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{{Short description|Act of running in reverse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}
{{Refimprove|date=November 2008}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2008}}
[[File:Retro Running (4008506566).jpg|thumb|A marathon participant running backwards]]
[[File:Retro Running (4008506566).jpg|thumb|A marathon participant running backwards]]
'''Backward running''', also known as '''backwards running''', '''running backwards''', '''reverse running''', '''retro running''', or '''retro locomotion''' is the act of [[running]] in reverse, so that one travels in the direction one's back is facing rather than one's front. It is classed as a ''retro movement'', the reverse of a normal movement.
'''Backward running''', also known as '''backwards running''', '''running backwards''', '''reverse running''', '''retro running''', or '''retro locomotion''' is the act of [[running]] in reverse, so that one travels in the direction one's back is facing rather than one's front. It is classed as a ''retro movement'', the reverse of a normal movement.


Backward running is a less-natural motion, but can be accomplished with some speed with practice. It is better to start out backward walking (also called retropedaling), which is relatively easy, and speed up. Like normal running, [[fell running|running up and down hills]] backwards will add an additional degree of difficulty.
Backward running is a less-natural motion but can be accomplished with some speed with practice. It is better to start out backward walking (also called retropedaling), which is relatively easy, and increase speed over time. Like normal running, [[fell running|running up and down hills]] backwards will add an additional degree of difficulty.


Running backwards up a hill is not very dangerous. It will always be at a lower speed due to the enhanced difficulty, and if one trips there is less of a distance towards the ground and it is easier to absorb the impact with the arms and buttocks so that the head is not as likely to hit.
Running backwards up a hill is not very dangerous. It will always be at a lower speed due to the enhanced difficulty, and if one trips there is less of a distance towards the ground and it is easier to absorb the impact with the arms and buttocks so that the head is not as likely to hit.
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==Biomechanics==
==Biomechanics==
⚫
Backward motion is less energy efficient,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Running backwards: soft landing-hard takeoff, a less efficient rebound. |quote=More metabolic energy must be spent in the opposite case when muscle is forced to work against its basic property |date=7 February 2011 |pmid=20719774 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1212 |volume=278 |pmc=3013407 |journal=Proc Biol Sci |pages=339–46 | last1 = Cavagna | first1 = GA | last2 = Legramandi | first2 = MA | last3 = La Torre | first3 = A|issue=1704 }}</ref> but backward running can reduce [[knee pain]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running. |date=1 June 2012 |quote=Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common injury and increased patellofemoral joint compression forces (PFJCF) may aggravate symptoms. Backward running (BR) has been suggested for exercise with reduced PFJCF.<br />BR had reduced PFJCF compared to FR. This was caused by an increased knee moment, due to differences in magnitude and location of the GRF vector relative to the knee. BR can therefore be used to exercise with decreased PFJCF. |pmid=22503882 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.020 |volume=45 |pmc=3391667 |journal=J Biomech |pages=1656–60 | last1 = Roos | first1 = PE | last2 = Barton | first2 = N | last3 = van Deursen | first3 = RW|issue=9 }}[https://chaussurerunning.fr/guides/debuter-course-pied-neophytes/]</ref> and more freedom of movement is possible with backward running due to less coordination.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Quantifying coordination and coordination variability in backward versus forward running: Implications for control of motion. |date=July 2015 |quote=backward running had significantly higher magnitude of coordination variability compared to forward running, signifying that more degrees of freedom were involved in backward running |pmid=26021460 |doi=10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.006 |volume=42 |journal=Gait Posture |pages=172–7 | last1 = Mehdizadeh | first1 = S | last2 = Arshi | first2 = AR | last3 = Davids | first3 = K|issue=2 }}</ref> Training this way can also increase metabolic efficiency with forward running.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Effects of Backwards Running Training on Forward Running Economy in Trained Males. |date=30 March 2016 |quote=Five weeks of BR training improved FR economy |pmid=26332781 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000001153 |volume=30 |journal=J Strength Cond Res |pages=763–7 | last1 = Ordway | first1 = JD | last2 = Laubach | first2 = LL | last3 = Vanderburgh | first3 = PM | last4 = Jackson | first4 = KJ|issue=3 |s2cid=5555182 }}</ref>
Backward motion is less energy efficient.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Running backwards: soft landing-hard takeoff, a less efficient rebound. |quote=More metabolic energy must be spent in the opposite case when muscle is forced to work against its basic property |date=7 February 2011 |pmid=20719774 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1212 |volume=278 |pmc=3013407 |journal=Proc Biol Sci |pages=339–46 | last1 = Cavagna | first1 = GA | last2 = Legramandi | first2 = MA | last3 = La Torre | first3 = A}}</ref>

