Orders of magnitude (molar concentration): Difference between revisions

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This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.

M denotes the non-SI unit molar:

1 M = 1 mol/L = 10⁻³ mol/m³.

All orders

**List of orders of magnitude for molar concentration**
Factor (Molarity)	SI prefix	Value	Item
10⁻²⁴	yM	1.66 yM	1 elementary entity per litre^[1]
10⁻²⁴		8.5 yM	airborne bacteria in the upper troposphere (5100/m³)^[2]
10⁻²³
10⁻²²
10⁻²¹	zM	3.6 zM	solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×10¹⁰ /cm²⋅s)^[3]
10⁻²⁰		12 zM	radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)^[4]
10⁻¹⁹		120 zM	indoor radon at the EPA's "action level" (4 pCi/L ≈ 70000/L)^[5]
10⁻¹⁹		686 zM	cosmic microwave background photons in outer space (413/cm³)^[6]
10⁻¹⁸	aM
10⁻¹⁷
10⁻¹⁶
10⁻¹⁵	fM	2 fM	bacteria in surface seawater (1×10⁹/L)^[7]
10⁻¹⁴		20 fM	virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×10⁹/L)^[8]
10⁻¹⁴		50–100 fM	gold in seawater^[9]
10⁻¹³
10⁻¹²	pM	7.51–9.80 pM	normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×10¹²/L)^[10]^[11]
10⁻¹¹		10–100 pM	gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids^[9]
10⁻¹⁰		170 pM	upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting^[12]
10⁻⁹	nM	5 nM	inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m³)^[13]
10⁻⁸
10⁻⁷		101 nM	hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pK_W = 13.99)^[14]
10⁻⁶	μM
10⁻⁵
10⁻⁴		180–480 μM	normal range for uric acid in blood^[10]
10⁻⁴		570 μM	inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)^[15]
10⁻³	mM	0.32–32 mM	normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)^[16]
		5.5 mM	upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting^[17]
		7.8 mM	upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating^[17]
10⁻²	cM	20 mM	neutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (10⁵⁸ over 10 s)^[18]
10⁻²	cM	44.6 mM	pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa^[19]
10⁻¹	dM	140 mM	sodium ions in blood plasma^[10]
10⁻¹	dM	480 mM	sodium ions in seawater^[20]
10⁰	M	1 M	standard state concentration for defining thermodynamic activity^[21]
10¹	daM	17.5 M	pure (glacial) acetic acid (1.05 g/cm³)^[22]
		40 M	pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)^[23]
		55.5 M	pure water at 3.984 °C, temperature of its maximum density (1.0000 g/cm³)^[24]
10²	hM	118.8 M	pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm³)^[25]
10²	hM	140.5 M	pure copper at 25 °C (8.93 g/cm³)
10³	kM
10⁴		24 kM	helium in the solar core (150 g/cm³ ⋅ 65%)^[26]
10⁵
10⁶	MM
10⁷
10⁸		122.2 MM	nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M_☉ progenitor star (10^6.349 g/cm³)^[27]
10⁹	GM
10¹⁰
10¹¹
10¹²	TM
10¹³
10¹⁴
10¹⁵	PM
10¹⁶
10¹⁷		228 PM	nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×10¹⁷ kg/m³ = 1.37×10⁴⁴/m³)^[28]
10¹⁸	EM
...
10⁷⁷		3.9×10⁷⁷ M	the Planck concentration (2.4×10¹⁰⁴/m³), inverse of the Planck volume

SI multiples

SI multiples of molar (M)
Submultiples			Multiples
Value	SI symbol	Name	Value	SI symbol	Name
10⁻¹ M	dM	decimolar	10¹ M	daM	decamolar
10⁻² M	cM	centimolar	10² M	hM	hectomolar
10⁻³ M	mM	millimolar	10³ M	kM	kilomolar
10⁻⁶ M	μM	micromolar	10⁶ M	MM	megamolar
10⁻⁹ M	nM	nanomolar	10⁹ M	GM	gigamolar
10⁻¹² M	pM	picomolar	10¹² M	TM	teramolar
10⁻¹⁵ M	fM	femtomolar	10¹⁵ M	PM	petamolar
10⁻¹⁸ M	aM	attomolar	10¹⁸ M	EM	examolar
10⁻²¹ M	zM	zeptomolar	10²¹ M	ZM	zettamolar
10⁻²⁴ M	yM	yoctomolar	10²⁴ M	YM	yottamolar
10⁻²⁷ M	rM	rontomolar	10²⁷ M	RM	ronnamolar
10⁻³⁰ M	qM	quectomolar	10³⁰ M	QM	quettamolar

