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{{short description|The right of medical staff to refuse participation in abortion}}
{{Short description|Right of medical staff to refuse participation in abortion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
⚫
'''Conscientious objection to abortion''' is the right of medical staff to refuse participation in [[abortion]] for personal belief.


⚫
'''Conscientious objection to abortion''' is the right of medical staff to refuse participation in [[abortion]] for reasons of personal opposition to abortion on moral grounds.
Because of conscientious objection in some countries, even if abortion is legal, it is difficult for women to find non-objecting gynaecologists and thus to access abortion.<ref name=EDJNet>{{cite news |last1=Tamma |first1=Paola |title=Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted|url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Even-where-abortion-is-legal-access-is-not-granted |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=VoxEurop/EDJNet |date=24 May 2018}}</ref>


==By country==
==By country==
{{Globalize|date=May 2020|2=US and Europe}}
{{Globalize|date=May 2020|2=US|3=Europe}}


===Americas===
===Americas===
====United States====
====United States====
{{main|Conscience clause in medicine in the United States}}
{{Main|Conscience clause in medicine in the United States}}


===Europe===
===Europe===
[[File:Legal framework for the conscientious objection to abortion in Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Legal framework for the [[conscientious objection to abortion]] in Europe as of December 5, 2020<ref name="abjour">{{cite journal |last1=Chavkin |first1=Wendy |title=Regulation of Conscientious Objection to Abortion |journal=Health and Human Rights |publisher=Health and Human Rights Journal |pages=55–68 |date=2017|volume=19 |issue=1 |pmid=28630541 |pmc=5473038 }}</ref><ref name=EDJNet />
[[File:Legal framework for the conscientious objection to abortion in Europe.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Legal framework for the conscientious objection to abortion in Europe as of December 5, 2020<ref name="abjour">{{cite journal |last1=Chavkin |first1=Wendy |title=Regulation of Conscientious Objection to Abortion |journal=Health and Human Rights |pages=55–68 |date=2017|volume=19 |issue=1 |pmid=28630541 |pmc=5473038 }}</ref><ref name=EDJNet>{{cite news |last1=Tamma |first1=Paola |title=Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted|url=https://www.europeandatajournalism.eu/eng/News/Data-news/Even-where-abortion-is-legal-access-is-not-granted |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=VoxEurop/EDJNet |date=24 May 2018}}</ref>
{{legend|#3465A4|Conscientious objection to abortion not allowed}}
{{legend|#3465A4|Conscientious objection to abortion not allowed}}
{{legend|#CC0000|Conscientious objection to abortion allowed}}]]
{{legend|#CC0000|Conscientious objection to abortion allowed}}]]


Conscientious objection is granted in 22 [[Member state of the European Union|member states of the European Union]] plus the [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]] and [[Switzerland]]. It is not granted in [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Bulgaria]] and [[Iceland]], [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heino |first1=A. |last2=Gissler |first2=M. |last3=Apter |first3=D. |last4=Fiala |first4=C. |title=Conscientious objection and induced abortion in Europe |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |date=2013 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=231–3 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2013.819848 |pmid=23848269|s2cid=26769659 }}</ref> The right of member states to enact legislation that limit the right to conscientious objection to abortion was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights in March 2020.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Ellinor Grimmark against Sweden |title=Decision |opinion=43726/17 |court=European Court of Human Rights |date=2020 |url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-201915 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>
Conscientious objection is granted in 22 [[Member state of the European Union|member states of the European Union]] plus the [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]] and [[Switzerland]]. It is not granted in [[Sweden]], [[Finland]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Iceland]], or [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heino |first1=A. |last2=Gissler |first2=M. |last3=Apter |first3=D. |last4=Fiala |first4=C. |title=Conscientious objection and induced abortion in Europe |journal=The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care |date=2013 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=231–3 |doi=10.3109/13625187.2013.819848 |pmid=23848269|s2cid=26769659 }}</ref> The right of member states to enact legislation that limit the right to conscientious objection to abortion was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights in March 2020.<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Ellinor Grimmark against Sweden |title=Decision |opinion=43726/17 |court=European Court of Human Rights |date=2020 |url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-201915 |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>