⚫
Backward running can reduce knee pain,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running. |date=1 June 2012 |quote=Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common injury and increased patellofemoral joint compression forces (PFJCF) may aggravate symptoms. Backward running (BR) has been suggested for exercise with reduced PFJCF.<br>BR had reduced PFJCF compared to FR. This was caused by an increased knee moment, due to differences in magnitude and location of the GRF vector relative to the knee. BR can therefore be used to exercise with decreased PFJCF. |pmid=22503882 |doi=10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.020 |volume=45 |pmc=3391667 |journal=J Biomech |pages=1656–60 | last1 = Roos | first1 = PE | last2 = Barton | first2 = N | last3 = van Deursen | first3 = RW}}</ref> and more freedom of movement is possible with backward running due to less coordination.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Quantifying coordination and coordination variability in backward versus forward running: Implications for control of motion. |date=July 2015 |quote=backward running had significantly higher magnitude of coordination variability compared to forward running, signifying that more degrees of freedom were involved in backward running |pmid=26021460 |doi=10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.006 |volume=42 |journal=Gait Posture |pages=172–7 | last1 = Mehdizadeh | first1 = S | last2 = Arshi | first2 = AR | last3 = Davids | first3 = K}}</ref> Training this way can also increase metabolic efficiency with forward running.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Effects of Backwards Running Training on Forward Running Economy in Trained Males. |date=30 March 2016 |quote=Five weeks of BR training improved FR economy |pmid=26332781 |doi=10.1519/JSC.0000000000001153 |volume=30 |journal=J Strength Cond Res |pages=763–7 | last1 = Ordway | first1 = JD | last2 = Laubach | first2 = LL | last3 = Vanderburgh | first3 = PM | last4 = Jackson | first4 = KJ}}</ref>


==Dangers==
==Dangers==
As the head faces forward, running backwards has the danger in that the runner cannot see anything on the ground or in the way of his or her path.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} Unlike forward running, it is also much more difficult to brace a backward fall or drop into a roll if one trips.
As the head faces forward, running backwards has the danger in that the runner cannot see anything on the ground or in the way of his or her path. Unlike forward running, it is also much more difficult to brace a backward fall or drop into a roll if one trips.


Turning the head around while running can generally eliminate the visual impediment, although it is awkward, limits speed, and may result in neck strain.
Turning the head around while running can generally eliminate the visual impediment, although it is awkward, limits speed, and may result in neck strain.
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==Physical benefits==
==Physical benefits==
The combination of normal [[running|forward running]] and backward running is called '''mixed running''' or alternative mixed running. Some believe that running backwards helps balance out the strain brought on by normal running. Reversing the direction works the friction of tissues oppositely {{citation needed|date=July 2012}}. Running flat or uphill, the heel is used to push off rather than the ball of the foot as normally occurs with forward runnining, working the [[tibialis anterior]] muscle (pushes the heel down, raises front of foot) more as a prime mover than a shock absorber. When running backward downhill, the ball of the foot is used whereas forward downhill running uses mainly the heel to absorb the force. This requires more coordination and therefore develops brain power along with muscle power{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}.
The combination of normal [[running|forward running]] and backward running is called '''mixed running''' or alternative mixed running. Some believe that running backwards helps balance out the strain brought on by normal running. Reversing the direction works the friction of tissues oppositely.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} Running flat or uphill, the heel is used to push off rather than the ball of the foot as normally occurs with forward running, working the [[tibialis anterior]] muscle (pushes the heel down, raises the front of the foot) more as a prime mover than a shock absorber. When running backward downhill, the ball of the foot is used whereas forward downhill running uses mainly the heel to absorb the force. This requires more coordination and therefore develops brain power along with muscle power.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}