References

^ 1/L ÷ N_A ≈ 1.66 yM
^ DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael; Nenes, Athanasios; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (7): 2575–2580. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.2575D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3574924. PMID 23359712.
^ Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85 – L88. arXiv:astro-ph/0412440. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621L..85B. doi:10.1086/428929. S2CID 1374022.
^ "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Basic Radon Facts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^ Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum". arXiv:astro-ph/9705101. Bibcode:1997astro.ph..5101S. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.
^ Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature. 340 (6233): 467–468. Bibcode:1989Natur.340..467B. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2755508. S2CID 4271861.
^ ^a ^b Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. M. (1 May 1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..98..208K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X.
^ ^a ^b ^c Reference ranges for blood tests
^ "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
^ "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
^ Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
^ Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.
^ Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-9591-4.
^ ^a ^b "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.
^ "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ V_m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm³/mol
^ 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
^ The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). "IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909)". goldbook.iupac.org. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ PubChem. "Acetic Acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
^ Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.
^ Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.
^ Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.
^ "Helio- and Asteroseismology". solar-center.stanford.edu. Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 46. arXiv:1603.06666. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...46F. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. S2CID 118706003.
^ "The Atomic Nucleus". www.cyberphysics.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

[1] 1/L ÷ N_A ≈ 1.66 yM

[2] DeLeon-Rodriguez, Natasha; Lathem, Terry L.; Rodriguez-R, Luis M.; Barazesh, James M.; Anderson, Bruce E.; Beyersdorf, Andreas J.; Ziemba, Luke D.; Bergin, Michael; Nenes, Athanasios; Konstantinidis, Konstantinos T. (12 February 2013). "Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (7): 2575–2580. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110.2575D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212089110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3574924. PMID 23359712.

[3] Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85 – L88. arXiv:astro-ph/0412440. Bibcode:2005ApJ...621L..85B. doi:10.1086/428929. S2CID 1374022.

[4] "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

[5] Basic Radon Facts (Report). United States Environmental Protection Agency. July 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2018.

[6] Smoot, George F. (13 May 1997). "The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum". arXiv:astro-ph/9705101. Bibcode:1997astro.ph..5101S. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[7] Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.

[8] Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature. 340 (6233): 467–468. Bibcode:1989Natur.340..467B. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 2755508. S2CID 4271861.

[gold-9] Kenison Falkner, K.; Edmond, J. M. (1 May 1990). "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. Bibcode:1990E&PSL..98..208K. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X.

[blood-10] Reference ranges for blood tests

[11] "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

[12] "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.

[13] "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.

[14] Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.

[15] Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.

[16] Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0-8053-9591-4.

[type2mayo-17] "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.

[18] "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

[19] V_m = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm³/mol

[20] 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L

[21] The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). "IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909)". goldbook.iupac.org. Retrieved 2022-11-13.

[22] PubChem. "Acetic Acid". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2022-11-13.

[23] Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.

[24] Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.

[osmium-25] Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2018-11-30.

[26] "Helio- and Asteroseismology". solar-center.stanford.edu. Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

[27] Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 46. arXiv:1603.06666. Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...46F. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. S2CID 118706003.