====Croatia====
====Croatia====
{{see also|Abortion in Croatia}}
{{See also|Abortion in Croatia}}
Doctors and other medical personnel have the right to conscientious objection. Rada Borić (Women's Network Croatia) has argued that it is given more prominence than the women's right to abortion, thus making it difficult.<ref>{{cite news |language=it|last1=Jasić |first1=Mirna |title=Croazia: diritto all'aborto a rischio |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Croazia-diritto-all-aborto-a-rischio-157967 |access-date=8 March 2019|work=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa |date=22 December 2014}}</ref> On February 21, 2017 the [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Constitutional Court]] ordered the [[Croatian Parliament|Parliament]] to enact new abortion law within two years, introducing educational and preventive measures to make abortion an exception and not a rule, and to regulate conscientious objection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zvonimir |first1=Šarić |title=Croazia: come sarà la nuova legge sull'aborto? |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Croazia-come-sara-la-nuova-legge-sull-aborto-186516 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa |date=7 March 2018 |language=it}}</ref>
Doctors and other medical personnel have the right to conscientious objection. [[Rada Borić]] ([[Women's Network Croatia]]) has argued that it is given more prominence than the women's right to abortion, thus making it difficult.<ref>{{cite news |language=it|last1=Jasić |first1=Mirna |title=Croazia: diritto all'aborto a rischio |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Croazia-diritto-all-aborto-a-rischio-157967 |access-date=8 March 2019|work=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa |date=22 December 2014}}</ref> On February 21, 2017, the [[Constitutional Court of Croatia|Constitutional Court]] ordered the [[Croatian Parliament|Parliament]] to enact new abortion law within two years, introducing educational and preventive measures to make abortion an exception and not a rule, and to regulate conscientious objection.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zvonimir |first1=Šarić |title=Croazia: come sarà la nuova legge sull'aborto? |url=https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Croazia/Croazia-come-sara-la-nuova-legge-sull-aborto-186516 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa |date=7 March 2018 |language=it}}</ref>


==== Czech Republic ====
====Czech Republic====
{{See also|Abortion in the Czech Republic}}
{{See also|Abortion in the Czech Republic}}
In the [[Czech Republic]] since 2011 doctors and medical personnel can choose not to perform an abortion or prescribe any [[contraceptive]] (called ''[[:cs:Výhrada_svědomí|Výhrada svědomí]]''). But if a doctor refuse to perform an abortion they have to refer the patient to another doctor who can perform it.
In the [[Czech Republic]] since 2011, doctors and medical personnel can choose not to provide abortion care or prescribe any [[contraceptive]] (called ''[[:cs:Výhrada svědomí|Výhrada svědomí]]''). However, if a doctor refuses to provide abortion care they have to refer the patient to another doctor who can.


====Hungary====
====Hungary====
{{see also|Abortion in Hungary}}
{{See also|Abortion in Hungary}}
In 2013 the [[Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women]] of the [[United Nations]] expressed concern about "the increasing resort to conscientious objection by health professionals in the absence of an adequate regulatory framework."<ref>{{cite report |author=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |date= 1 March 2013|title= Concluding Observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of Hungary adopted by the Committee at its fifty fourth session (11 February – 1 March 2013)|url= https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/cedaw.c.hun.co.7-8.pdf|publisher=United Nations |page= 8|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
In 2013, the [[Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women]] of the [[United Nations]] expressed concern about "the increasing resort to conscientious objection by health professionals in the absence of an adequate regulatory framework."<ref>{{cite report |author=Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women |date= 1 March 2013|title= Concluding Observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of Hungary adopted by the Committee at its fifty fourth session (11 February – 1 March 2013)|url= https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cedaw/docs/co/cedaw.c.hun.co.7-8.pdf|publisher=United Nations |page= 8|access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>


====Ireland====
====Ireland====
{{see also|Abortion in the Republic of Ireland}}
{{See also|Abortion in the Republic of Ireland}}
Under section 22 of the [[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018]] medical practitioners, nurses and midwives have the right not to participate in abortions, except when there is a risk to life or health of the pregnant woman in emergency. They also have to make arrangements to enable the woman to get an abortion.<ref>{{cite act |index= 31|year= 2018|legislature= Oireachtas|title= [[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018]]|url=https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2018/31/eng/enacted/a3118.pdf}}
Under section 22 of the [[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018]], medical practitioners, nurses and midwives have the right not to participate in abortions, except when there is a risk to life or health of the pregnant woman in emergency. They also have to make arrangements to enable the woman to get an abortion.<ref>{{cite act |index= 31|year= 2018|legislature= Oireachtas|title= [[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018]]|url=https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/act/2018/31/eng/enacted/a3118.pdf}}
</ref>
</ref>


