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{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}
{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Automatic Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range= {{fossil range|Oligocene|Holocene}}
| fossil_range= {{fossil range|Oligocene|Holocene}}
| image = Pupilla muscorum 2.png
| image = Pupilla muscorum 2.png
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| image2_caption = Six [[gastropod shell|shells]] of ''Pupilla muscorum'', scale bar in mm
| image2_caption = Six [[gastropod shell|shells]] of ''Pupilla muscorum'', scale bar in mm
| taxon = Pupilla
| taxon = Pupilla
| authority = [[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828<ref>Fleming J. (1828). ''A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants''. pp. i-xxxii [= 1-23], 1-565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).</ref>
| authority = [[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1828<ref>Fleming J. (1828). ''A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants''. pp. i–xxxii [= 1–23], 1–565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).</ref>
|type_species= ''Pupa marginata'' <small>Draparnaud, 1801</small>
|type_species= ''Pupa marginata'' <small>Draparnaud, 1801</small>
|synonyms_ref=
|synonyms_ref=
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* ''Torquatella'' <small>Held, 1838</small> (junior synonym)
* ''Torquatella'' <small>Held, 1838</small> (junior synonym)
* ''Vertigo (Pupa)'' <small>Draparnaud, 1801</small> (unaccepted combination)
* ''Vertigo (Pupa)'' <small>Draparnaud, 1801</small> (unaccepted combination)
|display_oarents= 3
|display_parents= 3
}}
}}


'''''Pupilla''''' is a [[genus]] of minute air-breathing [[land snail]]s, [[terrestrial molluscs|terrestrial]] [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s or [[micromollusk]]s in the family [[Pupillidae]]. <ref name="WoRMS">-MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pupilla J. Fleming, 1828. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426395 on 2022-03-05</ref>
'''''Pupilla''''' is a [[genus]] of minute air-breathing [[land snail]]s, [[terrestrial molluscs|terrestrial]] [[pulmonate]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s or [[micromollusk]]s in the subfamily [[Pupillinae]] of the family [[Pupillidae]].<ref name="WoRMS">-MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pupilla J. Fleming, 1828. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426395 on 5 March 2022</ref>


Shells of ''Pupilla'' species are known from terrestrial Cenozoic strata dating back to the [[Oligocene]] until the [[Holocene]] period.<ref>{{in lang|cs}} Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). ''Encyklopedie zkamenělin''. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.</ref>
Shells of ''Pupilla'' species are known from terrestrial Cenozoic strata dating back to the [[Oligocene]] until the [[Holocene]] period.<ref>{{in lang|cs}} Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). ''Encyklopedie zkamenělin''. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.</ref>


== Distribution ==
== Distribution ==
This genus occurs in Eurasia, northern Africa and North America.<ref name="AB">[http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/genus?id=612 "Genus summary for ''Pupilla''"]. [[AnimalBase]]. Last modified 02-09-2006, accessed 30 July 2010.</ref>
This genus occurs in Eurasia, northern Africa and North America.<ref name="AB">[http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/genus?id=612 "Genus summary for ''Pupilla''"]. [[AnimalBase]]. Last modified 2 September 2006, accessed 30 July 2010.</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
Species within the genus ''Pupilla'' include:
Species within the genus ''Pupilla'' include:
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Pupilla aeoli]]'' <small>(Hilber, 1884)</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla aeoli]]'' <small>(Hilber, 1884)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla afghanicum]]'' <small>Solem, 1979</small>
* ''[[Pupilla afghanicum]]'' <small>Solem, 1979</small>
* ''[[Pupilla alabiella]]'' <small>Schileyko, 1984</small>
* ''[[Pupilla alabiella]]'' <small>Schileyko, 1984</small>
* ''[[Pupilla alaskensis]]'' <small>Nekola & Coles, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pupilla alaskensis]]'' <small>Nekola & Coles, 2014</small>
* ''[[Pupilla almuhambetovae]]'' <small>Prysjazhnjuk, 2017</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla almuhambetovae]]'' <small>Prysjazhnjuk, 2017</small>
* ''[[Pupilla alpicola]]'' <small>(Charpentier, 1837)</small><ref name="AB"/>
* ''[[Pupilla alpicola]]'' <small>(Charpentier, 1837)</small><ref name="AB"/>
* ''[[Pupilla annandalei]]'' <small>Pilsbry</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* ''[[Pupilla annandalei]]'' <small>Pilsbry</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* ''[[Pupilla anzobica]]'' <small>Izzatullaev, 1970</small>
* ''[[Pupilla anzobica]]'' <small>Izzatullaev, 1970</small>
* ''[[Pupilla armeniaca]]'' <small>(Issel, 1865)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla armeniaca]]'' <small>(Issel, 1865)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla bargi]]'' <small>Prysiazhniuk, 2017</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla bargi]]'' <small>Prysiazhniuk, 2017</small>
* ''[[Pupilla belokrysi]]'' <small>Steklov, 1966</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla belokrysi]]'' <small>Steklov, 1966</small>
* ''[[Pupilla bigranata]]'' <small>(Rossmässler 1839)</small><ref name="AB"/> (taxon inquirendum)
* ''[[Pupilla bigranata]]'' <small>(Rossmässler 1839)</small><ref name="AB"/> (taxon inquirendum)
* ''[[Pupilla bipatulata]]'' <small>Akramowski, 1943</small>
* ''[[Pupilla bipatulata]]'' <small>Akramowski, 1943</small>
* ''[[Pupilla bituberculata]]'' <small>H.-J. Wang & S.-Y. Guo, 1991</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla bituberculata]]'' <small>H.-J. Wang & S.-Y. Guo, 1991</small>
* ''[[Pupilla blainvilleana]]'' <small>(Dupuy, 1850)</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla blainvilleana]]'' <small>(Dupuy, 1850)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla blandii]]'' <small>E. S. Morse, 1865</small> - Rocky Mountain column
* ''[[Pupilla blandii]]'' <small>E. S. Morse, 1865</small> – Rocky Mountain column
* ''[[Pupilla bogdanovkaense]]'' <small>Prysiazhniuk, 2017</small> †
* † ''[[Pupilla bogdanovkaense]]'' <small>Prysiazhniuk, 2017</small>
* ''[[Pupilla brevicostis]]'' <small>(Benson, 1849)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla brevicostis]]'' <small>(Benson, 1849)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla calacharicus]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1886)</small> {{cn|date=March 2022}}
* ''[[Pupilla calacharicus]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1886)</small> {{citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* Pupilla capitani (de Morgan, 1920) †
* † ''[[Pupilla capitani]]'' <small>(de Morgan, 1920)</small>
* Pupilla crossei (Michaud, 1862) †
* † ''[[Pupilla crossei]]'' <small>(Michaud, 1862)</small>
* Pupilla cupella O. Boettger, 1889 †
* † ''[[Pupilla cupella]]'' <small>O. Boettger, 1889</small>
* Pupilla diezi (Flach, 1890) †
* † ''[[Pupilla diezi]]'' <small>(Flach, 1890)</small>
* Pupilla diopsis (Benson, 1863)
* ''[[Pupilla diopsis]]'' <small>(Benson, 1863)</small>
* Pupilla duplicata (Preston, 1911)