While downhill backward running is essentially the reverse of uphill running, and uphill backward running of downhill running, they are different in that the fibres would fire differently due to differences in the isotonic motions. The former is an [[Muscle contraction#Eccentric contraction|eccentric]] version of a [[concentric]] movement, and the latter is a concentric version of an eccentric movement. Both concentric and eccentric movements have advantages in training, which is why most weight lifters perform both for set times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higbie |first1=EJ |last2=Cureton |first2=KJ |last3=Warren |first3=GL |last4=Prior |first4=BM |title=Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |date=1996 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=2173–2181 |doi=10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2173}}</ref>
While downhill backward running is essentially the reverse of uphill running, and uphill backward running of downhill running, they are different in that the fibres would fire differently due to differences in the isotonic motions. The former is an [[Muscle contraction#Eccentric contraction|eccentric]] version of a [[concentric]] movement, and the latter is a concentric version of an eccentric movement. Both concentric and eccentric movements have advantages in training, which is why most weight lifters perform both for set times.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higbie |first1=EJ |last2=Cureton |first2=KJ |last3=Warren |first3=GL |last4=Prior |first4=BM |title=Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation |journal=Journal of Applied Physiology |date=1996 |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=2173–2181 |doi=10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2173|pmid=8941543 }}</ref>


With all forms there is an obvious backward lean relative to normal running's forward lean, which can shift the stress of the other muscle fibres a small degree{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}.
With all forms there is an obvious backward lean relative to normal running's forward lean, which can shift the stress of the other muscle fibres a small degree.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}


Other advantages to backward running are a reduction in fear related to the movement{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}, a form of exercise that is naturally more reserved{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}, gains in balance{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}, and the general enjoyment resulting from entertaining activities like these{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}. Due to constantly having to look behind oneself, or sometimes keeping the eyes fixed, people can learn to run with more neck mobility or without a straight look ahead. This can stress the neck muscles which can be dangerous if done too aggressively, but in the long term could lead to adaptations in them{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}.
Other advantages to backward running are a reduction in fear related to the movement,{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} a form of exercise that is naturally more reserved,{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} gains in balance,{{citation needed|date=July 2012}} and the general enjoyment resulting from entertaining activities like these.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} Due to constantly having to look behind oneself, or sometimes keeping the eyes fixed, people can learn to run with more neck mobility or without a straight look ahead. This can stress the neck muscles which can be dangerous if done too aggressively, but in the long term could lead to adaptations in them.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}


Backward running adds another dimension to running, and when complemented by sidestepping in both directions (with and without crossovers front and behind intermittently) covers the essential dimensions of human movement on the two-dimensional plane. Diagonal movement as well as curving running (as is done on long race tracks like 200 m and longer in the Olympics) are additional forms of running.
Backward running adds another dimension to running, and when complemented by sidestepping in both directions (with and without crossovers front and behind intermittently) covers the essential dimensions of human movement on the two-dimensional plane. Diagonal movement as well as curving running (as is done on long race tracks like 200 m and longer in the Olympics) are additional forms of running.
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Backwards running allows referees in sports such as football or rugby to continuously observe an area of play without interfering with play.
Backwards running allows referees in sports such as football or rugby to continuously observe an area of play without interfering with play.