====Italy====
====Italy====
{{see also|Abortion in Italy#Conscientious objection}}
{{See also|Abortion in Italy#Conscientious objection}}
The law gives the option for [[health professional]]s to claim the right to refuse to perform abortion. If the health personnel demands to be [[conscientious objector]], they have to declare it in advance (Art.9). However, conscientious objection may not be invoked by health professionals if the personal intervention is essential in order to save the life of a woman in imminent danger.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/degrazia/courseworks/legge_194.pdf|title=Law 194|publisher=Italian legislation|website=Columbia|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>
The law gives the option for [[health professional]]s to claim the right to refuse to perform abortion. If the health personnel demands to be [[conscientious objector]], they have to declare it in advance (Art.9). However, conscientious objection may not be invoked by health professionals if the personal intervention is essential in order to save the life of a woman in imminent danger.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/history/degrazia/courseworks/legge_194.pdf|title=Law 194|publisher=Italian legislation|website=Columbia|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref>


Italy keeps a record of the objecting doctors. According to data from the Ministry of Health, between 1997 and 2016 there was a 12.9% increase in the number of gynecologists who refuse to perform abortions on moral grounds, from 62.8% to 70.9%, the highest percentage ever recorded. As of 2016 the percentage is higher than the national average in [[Southern Italy]] (83.5%) and [[Insular Italy|Sicily and Sardinia]] (77.7%), and lower in [[Central Italy|Central]] (70.1%) and [[Northern Italy]] (63.9%). The percentage is growing in all the [[macroregion]]s except the North. As a result, voluntary abortion is performed only in 60% of the hospitals of the country. Also, non-objecting doctors suffers discrimination, and -in some provinces- needs to perform record-numbers of abortions, up to 15.8 per week in the [[province of Taranto]] ([[Apulia]]) or 12.2 in the [[province of Catania]] ([[Sicily]]).<ref name=EDJNet/>
Italy keeps a record of the objecting doctors. According to data from the Ministry of Health, between 1997 and 2016 there was a 12.9% increase in the number of gynecologists who refuse to perform abortions on moral grounds, from 62.8% to 70.9%, the highest percentage ever recorded. As of 2016 the percentage is higher than the national average in [[Southern Italy]] (83.5%) and [[Insular Italy|Sicily and Sardinia]] (77.7%), and lower in [[Central Italy|Central]] (70.1%) and [[Northern Italy]] (63.9%). The percentage is growing in all the [[macroregion]]s except the North. As a result, voluntary abortion is performed only in 60% of the hospitals of the country. Also, non-objecting doctors suffer discrimination, and -in some provinces- needs to perform record-numbers of abortions, up to 15.8 per week in the [[province of Taranto]] ([[Apulia]]) or 12.2 in the [[province of Catania]] ([[Sicily]]).<ref name=EDJNet/>


A resolution by the [[Council of Europe]] has found several violations of the [[European Social Charter]] in the situation:
A resolution by the [[Council of Europe]] has found several violations of the [[European Social Charter]] in the situation:
Line 46: Line 46:


====Poland====
====Poland====
{{see also|Abortion in Poland}}
{{See also|Abortion in Poland}}
The [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] "abolished a requirement that medical professionals who refuse to provide health services refer patients to an alternate medical provider".<ref>{{cite report|date= December 2017|title= Women's sexual and reproductive health and rights in Europe|url= https://rm.coe.int/women-s-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-in-europe-issue-pape/168076dead|publisher=Council of Europe |page=23 |access-date= 4 March 2019}}</ref>
The [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] "abolished a requirement that medical professionals who refuse to provide health services refer patients to an alternate medical provider".<ref>{{cite report|date= December 2017|title= Women's sexual and reproductive health and rights in Europe|url= https://rm.coe.int/women-s-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-in-europe-issue-pape/168076dead|publisher=Council of Europe |page=23 |access-date= 4 March 2019}}</ref>