* ''[[Pupilla duplicata]]'' <small>(Preston, 1911)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla ficulnea]]'' <small>(Tate, 1894)</small><ref>Kessner V. (1996). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/18910/all ''Pupilla ficulnea'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 7 August 2007.</ref>
* ''[[Pupilla ficulnea]]'' <small>(Tate, 1894)</small><ref>Kessner V. (1996). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/18910/all ''Pupilla ficulnea'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 7 August 2007.</ref>
* Pupilla gallae Tzvetkov, 1940
* ''[[Pupilla gallae]]'' <small>Tzvetkov, 1940</small>
* Pupilla goniodon Pilsbry, 1927
* ''[[Pupilla goniodon]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1927</small>
* Pupilla guadalupensis Pilsbry, 1927
* ''[[Pupilla guadalupensis]]'' <small>Pilsbry, 1927</small>
* Pupilla gutta (Benson, 1864)
* ''[[Pupilla gutta]]'' <small>(Benson, 1864)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla hebes]]'' <small>(Ancey 1881)</small> - crestless column
* ''[[Pupilla hebes]]'' <small>(Ancey 1881)</small> – crestless column
* Pupilla hokkaidoensis Nekola, Coles & S. Chiba, 2014
* ''[[Pupilla hokkaidoensis]]'' <small>Nekola, Coles & S. Chiba, 2014</small>
* Pupilla hudsoniana Nekola & Coles, 2014
* ''[[Pupilla hudsoniana]]'' <small>Nekola & Coles, 2014</small>
* Pupilla iheringi Suter, 1900
* ''[[Pupilla iheringi]]'' <small>Suter, 1900</small>
* Pupilla impressa (F. Sandberger, 1862) †
* † ''[[Pupilla impressa]]'' <small>(F. Sandberger, 1862)</small>
* Pupilla inequidenta Schileyko & Almuhambetova, 1979
* ''[[Pupilla inequidenta]]'' <small>Schileyko & Almuhambetova, 1979</small>
* Pupilla inermis Russell, 1931 †
* † ''[[Pupilla inermis]]'' <small>Russell, 1931</small>
* Pupilla inops (Reinhardt, 1877)
* ''[[Pupilla inops]]'' <small>(Reinhardt, 1877)</small>
* Pupilla iratiana (Dupuy, 1850) †
* † ''[[Pupilla iratiana]]'' <small>(Dupuy, 1850)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla khunjerabica]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009">Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". ''[[Annales Zoologici]]'' '''59'''(4): 423-458. {{doi|10.3161/000345409X484847}}.</ref>
* ''[[Pupilla khunjerabica]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009">Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". ''[[Annales Zoologici]]'' '''59'''(4): 423–458. {{doi|10.3161/000345409X484847}}.</ref>
* Pupilla kyrostriata Walther & Hausdorf, 2014
* ''[[Pupilla kyrostriata]]'' <small>Walther & Hausdorf, 2014</small>
* Pupilla limata Schileyko, 1984
* ''[[Pupilla limata]]'' <small>Schileyko, 1984</small>
* ''[[Pupilla loessica]]'' <small>Ložek, 1954</small><ref>{{in lang|cs}} Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). ''Vertigo pseudosubstriata'' sp. n., ''Pupilla muscorum densegyrata'' ssp. n. a ''Pupilla loessica'' sp. n." ''Anthropozoikum'' '''3'''(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.</ref>
* ''[[Pupilla loessica]]'' <small>Ložek, 1954</small><ref>{{in lang|cs}} Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). ''Vertigo pseudosubstriata'' sp. n., ''Pupilla muscorum densegyrata'' ssp. n. a ''Pupilla loessica'' sp. n." ''Anthropozoikum'' '''3'''(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.</ref>
* Pupilla michaudi Wenz, 1919 †
* † ''[[Pupilla michaudi]]'' <small>Wenz, 1919</small>
* Pupilla mlomnickii (Friedberg, 1905) †
* † ''[[Pupilla mlomnickii]]'' <small>(Friedberg, 1905)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla muscorum]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small><ref name="AB"/> - widespread column - type species
* ''[[Pupilla muscorum]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])</small><ref name="AB"/> – widespread column – type species