[28] "The Atomic Nucleus". www.cyberphysics.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Comparison of a wide range of molar concentrations}}
 This page lists examples of the [[orders of magnitude]] of [[molar concentration]]. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.
+M denotes the non-SI unit '''molar''':
+:1 M = 1&nbsp;mol/L = 10<sup>−3</sup> mol/m<sup>3</sup>.
 ==All orders==
@@ Line 11: / Line 15: @@
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−24</sup>
-| rowspan="2" | yM
+| rowspan="4" | yM
 | {{val|1.66|u=yM}} || 1 elementary entity per [[litre]]<ref>{{val|1|upl=L}} ÷ [[Avogadro constant|''N''<sub>A</sub>]] ≈ {{val|1.66|u=yM}}</ref>
 |-
-| {{val|8.5|u=yM}} || [[Aeroplankton|airborne]] [[bacteria]] in the upper [[troposphere]] ({{val|5100|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLeon-Rodriguez |first1=Natasha |last2=Lathem |first2=Terry L. |last3=Rodriguez-R |first3=Luis M. |last4=Barazesh |first4=James M. |last5=Anderson |first5=Bruce E. |last6=Beyersdorf |first6=Andreas J. |last7=Ziemba |first7=Luke D. |last8=Bergin |first8=Michael |last9=Nenes |first9=Athanasios |last10=Konstantinidis |first10=Konstantinos T. |title=Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 February 2013 |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=2575–2580 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1212089110 |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/110/7/2575 |accessdate=1 December 2018 |language=en |issn=0027-8424}}</ref>
+| {{val|8.5|u=yM}} || [[Aeroplankton|airborne]] [[bacteria]] in the upper [[troposphere]] ({{val|5100|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeLeon-Rodriguez |first1=Natasha |last2=Lathem |first2=Terry L. |last3=Rodriguez-R |first3=Luis M. |last4=Barazesh |first4=James M. |last5=Anderson |first5=Bruce E. |last6=Beyersdorf |first6=Andreas J. |last7=Ziemba |first7=Luke D. |last8=Bergin |first8=Michael |last9=Nenes |first9=Athanasios |last10=Konstantinidis |first10=Konstantinos T. |title=Microbiome of the upper troposphere: Species composition and prevalence, effects of tropical storms, and atmospheric implications |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 February 2013 |volume=110 |issue=7 |pages=2575–2580 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1212089110 |pmid=23359712 |pmc=3574924 |language=en |issn=0027-8424|bibcode=2013PNAS..110.2575D |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−23</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−23</sup> || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−22</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−22</sup> || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−21</sup> || zM
+| 10<sup>−21</sup> || rowspan="4" | zM
-| {{val|3.6|u=zM}} || [[solar neutrino]]s on [[Earth]] ({{val|6.5|e=10|u=/cm<sup>2</sup>&sdot;s}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |last2=Serenelli |first2=Aldo M. |last3=Basu |first3=Sarbani |title=New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 March 2005 |volume=621 |issue=1 |pages=L85–L88 |doi=10.1086/428929 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412440 |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
+| {{val|3.6|u=zM}} || [[solar neutrino]]s on [[Earth]] ({{val|6.5|e=10|u=/cm<sup>2</sup>⋅s}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |last2=Serenelli |first2=Aldo M. |last3=Basu |first3=Sarbani |title=New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 March 2005 |volume=621 |issue=1 |pages=L85–L88 |doi=10.1086/428929 |arxiv=astro-ph/0412440 |bibcode=2005ApJ...621L..85B |s2cid=1374022 }}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−20</sup> ||
+| 10<sup>−20</sup>
-| {{val|12|u=zM}} || [[radon]] in ambient, outdoor air in the [[United States]] ({{val|0.4|u=pCi|up=L}} ≈ {{val|7000|up=L}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? {{!}} ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=8&po=8 |website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
+| {{val|12|u=zM}} || [[radon]] in ambient, outdoor air in the [[United States]] ({{val|0.4|u=pCi|up=L}} ≈ {{val|7000|up=L}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? {{!}} ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=8&po=8 |website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−19</sup> || || ||
+| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−19</sup>
+| {{val|120|u=zM}} || indoor [[radon]] at the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|EPA]]'s "action level" ({{val|4|u=pCi|up=L}} ≈ {{val|70000|up=L}})<ref>{{cite report |date=July 2016 |title=Basic Radon Facts |url=https://www.epa.gov/radon/basic-radon-facts |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date= 14 December 2018}}</ref>
 |-
