":1" />
* Bad or decreased sense of taste<ref name=":1" />
* Halitosis<ref name=":0" />
* Whitening of oral soft tissue<ref name=":1" />
* Mouth cancer<ref name=":1" />
* Staining or yellowing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-10 |title=Smoking and oral health |url=https://www.dentalhealth.org/smoking-and-oral-health |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Oral Health Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

== Related Conditions ==
* Diabetes<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=CDCTobaccoFree |date=2022-03-30 |title=Health Effects of Smoking and Tobacco Use |url=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/index.htm |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref>
* Tuberculosis<ref name=":2" />
* Heart Disease<ref name=":2" />
* Stroke<ref name=":2" />
* Lung disease<ref name=":2" />
* Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)<ref name=":2" />
* Autoimmune Illnesses<ref name=":2" />
* Eye Disease<ref name=":2" />
* Cancers<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />


==References==
==References==
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{{Smoking nav}}
{{Smoking nav}}

[[Category:Smoking]]
[[Category:Smoking]]
[[Category:Human appearance]]
[[Category:Human appearance]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Health effects of tobacco]]
[[Category:Health effects of tobacco]]


{{Med-sign-stub}}

Latest revision as of 02:18, 8 July 2024

Smoker's face describes the characteristic changes that happen to the faces of many people who smoke tobacco products.[1][2] Smoking causes damage to the skin by depleting the skin of oxygen and nutrients.[3] The general appearance is of accelerated ageing of the face, with a characteristic pattern of facial wrinkling and sallow coloration.

A summary of a study published by the National Institutes of Health found that certain facial features appeared in about 46% of continuing smokers and 8% of former smokers who had smoked a full decade while those same features were absent in a control group of non-smokers.[4]

Causes

[edit]

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP's) are enzymes that promote breakdown of the extracellular matrix.[5] This matrix contains important nutrients and proteins like collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. All of which are involved in skin health and structure.[6] The MMP levels in a smoker are elevated, causing over breakdown of the matrix. Therefore, those essential proteins and antioxidants, like Vitamin C, also begin to disappear.[7][8] This leaves the skin empty and depleted of its structure, causing hollowness and sagging of the skin.[3]

Nearby blood vessels can become damaged by the tobacco extracts and then constrict, reducing flow of oxygen to the face.[3] Oxygen breakdown without circulation causes reactive oxygen species, or ROS and free radicals, to build up. Then skin, now deplete of antioxidants, cannot clean up the free radicals leaving them to build up in the tissues.[9] This eventually leads to oxidative stress.[10][9] This is attributed to what is called extrinsic aging; known to be caused by external and environmental factors.[8] This can cause skin allergies, skin thinning, wrinkles, issues with pigmentation, cancers and more.[10] Important enzymes like glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, which help clean up the extracellular matrix also become reduced.[10]

Symptoms and Appearance

[edit]
Debi Austin, a well known anti-smoking activist. Seen in her neck is a surgically made stoma made to treat her laryngeal cancer caused by her tobacco use.

Skin

[edit]

Hair

[edit]

Mouth

[edit]
  • Gum disease[11]
  • Tooth decay[11]
  • Tooth loss[11]
  • Dry socket[11]
  • Bad or decreased sense of taste[11]
  • Halitosis[3]
  • Whitening of oral soft tissue[11]
  • Mouth cancer[11]
  • Staining or yellowing[12]
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Smoker's Face: Beauty is only skin deep Archived 2012-05-03 at the Wayback Machine, UK Department of Health
  2. ^ Jane E. Brody (June 19, 1996). "Personal Health: Smoker's Face". The New York Times.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "How Smoking Affects the Way You Look". ASH. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  4. ^ Model D (1985). "Smoker's face: an underrated clinical sign?". Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 291 (6511): 1760–1762. doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6511.1760. PMC 1419177. PMID 3936573.
  5. ^ "Matrix Metalloproteinase - an overview". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  6. ^ Yue, Beatrice (2014). "Biology of the Extracellular Matrix". Journal of Glaucoma. 23 (8 Suppl 1): S20 – S23. doi:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000108. PMC 4185430. PMID 25275899.
  7. ^ a b c d Morita, Akimichi (December 2007). "Tobacco smoke causes premature skin aging". Journal of Dermatological Science. 48 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2007.06.015. ISSN 0923-1811. PMID 17951030.
  8. ^ a b Chen, Juanjuan; Liu, Yang; Zhao, Zhao; Qiu, Jie (October 2021). "Oxidative stress in the skin: Impact and related protection". International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 43 (5): 495–509. doi:10.1111/ics.12728. ISSN 0142-5463. PMID 34312881.
  9. ^ a b Tiwari, Budhi Sagar (April 2002). "Oxidative Stress Increased Respiration and Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, Resulting in ATP Depletion, Opening of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition, and Programmed Cell Death". Plant Physiology. 128 (4): 1271–1281. doi:10.1104/pp.010999. PMC 154255. PMID 11950976.
  10. ^ a b c Puri, Poonam; Nandar, Shashi Kumar; Kathuria, Sushruta; Ramesh, V. (2017-07-01). "Effects of air pollution on the skin: A review". Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology. 83 (4): 415–423. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.199579. ISSN 0378-6323. PMID 28195077.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Services, Department of Health & Human. "Smoking and oral health". www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  12. ^ "Smoking and oral health". Oral Health Foundation. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i CDCTobaccoFree (2022-03-30). "Health Effects of Smoking and Tobacco Use". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
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