== World Championships ==
==Races in UK==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Competition !! Date !! Location !! Distances
|-
| nowrap | 1. IRR World Championships|| 10 June 2006 || [[Risch-Rotkreuz|Rotkreuz]] ([[Switzerland]]) || 100 meters, 400 meters, 3000 meters und 4 × 100 meters
|-
| 2. IRR World Championships || nowrap | 20/21 September 2008 || [[Pietrasanta]] ([[Italy]]) || 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, 4 × 400 meters, 4 × 100 meters
|-
| 3. IRR World Championships || 7/8 July 2010 || [[Kapfenberg]] ([[Austria]]) || 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, 4 × 400 meters, 4 × 100 meters
|-
| 4. IRR World Championships || 24/25 August 2012 || [[Lleida]] ([[Spain]]) || 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.retrorunning.de/artikel-mainmenu-107/19-retrorunning-news/186-spanien-2012-4-irr-weltmeisterschaft.html |title=retrorunning.de |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812223819/http://www.retrorunning.de/artikel-mainmenu-107/19-retrorunning-news/186-spanien-2012-4-irr-weltmeisterschaft.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
| 5. IRR World Championships || 1–3 August 2014 || [[Saint-Christophe, Aosta Valley|Saint Christophe]], [[Saint-Vincent, Aosta Valley|Saint Vincent]], [[Châtillon, Aosta Valley|Châtillon]] ([[Italy]]) || 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.retrorunningworld.org/de/ |title=retrorunningworld.org |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812204352/http://www.retrorunningworld.org/de/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
| 6. IRR World Championships || 14–17 July 2016 || [[Essen]] ([[Germany]]) || 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters<ref>''[http://www.retrorunning2016.com/ 6. IRR-Weltmeisterschaften 2016.]'' In: ''retrorunning2016.com'', retrieved 29 November 2016</ref>
|-
| 7. IRR World Championships || 12–15 July 2018 || [[Bologna]] ([[Italy]]) || 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon, marathon, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters<ref>''[http://www.tantecosemeravigliose.com/CLASSIFICHE%20GENERALI.pdf 7. IRR-Weltmeisterschaften 2018.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906075522/http://www.tantecosemeravigliose.com/CLASSIFICHE%20GENERALI.pdf |date=6 September 2021 }}'' In: ''http://www.tantecosemeravigliose.com'', retrieved 29 November 2016</ref>
|}


⚫
==Notable backward runners==
* 4th UK Backward Run, Heaton Park. Manchester - Sunday 11 August 2013
* 3rd UK Backward Run, Heaton Park. Manchester - Sunday 27 May 2012
* 2nd UK Backward Running Championships, Heaton Park. Manchester - Sunday 14 August 2011
* London Backward Running Championships, Crystal Palace, South London - Sunday 17 July 2011
* 1st UK Backward Running Championships, Heaton Park. Manchester - Sunday 22 August 2010

==Past races==
* 07-08/08/2010 - World Retro Running Championships, Kapfenberg, Austria
* 22/08/2010 - 1st UK Backward Running Championships, Manchester (Winner was Garret Doherty of Ireland)

⚫
== Famous backward runners ==
{{unsourced|date=April 2019}}
*[[Ferdie Adoboe]] (GHA)
*[[Ferdie Adoboe]] (GHA)
*[[Thomas Dold]] (GER)
*[[Thomas Dold]] (GER)
*[[Surasa Mairer]] (AUT)
*[[Surasa Mairer]] (AUT)
*Diego Polino(MEX)
*Achim Aretz (GER)
*Antje Strothmann (GER)
*Isabella Wagner (GER)
*Roland Wegner (GER)
*Johannes Gosch (AUT)
*Simone Kühn (AUT)
*Stefano Morselli (ITA)
*Kerstin Metzler-Mennenga (LIE)
*Bud Badyna (USA)
*Brian Godsey (USA)
*Franz Maier (GER)
*Arno Schneider (GER)
*Ralf Klug (GER)
*Kathleen Heine (GER)
*Jürgen Hagmann (GER)
*Markus Jürgens (GER)
*Pablo Galletto (BRA)
*Fleury Contreras (DOM)
*Peter Andrews (GBR)
*Liam Criddle (GBR)
*Nigel Holmes (GBR)
*Mark Schwalm (GBR)
*Shantelle Gaston-Hird (GBR)
*Sandra Corcuera (ESP)
*Alberto Spillari (ITA)
*Paolo Tarabella (ITA)
*Aaron Yoder (USA)
*Daniel Yoder (USA)
*Garreth Doherty (IRE)
*Giorgio Brizzi (ITA)
*Paolo Callegari (ITA)
*Alberto Venturelli (ITA)
*Francesco Del Carlo (ITA)


==Popular culture==
==Popular culture==
In 2012, an Australian comedy film called ''[[Reverse Runner]]'' was released. It was executive produced by [[Stephen Herek]], the director of ''[[The Mighty Ducks]]'', and directed by Lachlan Ryan and Jarrod Theodore.
In 2012, an Australian comedy film called ''[[Reverse Runner]]'' was released. It was executive produced by [[Stephen Herek]], the director of ''[[The Mighty Ducks (film)|The Mighty Ducks]]'', and directed by Lachlan Ryan and Jarrod Theodore.