+| {{val|686|u=zM}} || [[cosmic microwave background]] [[photon]]s in [[outer space]] ({{val|413|up=cm3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smoot |first1=George F. |title=The Cosmic Microwave Background Spectrum |date=13 May 1997 |arxiv=astro-ph/9705101 |bibcode=1997astro.ph..5101S }}</ref>
-| 10<sup>−18</sup> || aM || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−17</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−18</sup> || rowspan="3" | aM || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−16</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−17</sup> || ||
 |-
+| 10<sup>−16</sup> || ||
-| 10<sup>−15</sup> || fM || {{val|2|u=fM}} || [[bacteria]] in surface [[seawater]] ({{val|1e9|up=L}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gamfeldt |first1=Lars |last2=Lefcheck |first2=Jonathan S. |last3=Byrnes |first3=Jarrett E. K. |last4=Cardinale |first4=Bradley J. |last5=Duffy |first5=J. Emmett |last6=Griffin |first6=John N. |title=Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next? |journal=Oikos |date=March 2015 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=252–265 |doi=10.1111/oik.01549 }}</ref>
+|-
+| 10<sup>−15</sup> || rowspan="4" | fM || {{val|2|u=fM}} || [[bacteria]] in surface [[seawater]] ({{val|1e9|up=L}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gamfeldt |first1=Lars |last2=Lefcheck |first2=Jonathan S. |last3=Byrnes |first3=Jarrett E. K. |last4=Cardinale |first4=Bradley J. |last5=Duffy |first5=J. Emmett |last6=Griffin |first6=John N. |title=Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next? |journal=Oikos |date=March 2015 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=252–265 |doi=10.1111/oik.01549 |url=https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/849}}<!--https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/849 --></ref>
 |-
 | rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−14</sup>
+| {{val|20|u=fM}} || [[virion]]s in surface layer [[North Atlantic]] [[seawater]] ({{val|10e9|up=L}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergh |first1=Øivind |last2=Børsheim |first2=Knut Yngve |last3=Bratbak |first3=Gunnar |last4=Heldal |first4=Mikal |title=High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments |journal=Nature |date=August 1989 |volume=340 |issue=6233 |pages=467–468 |doi=10.1038/340467a0 |pmid=2755508 |language=En |issn=0028-0836|bibcode=1989Natur.340..467B |s2cid=4271861 }}</ref>
-| rowspan="2" |
-| {{val|20|u=fM}} || [[virion]]s in surface layer [[North Atlantic]] [[seawater]] ({{val|10e9|up=L}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergh |first1=Øivind |last2=Børsheim |first2=Knut Yngve |last3=Bratbak |first3=Gunnar |last4=Heldal |first4=Mikal |title=High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments |journal=Nature |date=August 1989 |volume=340 |issue=6233 |pages=467–468 |doi=10.1038/340467a0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/340467a0 |accessdate=26 November 2018 |language=En |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
 |-
-| {{val|50|–|100|u=fM}} || [[gold]] in [[seawater]]<ref name="gold">{{cite journal |title=Gold in seawater |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=1 May 1990 |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=208–221 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X9090060B?via%3Dihub |accessdate=26 November 2018 |language=en |issn=0012-821X}}</ref>
+| {{val|50|–|100|u=fM}} || [[gold]] in [[seawater]]<ref name="gold">{{cite journal |title=Gold in seawater |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=1 May 1990 |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=208–221 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B |language=en |issn=0012-821X|bibcode=1990E&PSL..98..208K |last1=Kenison Falkner |first1=K. | author-link1=Kelly Falkner |last2=Edmond |first2=J. M. }}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−13</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−13</sup> || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−12</sup> || pM || {{val|7.51|–|9.80|u=pM}} || normal range for [[erythrocyte]]s in [[blood]] in an adult male ({{val|4.52|–|5.90|e=12|up=L}})<ref name="blood">[[Reference ranges for blood tests]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054474-overview |publisher=Medscape |accessdate=26 November 2018 |date=7 January 2017}}</ref>
+| 10<sup>−12</sup> || rowspan="3" | pM || {{val|7.51|–|9.80|u=pM}} || normal range for [[erythrocyte]]s in [[blood]] in an adult male ({{val|4.52|–|5.90|e=12|up=L}})<ref name="blood">[[Reference ranges for blood tests]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054474-overview |website=Medscape |access-date=26 November 2018 |date=7 January 2017}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−11</sup> ||
+| 10<sup>−11</sup>