====Portugal====
====Portugal====
{{see also|Abortion in Portugal}}
{{See also|Abortion in Portugal}}
Abortion was legalised in Portugal in 2007. The law allows conscientious objection<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henrique |first1=Almeida |title=Portugal doctors stand by anti-abortion principles |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL15906281 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2007}}</ref> and many doctors refuse to perform abortion,<ref>{{cite news |title=In Portugal, abortion legal but many doctors refuse to perform them |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/worldview/in-portugal-abortion-legal-but-many-doctors-refuse-to-perform-them/5a63e08f-7ea0-4a9b-a9a5-4eac4ad570cf|access-date=8 March 2019 |work=WBEZ |date=18 July 2012}}</ref> making it difficult for women to access it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meghan |first1=Power |title=Worldview series examines abortion around the world |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/worldview-series-examines-abortion-around-the-world/2eb92b2e-c03f-4595-a698-d6f055f894e2 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=WBEZ |date=16 August 2011}}</ref>
Abortion was legalised in Portugal in 2007. The law allows conscientious objection<ref>{{cite news |last1=Henrique |first1=Almeida |title=Portugal doctors stand by anti-abortion principles |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSL15906281 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=Reuters |date=15 November 2007}}</ref> and many doctors refuse to perform abortion,<ref>{{cite news |title=In Portugal, abortion legal but many doctors refuse to perform them |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/worldview/in-portugal-abortion-legal-but-many-doctors-refuse-to-perform-them/5a63e08f-7ea0-4a9b-a9a5-4eac4ad570cf|access-date=8 March 2019 |work=WBEZ |date=18 July 2012}}</ref> making it difficult for women to access it.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Meghan |first1=Power |title=Worldview series examines abortion around the world |url=https://www.wbez.org/shows/wbez-news/worldview-series-examines-abortion-around-the-world/2eb92b2e-c03f-4595-a698-d6f055f894e2 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=WBEZ |date=16 August 2011}}</ref>


====United Kingdom====
====United Kingdom====
{{see also|Abortion in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Abortion in the United Kingdom}}
In [[England and Wales]] and [[Scotland]] medical staff has the right to refuse to participate in abortion because of conscientious objection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conscientious objection |url=https://www.bpas.org/get-involved/advocacy/briefings/conscientious-objection/ |website=British Pregnancy Advisory Service |access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref> Section 4 of the [[Abortion Act 1967]] (which does not extend in [[Northern Ireland]], where abortion is prohibited under most circumstances) states:
In [[England and Wales]] and [[Scotland]], medical staff has the right to refuse to participate in abortion because of conscientious objection.<ref>{{cite web |title=Conscientious objection |url=https://www.bpas.org/get-involved/advocacy/briefings/conscientious-objection/ |website=British Pregnancy Advisory Service |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118001942/https://www.bpas.org/get-involved/advocacy/briefings/conscientious-objection/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Section 4 of the [[Abortion Act 1967]] (which does not extend in [[Northern Ireland]], where abortion is prohibited under most circumstances) states:
{{Blockquote
{{Quote
|text=
|text=
(1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, no person shall be under any duty, whether by contract or by any statutory or other legal requirement, to participate in any treatment authorised by this Act to which he has a conscientious objection:<br />
(1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, no person shall be under any duty, whether by contract or by any statutory or other legal requirement, to participate in any treatment authorised by this Act to which he has a conscientious objection:<br />
Provided that in any legal proceedings the burden of proof of conscientious objection shall rest on the person claiming to rely on it.<br />
Provided that in any legal proceedings the burden of proof of conscientious objection shall rest on the person claiming to rely on it.<br />
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall affect any duty to participate in treatment which is necessary to save the life or to prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of a pregnant woman.<br />
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall affect any duty to participate in treatment which is necessary to save the life or to prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of a pregnant woman.<br />
(3) In any proceedings before a court in Scotland, a statement on oath by any person to the effect that he has a conscientious objection to participating in any treatment authorised by this Act shall be sufficient evidence for the purpose of discharging the burden of proof imposed upon him by subsection (1) of this section.<br />
(3) In any proceedings before a court in Scotland, a statement on oath by any person to the effect that he has a conscientious objection to participating in any treatment authorised by this Act shall be sufficient evidence for the purpose of discharging the burden of proof imposed upon him by subsection (1) of this section.
}}
}}


===Oceania ===
===Oceania ===
====New Zealand====

⚫
{{See also|Abortion in New Zealand}}
====<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abortion Legislation Act 2020 No 6, Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2020/0006/latest/LMS237550.html|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>New Zealand====
In New Zealand, Conscientious Objection in Abortion is supported by legislation and employment was protected against discrimination, however, in 2020, this protection was partially removed where it causes unreasonable disruption to an employers services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abortion Legislation Act 2020 No 6, Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation|url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2020/0006/latest/LMS237550.html|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref>
⚫
{{see also|Abortion Legislation Act 2020}}
In New Zealand, Conscientious Object in Abortion is supported by legislation, however in 2020 this protection was partially removed where it causes significant disruption to an employers services.