In 2013, the band [[Atoms for Peace (band)|Atoms For Peace]] released the song ''Reverse Running'', as part of their debut album [[Amok (Atoms for Peace album)|''Amok'']].


==See also==
==See also==

Latest revision as of 20:02, 8 July 2024

A marathon participant running backwards

Backward running, also known as backwards running, running backwards, reverse running, retro running, or retro locomotion is the act of running in reverse, so that one travels in the direction one's back is facing rather than one's front. It is classed as a retro movement, the reverse of a normal movement.

Backward running is a less-natural motion but can be accomplished with some speed with practice. It is better to start out backward walking (also called retropedaling), which is relatively easy, and increase speed over time. Like normal running, running up and down hills backwards will add an additional degree of difficulty.

Running backwards up a hill is not very dangerous. It will always be at a lower speed due to the enhanced difficulty, and if one trips there is less of a distance towards the ground and it is easier to absorb the impact with the arms and buttocks so that the head is not as likely to hit.

Running backwards down a hill is more dangerous, and it is advised that someone learn how to drop into a backward roll before attempting it, to deal with any resulting tripping or loss of balance in the prone movement. Although the distance to the ground is greater running downhill backwards, the incline makes it much easier to perform rolls in downhill running, than when running level ground, so it can be done more instinctively. This applies to backward running and the backroll as it does to front running and the front roll.

Biomechanics

[edit]

Backward motion is less energy efficient,[1] but backward running can reduce knee pain,[2] and more freedom of movement is possible with backward running due to less coordination.[3] Training this way can also increase metabolic efficiency with forward running.[4]

Dangers

[edit]

As the head faces forward, running backwards has the danger in that the runner cannot see anything on the ground or in the way of his or her path. Unlike forward running, it is also much more difficult to brace a backward fall or drop into a roll if one trips.

Turning the head around while running can generally eliminate the visual impediment, although it is awkward, limits speed, and may result in neck strain.

Practicing tumbling and exerting force in a backwards direction with the arms through various exercises like crabwalking or planches may aid in stopping damage or injury from falls or stopping falls.

Physical benefits

[edit]

The combination of normal forward running and backward running is called mixed running or alternative mixed running. Some believe that running backwards helps balance out the strain brought on by normal running. Reversing the direction works the friction of tissues oppositely.[citation needed] Running flat or uphill, the heel is used to push off rather than the ball of the foot as normally occurs with forward running, working the tibialis anterior muscle (pushes the heel down, raises the front of the foot) more as a prime mover than a shock absorber. When running backward downhill, the ball of the foot is used whereas forward downhill running uses mainly the heel to absorb the force. This requires more coordination and therefore develops brain power along with muscle power.[citation needed]

While downhill backward running is essentially the reverse of uphill running, and uphill backward running of downhill running, they are different in that the fibres would fire differently due to differences in the isotonic motions. The former is an eccentric version of a concentric movement, and the latter is a concentric version of an eccentric movement. Both concentric and eccentric movements have advantages in training, which is why most weight lifters perform both for set times.[5]

With all forms there is an obvious backward lean relative to normal running's forward lean, which can shift the stress of the other muscle fibres a small degree.[citation needed]

Other advantages to backward running are a reduction in fear related to the movement,[citation needed] a form of exercise that is naturally more reserved,[citation needed] gains in balance,[citation needed] and the general enjoyment resulting from entertaining activities like these.[citation needed] Due to constantly having to look behind oneself, or sometimes keeping the eyes fixed, people can learn to run with more neck mobility or without a straight look ahead. This can stress the neck muscles which can be dangerous if done too aggressively, but in the long term could lead to adaptations in them.[citation needed]

Backward running adds another dimension to running, and when complemented by sidestepping in both directions (with and without crossovers front and behind intermittently) covers the essential dimensions of human movement on the two-dimensional plane. Diagonal movement as well as curving running (as is done on long race tracks like 200 m and longer in the Olympics) are additional forms of running.