 | {{val|10|–|100|u=pM}} || [[gold]] in undersea [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal fluids]]<ref name="gold"/>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−10</sup> || || {{val|170|u=pM}} || upper bound for healthy [[insulin]] when fasting<ref>{{cite web |title=Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview?fbclid=IwAR1pZmZMQq_x-Z-GnwiqC7xtjkWrrqMRC2So8PrYyZx-CXKh8p69BHzrJQc |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD |accessdate=30 November 2018 |date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
+| 10<sup>−10</sup> || {{val|170|u=pM}} || upper bound for healthy [[insulin]] when fasting<ref>{{cite journal |title=Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD |access-date=30 November 2018 |date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−9</sup> || nM || {{val|5|u=nM}} || inhaled [[osmium tetroxide]] is [[immediately dangerous to life or health]] ({{val|1|u=mg Os|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH):  Osmium tetroxide (as Os) -  NIOSH Publications and Products |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/20816120.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |accessdate=28 November 2018 |language=en-us |date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
+| 10<sup>−9</sup> || rowspan="3" | nM || {{val|5|u=nM}} || inhaled [[osmium tetroxide]] is [[immediately dangerous to life or health]] ({{val|1|u=mg Os|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/20816120.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |access-date=28 November 2018 |language=en-us |date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−8</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−8</sup> || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−7</sup> || || {{val|101|u=nM}} || [[hydronium]] and [[hydroxide]] ions in pure [[water]] at {{val|25|u=degC}} (p''K''<sub>W</sub> = 13.99)<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Bandura |first1 = Andrei V. |last2 = Lvov |first2 = Serguei N. |year = 2006 |title = The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density |journal = Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |volume = 35 |issue = 1 |pages = 15–30 |doi = 10.1063/1.1928231 |url = https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd696.pdf |bibcode = 2006JPCRD..35...15B }}</ref>
+| 10<sup>−7</sup> || {{val|101|u=nM}} || [[hydronium]] and [[hydroxide]] ions in pure [[water]] at {{val|25|u=degC}} (p''K''<sub>W</sub> = 13.99)<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Bandura |first1 = Andrei V. |last2 = Lvov |first2 = Serguei N. |year = 2006 |title = The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density |journal = Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |volume = 35 |issue = 1 |pages = 15–30 |doi = 10.1063/1.1928231 |url = https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd696.pdf |bibcode = 2006JPCRD..35...15B }}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>−6</sup> || µM || ||
+| 10<sup>−6</sup> || rowspan="4" | μM || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>−5</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>−5</sup> || ||
 |-
 | rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−4</sup>
+| {{val|180|–|480|u=μM}} ||normal range for [[uric acid]] in [[blood]]<ref name="blood"/>
-| rowspan=2 |
-| {{val|180|–|480|u=µM}} ||normal range for [[uric acid]] in [[blood]]<ref name="blood"/>
 |-
-| {{val|570|u=µM}} || inhaled [[carbon monoxide]] induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breathes and death in < {{val|3|u=min}} ({{val|12800|u=ppm}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Mark |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |journal=Journal of Emergency Nursing |date=December 2008 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=538–542 |doi=10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 |pmid=19022078 }}</ref>
+| {{val|570|u=μM}} || inhaled [[carbon monoxide]] induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breaths and death in < {{val|3|u=min}} ({{val|12800|u=ppm}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Mark |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |journal=Journal of Emergency Nursing |date=December 2008 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=538–542 |doi=10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 |pmid=19022078 |url=http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/short/3/5716/180 }}</ref>
 |-
 | rowspan=3 | 10<sup>−3</sup>
 | rowspan=3 | mM
-| {{val|0.32|–|32|u=mM}} || normal range of [[hydronium]] ions in [[gastric acid|stomach acid]] ([[pH]] 1.5–3.5)<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Marieb EN, Hoehn K |title=Human anatomy & physiology |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2010 |pages= |isbn=0-8053-9591-1}}</ref>