==See also==
==See also==
Line 75: Line 74:


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
<references />


==External links==
==External links==
* {{cite web |title=IMAP Statement on conscientious objection |url=https://www.ippf.org/sites/default/files/2017-01/IMAP%20Statement%20on%20conscientious%20objection.pdf |publisher=International Planned Parenthood Federation |access-date=8 March 2019}}
* {{cite web |title=IMAP Statement on conscientious objection |url=https://www.ippf.org/sites/default/files/2017-01/IMAP%20Statement%20on%20conscientious%20objection.pdf |publisher=International Planned Parenthood Federation |access-date=8 March 2019}}
* {{cite web |title=Unconscionable: When Providers Deny Abortion Care |url=https://iwhc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IWHC_CO_Report-Web_single_pg.pdf |publisher=International Women's Health Coalition |access-date=8 March 2019}}
* {{cite web |title=Unconscionable: When Providers Deny Abortion Care |url=https://iwhc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IWHC_CO_Report-Web_single_pg.pdf |publisher=International Women's Health Coalition |access-date=8 March 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219072624/https://iwhc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/IWHC_CO_Report-Web_single_pg.pdf |url-status=dead }}


{{Abortion}}
{{Abortion}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Abortion law]]
[[Category:Abortion law]]

Latest revision as of 08:01, 8 July 2024

Conscientious objection to abortion is the right of medical staff to refuse participation in abortion for reasons of personal opposition to abortion on moral grounds.

By country

[edit]

Americas

[edit]

United States

[edit]
Main article: Conscience clause in medicine in the United States

Europe

[edit]
Legal framework for the conscientious objection to abortion in Europe as of December 5, 2020[1][2]
  Conscientious objection to abortion not allowed
  Conscientious objection to abortion allowed

Conscientious objection is granted in 22 member states of the European Union plus the United Kingdom, Norway and Switzerland. It is not granted in Sweden, Finland, Bulgaria, Iceland, or Turkey.[3] The right of member states to enact legislation that limit the right to conscientious objection to abortion was upheld by the European Court of Human Rights in March 2020.[4]

Croatia

[edit]
See also: Abortion in Croatia

Doctors and other medical personnel have the right to conscientious objection. Rada Borić (Women's Network Croatia) has argued that it is given more prominence than the women's right to abortion, thus making it difficult.[5] On February 21, 2017, the Constitutional Court ordered the Parliament to enact new abortion law within two years, introducing educational and preventive measures to make abortion an exception and not a rule, and to regulate conscientious objection.[6]

Czech Republic

[edit]
See also: Abortion in the Czech Republic

In the Czech Republic since 2011, doctors and medical personnel can choose not to provide abortion care or prescribe any contraceptive (called Výhrada svědomí). However, if a doctor refuses to provide abortion care they have to refer the patient to another doctor who can.

Hungary

[edit]
See also: Abortion in Hungary

In 2013, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women of the United Nations expressed concern about "the increasing resort to conscientious objection by health professionals in the absence of an adequate regulatory framework."[7]

Ireland

[edit]
See also: Abortion in the Republic of Ireland

Under section 22 of the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, medical practitioners, nurses and midwives have the right not to participate in abortions, except when there is a risk to life or health of the pregnant woman in emergency. They also have to make arrangements to enable the woman to get an abortion.[8]

Italy

[edit]
See also: Abortion in Italy § Conscientious objection

The law gives the option for health professionals to claim the right to refuse to perform abortion. If the health personnel demands to be conscientious objector, they have to declare it in advance (Art.9). However, conscientious objection may not be invoked by health professionals if the personal intervention is essential in order to save the life of a woman in imminent danger.[9]