Backwards running allows referees in sports such as football or rugby to continuously observe an area of play without interfering with play.

World Championships

[edit]
Competition Date Location Distances
1. IRR World Championships 10 June 2006 Rotkreuz (Switzerland) 100 meters, 400 meters, 3000 meters und 4 × 100 meters
2. IRR World Championships 20/21 September 2008 Pietrasanta (Italy) 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, 4 × 400 meters, 4 × 100 meters
3. IRR World Championships 7/8 July 2010 Kapfenberg (Austria) 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, 4 × 400 meters, 4 × 100 meters
4. IRR World Championships 24/25 August 2012 Lleida (Spain) 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters[6]
5. IRR World Championships 1–3 August 2014 Saint Christophe, Saint Vincent, Châtillon (Italy) 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters[7]
6. IRR World Championships 14–17 July 2016 Essen (Germany) 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters[8]
7. IRR World Championships 12–15 July 2018 Bologna (Italy) 100 meters, 200 meters, 400 meters, 800 meters, 1500 meters, 3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, half marathon, marathon, 4 × 100 meters, 4 × 400 meters[9]

Notable backward runners

[edit]
[edit]

In 2012, an Australian comedy film called Reverse Runner was released. It was executive produced by Stephen Herek, the director of The Mighty Ducks, and directed by Lachlan Ryan and Jarrod Theodore.

In 2013, the band Atoms For Peace released the song Reverse Running, as part of their debut album Amok.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Cavagna, GA; Legramandi, MA; La Torre, A (7 February 2011). "Running backwards: soft landing-hard takeoff, a less efficient rebound". Proc Biol Sci. 278 (1704): 339–46. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1212. PMC 3013407. PMID 20719774. More metabolic energy must be spent in the opposite case when muscle is forced to work against its basic property
  2. ^ Roos, PE; Barton, N; van Deursen, RW (1 June 2012). "Patellofemoral joint compression forces in backward and forward running". J Biomech. 45 (9): 1656–60. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.03.020. PMC 3391667. PMID 22503882. Patellofemoral pain (PFP) is a common injury and increased patellofemoral joint compression forces (PFJCF) may aggravate symptoms. Backward running (BR) has been suggested for exercise with reduced PFJCF.
    BR had reduced PFJCF compared to FR. This was caused by an increased knee moment, due to differences in magnitude and location of the GRF vector relative to the knee. BR can therefore be used to exercise with decreased PFJCF.    [1]
  3. ^ Mehdizadeh, S; Arshi, AR; Davids, K (July 2015). "Quantifying coordination and coordination variability in backward versus forward running: Implications for control of motion". Gait Posture. 42 (2): 172–7. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.006. PMID 26021460. backward running had significantly higher magnitude of coordination variability compared to forward running, signifying that more degrees of freedom were involved in backward running
  4. ^ Ordway, JD; Laubach, LL; Vanderburgh, PM; Jackson, KJ (30 March 2016). "The Effects of Backwards Running Training on Forward Running Economy in Trained Males". J Strength Cond Res. 30 (3): 763–7. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000001153. PMID 26332781. S2CID 5555182. Five weeks of BR training improved FR economy
  5. ^ Higbie, EJ; Cureton, KJ; Warren, GL; Prior, BM (1996). "Effects of concentric and eccentric training on muscle strength, cross-sectional area, and neural activation". Journal of Applied Physiology. 81 (5): 2173–2181. doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.2173. PMID 8941543.
  6. ^ "retrorunning.de". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  7. ^ "retrorunningworld.org". Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  8. ^ 6. IRR-Weltmeisterschaften 2016. In: retrorunning2016.com, retrieved 29 November 2016
  9. ^ 7. IRR-Weltmeisterschaften 2018. Archived 6 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine In: http://www.tantecosemeravigliose.com, retrieved 29 November 2016
[edit]
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