+| {{val|0.32|–|32|u=mM}} || normal range of [[hydronium]] ions in [[gastric acid|stomach acid]] ([[pH]] 1.5–3.5)<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Marieb EN, Hoehn K |title=Human anatomy & physiology |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8053-9591-4}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{val|5.5|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] when fasting<ref name="type2mayo">{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}</ref>
@@ Line 78: / Line 83: @@
 | rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−2</sup>
 | rowspan=2 | cM
-| {{val|20|u=mM}} || [[neutrino]]s during a [[supernova]], {{val|1|ul=AU}} from the core (10<sup>58</sup> over {{val|10|u=s}})<ref>{{cite web |title=nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova |url=https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/bahcall/index.html |website=www.nature.com |publisher=Nature Publishing Group 2006 |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
+| {{val|20|u=mM}} || [[neutrino]]s during a [[supernova]], {{val|1|ul=AU}} from the core (10<sup>58</sup> over {{val|10|u=s}})<ref>{{cite web |title=nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova |url=https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/bahcall/index.html |website=www.nature.com |publisher=Nature Publishing Group 2006 |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{val|44.6|u=mM}} || pure [[ideal gas]] at {{val|0|u=degC}} and {{val|101.325|u=kPa}}<ref>''V''<sub>m</sub> = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414&nbsp;[[Decimetre|dm]]<sup>3</sup>/mol</ref>
@@ Line 87: / Line 92: @@
 | {{val|480|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[seawater]]<ref>0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L</ref>
 |-
+| 10<sup>0</sup> || M || 1 M||[[standard state]] [[Molar concentration|concentration]] for defining [[thermodynamic activity]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) |title=IUPAC - standard concentration (S05909) |url=https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05909 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=goldbook.iupac.org}}</ref>
-| 10<sup>0</sup> || M || ||
+|-
+| rowspan="3" |10<sup>1</sup>
+| rowspan="3" |daM
+|17.5 M
+|pure (glacial) [[acetic acid]] (1.05 g/cm<sup>3</sup>)<ref>{{Cite web |last=PubChem |title=Acetic Acid |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/176 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{val|40|u=M}}|| pure [[solid hydrogen]] ({{val|86|ul=g/L}})<ref>{{cite journal|first=James|last=Dewar|year=1899|title=Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=18|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349183/f143.table|pages=145–150}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{val|55.5|u=M}} || pure [[water]] at {{val|3.984|u=degC}}, temperature of its [[maximum density]] ({{val|1.0000|u=g/cm3}})<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Franks |editor1-first=Felix |title=The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water |date=1974 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |isbn=9781468483345 |page=376 |edition=2}}</ref>
+|-
+| rowspan="2" |10<sup>2</sup>
+| rowspan="2" |hM
+| {{val|118.8|u=M}} || pure [[osmium]] at {{val|20|u=degC}} ({{val|22.587|u=g/cm3}})<ref name="osmium">{{cite journal|title=Osmium, the Densest Metal Known|author=Arblaster, J. W.|journal=Platinum Metals Review|volume=39|issue=4|year=1995|page=164|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164|access-date=2018-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045236/http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164|archive-date=2011-09-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{val|140.5|u=M}}|| pure [[copper]] at {{val|25|u=degC}} ({{val|8.93|u=g/cm3}})
+|-
+| 10<sup>3</sup> || rowspan="3" | kM || ||
+|-
+| 10<sup>4</sup> || {{val|24|u=kM}} || [[helium]] in the [[solar core]] ({{val|150|u=g/cm3}} ⋅ {{val|65|u=%}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Helio- and Asteroseismology |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/helio-ed-mirror/english/engmod-res.html |website=solar-center.stanford.edu |publisher=Stanford SOLAR Center |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
+|-
+| 10<sup>5</sup> || ||
+|-
+| 10<sup>6</sup> || rowspan="3" | MM || ||
 |-
-| rowspan="2" |10<sup>1</sup>
+| 10<sup>7</sup> || ||
-| rowspan="2" |daM
-| {{val|40|u=M}} || pure [[solid hydrogen]] ({{val|86|ul=g/L}})<ref>{{cite journal|first=James|last=Dewar|year=1899|title=Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=18|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349183/f143.table|pages=145–150}}</ref>