Italy keeps a record of the objecting doctors. According to data from the Ministry of Health, between 1997 and 2016 there was a 12.9% increase in the number of gynecologists who refuse to perform abortions on moral grounds, from 62.8% to 70.9%, the highest percentage ever recorded. As of 2016 the percentage is higher than the national average in Southern Italy (83.5%) and Sicily and Sardinia (77.7%), and lower in Central (70.1%) and Northern Italy (63.9%). The percentage is growing in all the macroregions except the North. As a result, voluntary abortion is performed only in 60% of the hospitals of the country. Also, non-objecting doctors suffer discrimination, and -in some provinces- needs to perform record-numbers of abortions, up to 15.8 per week in the province of Taranto (Apulia) or 12.2 in the province of Catania (Sicily).[2]

A resolution by the Council of Europe has found several violations of the European Social Charter in the situation:

Poland

[edit]
See also: Abortion in Poland

The Constitutional Tribunal "abolished a requirement that medical professionals who refuse to provide health services refer patients to an alternate medical provider".[12]

Portugal

[edit]
See also: Abortion in Portugal

Abortion was legalised in Portugal in 2007. The law allows conscientious objection[13] and many doctors refuse to perform abortion,[14] making it difficult for women to access it.[15]

United Kingdom

[edit]
See also: Abortion in the United Kingdom

In England and Wales and Scotland, medical staff has the right to refuse to participate in abortion because of conscientious objection.[16] Section 4 of the Abortion Act 1967 (which does not extend in Northern Ireland, where abortion is prohibited under most circumstances) states:

(1) Subject to subsection (2) of this section, no person shall be under any duty, whether by contract or by any statutory or other legal requirement, to participate in any treatment authorised by this Act to which he has a conscientious objection:

Provided that in any legal proceedings the burden of proof of conscientious objection shall rest on the person claiming to rely on it.
(2) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section shall affect any duty to participate in treatment which is necessary to save the life or to prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of a pregnant woman.

(3) In any proceedings before a court in Scotland, a statement on oath by any person to the effect that he has a conscientious objection to participating in any treatment authorised by this Act shall be sufficient evidence for the purpose of discharging the burden of proof imposed upon him by subsection (1) of this section.

Oceania

[edit]

New Zealand

[edit]
See also: Abortion in New Zealand

In New Zealand, Conscientious Objection in Abortion is supported by legislation and employment was protected against discrimination, however, in 2020, this protection was partially removed where it causes unreasonable disruption to an employers services.[17]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chavkin, Wendy (2017). "Regulation of Conscientious Objection to Abortion". Health and Human Rights. 19 (1): 55–68. PMC 5473038. PMID 28630541.
  2. ^ a b Tamma, Paola (24 May 2018). "Even where abortion is legal, access is not granted". VoxEurop/EDJNet. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  3. ^ Heino, A.; Gissler, M.; Apter, D.; Fiala, C. (2013). "Conscientious objection and induced abortion in Europe". The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 18 (4): 231–3. doi:10.3109/13625187.2013.819848. PMID 23848269. S2CID 26769659.
  4. ^ Ellinor Grimmark against Sweden, 43726/17 (European Court of Human Rights 2020).
  5. ^ Jasić, Mirna (22 December 2014). "Croazia: diritto all'aborto a rischio". Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa (in Italian). Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  6. ^ Zvonimir, Šarić (7 March 2018). "Croazia: come sarà la nuova legge sull'aborto?". Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa (in Italian). Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  7. ^ Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (1 March 2013). Concluding Observations on the combined seventh and eighth periodic reports of Hungary adopted by the Committee at its fifty fourth session (11 February – 1 March 2013) (PDF) (Report). United Nations. p. 8. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  8. ^ Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (PDF) (31). Oireachtas. 2018.
  9. ^ "Law 194" (PDF). Columbia. Italian legislation. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
  10. ^ "Resolution CM/ResChS(2016)3". Council of Europe. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  11. ^ "European Social Charter (Revised)". Council of Europe. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  12. ^ Women's sexual and reproductive health and rights in Europe (Report). Council of Europe. December 2017. p. 23. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  13. ^ Henrique, Almeida (15 November 2007). "Portugal doctors stand by anti-abortion principles". Reuters. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  14. ^ "In Portugal, abortion legal but many doctors refuse to perform them". WBEZ. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  15. ^ Meghan, Power (16 August 2011). "Worldview series examines abortion around the world". WBEZ. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Conscientious objection". British Pregnancy Advisory Service. Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  17. ^ "Abortion Legislation Act 2020 No 6, Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation". www.legislation.govt.nz. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
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