 |-
+| 10<sup>8</sup> || {{val|122.2|u=MM}} || [[Electron-degenerate matter|nuclei]] in a [[white dwarf]] from a {{val|3|ul=M_Solar}} progenitor star ({{val|e=6.349|u=g/cm3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fields |first1=C. E. |last2=Farmer |first2=R. |last3=Petermann |first3=I. |last4=Iliadis |first4=C. |last5=Timmes |first5=F. X. |title=Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=20 May 2016 |volume=823 |issue=1 |pages=46 |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46 |arxiv=1603.06666 |bibcode=2016ApJ...823...46F |s2cid=118706003 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-| {{val|55.5|u=M}} || pure [[water]] at {{val|3.984|u=degC}}, its maximum [[atmospheric pressure|atmospheric]] value ({{val|0.9999720|u=g/cm3}})<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Franks |editor1-first=Felix |title=The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water |date=1974 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |isbn=9781468483345 |page=376 |edition=2}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>2</sup> || hM
+| 10<sup>9</sup> || rowspan="3" | GM || ||
-| {{val|118.8|u=M}} || pure [[osmium]] at {{val|20|u=degC}} ({{val|22.587|u=g/cm3}})<ref name="osmium">{{cite journal|title=Osmium, the Densest Metal Known|author=Arblaster, J. W.|journal=Platinum Metals Review|volume=39|issue=4|year=1995|page=164|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>3</sup> || kM || ||
+| 10<sup>10</sup> || ||
 |-
+| 10<sup>11</sup> || ||
-| 10<sup>4</sup> || || {{val|24|u=kM}} || [[helium]] in the [[solar core]] ({{val|150|u=g/cm3}} ⋅ {{val|65|u=%}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Helio- and Asteroseismology |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/helio-ed-mirror/english/engmod-res.html |website=solar-center.stanford.edu |publisher=Stanford SOLAR Center |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>5</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>12</sup> || rowspan="3" | TM || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>6</sup> || MM || ||
+| 10<sup>13</sup> || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>7</sup> || || ||
+| 10<sup>14</sup> || ||
 |-
+| 10<sup>15</sup> || rowspan="3" | PM || ||
-| 10<sup>8</sup> || || {{val|122.2|u=MM}} || [[Electron-degenerate matter|nuclei]] in a [[white dwarf]] from a {{val|3|ul=M_Solar}} progenitor star ({{val|e=6.349|u=g/cm3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fields |first1=C. E. |last2=Farmer |first2=R. |last3=Petermann |first3=I. |last4=Iliadis |first4=C. |last5=Timmes |first5=F. X. |title=Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=20 May 2016 |volume=823 |issue=1 |pages=46 |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.06666 |accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>
 |-
-| 10<sup>9</sup> || GM || ||
+| 10<sup>16</sup> || ||
 |-
+| 10<sup>17</sup> || {{val|228|u=PM}} || [[nucleon]]s in [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] ({{val|2.3e17|u=kg|up=m3}} = {{val|1.37e44|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite web |title=The Atomic Nucleus |url=https://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/atomic/nucleus.htm |website=www.cyberphysics.co.uk |access-date=26 November 2018}}</ref>
-| 10<sup>12</sup> || TM || ||
 |-
-| 10<sup>15</sup> || PM || ||
+| 10<sup>18</sup> || EM || ||
 |-
+| ... || || ||
-| 10<sup>17</sup> || || {{val|228|u=PM}} || [[nucleon]]s in [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] ({{val|2.3e17|u=kg|up=m3}} = {{val|1.37e44|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite web |title=The Atomic Nucleus |url=https://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/atomic/nucleus.htm |website=www.cyberphysics.co.uk |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
 |-
 | 10<sup>77</sup> || || {{val|3.9e77|u=M}} || the [[Planck units|Planck]] concentration ({{val|2.4e104|up=m3}}), inverse of the Planck volume

v t e Orders of magnitude
Quantity	Acceleration Angular momentum Area Bit rate Charge Computing Current Data Density Energy / Energy density Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magnetic moment Magnetic field Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Sound pressure Specific heat capacity Speed Temperature Torque Time Voltage Volume
See also	Back-of-the-envelope calculation Best-selling electronic devices Fermi problem Powers of 10 and decades 10th 100th 1000000th Metric (SI) prefix Macroscopic scale Microscopic scale
Related	Astronomical system of units Earth's location in the Universe Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) The Scale of the Universe (2010) Cosmic Eye (2012)
Category

Latest revision as of 11:28, 8 July 2024

All orders

SI multiples

See also

References