* Pupilla mutabilis Steklov, 1966 †
* † ''[[Pupilla mutabilis]]'' <small>Steklov, 1966</small>
* ''[[Pupilla obliquicosta]]'' <small>Smith, 1892</small> - extinct<ref>Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/18912/all ''Pupilla obliquicosta'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 7 August 2007.</ref>
* ''[[Pupilla obliquicosta]]'' <small>Smith, 1892</small> – extinct<ref>Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/18912/all ''Pupilla obliquicosta'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 7 August 2007.</ref>
* ''[[Pupilla paraturcmenica]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* ''[[Pupilla paraturcmenica]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* Pupilla parvula (Deshayes, 1863) †
* † ''[[Pupilla parvula]]'' <small>(Deshayes, 1863)</small>
* Pupilla perlabiata Gottschick & Wenz, 1919 †
* † ''[[Pupilla perlabiata]]'' <small>Gottschick & Wenz, 1919</small>
* Pupilla poltavica O. Boettger, 1889 †
* † ''[[Pupilla poltavica]]'' <small>O. Boettger, 1889</small>
* Pupilla profundotuberculata H.-J. Wang & S.-Y. Guo, 1991 †
* ''[[Pupilla profundotuberculata]]'' <small>H.-J. Wang & S.-Y. Guo, 1991</small>
* ''[[Pupilla pupula]]''<ref>Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/18911/all ''Pupilla pupula'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 7 August 2007.</ref>
* ''[[Pupilla pupula]]''<ref>Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/18911/all ''Pupilla pupula'']. [http://www.iucnredlist.org 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.] Downloaded on 7 August 2007.</ref>
* Pupilla quxuensis D.-N. Chen & G.-Q. Zhang, 2001
* ''[[Pupilla quxuensis]]'' <small>D.-N. Chen & G.-Q. Zhang, 2001</small>
* Pupilla retusa (F. Sandberger, 1858) †
* † ''[[Pupilla retusa]]'' <small>(F. Sandberger, 1858)</small>
* Pupilla roberti Prysiazhniuk, 2017 †
* † ''[[Pupilla roberti]]'' <small>Prysiazhniuk, 2017</small>
* Pupilla salemensis (W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861)
* ''[[Pupilla salemensis]]'' <small>(W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla satparanica]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* ''[[Pupilla satparanica]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* Pupilla selecta (Thomä, 1845) †
* † ''[[Pupilla selecta]]'' <small>(Thomä, 1845)</small>
* Pupilla selectiformis (Simionescu & Barbu, 1940) †
* † ''[[Pupilla selectiformis]]'' <small>(Simionescu & Barbu, 1940)</small>
* Pupilla seriola (Benson, 1861)
* ''[[Pupilla seriola]]'' <small>(Benson, 1861)</small>
* Pupilla shantungensis Yen, 1969 †
* † ''[[Pupilla shantungensis]]'' <small>Yen, 1969</small>
* Pupilla simplexa Y.-T. Li, 1985 †
* ''[[Pupilla simplexa]]'' <small>Y.-T. Li, 1985</small>
* ''[[Pupilla sonorana]]'' <small>(Sterki, 1899)</small> - three-tooth column
* ''[[Pupilla sonorana]]'' <small>(Sterki, 1899)</small> – three-tooth column
* Pupilla staszicii (Łomnicki, 1886) †
* † ''[[Pupilla staszicii]]'' <small>(Łomnicki, 1886)</small>
* Pupilla steinheimensis (K. Miller, 1900) †
* † ''[[Pupilla steinheimensis]]'' <small>(K. Miller, 1900)</small>
* Pupilla sterkiana (Pilsbry, 1890)
* ''[[Pupilla sterkiana]]'' <small>(Pilsbry, 1890)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla sterrii]]'' <small>(Forster & Voith, 1840)</small><ref name="AB"/>
* ''[[Pupilla sterrii]]'' <small>(Forster & Voith, 1840)</small><ref name="AB"/>
* Pupilla striopolita Schileyko, 1984
* ''[[Pupilla striopolita]]'' <small>Schileyko, 1984</small>
* Pupilla subquadridens (A. d'Orbigny, 1852) †
* † ''[[Pupilla subquadridens]]'' <small>(A. d'Orbigny, 1852)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla syngenes]]'' <small>(Pilsbry, 1890)</small> - top-heavy column
* ''[[Pupilla syngenes]]'' <small>(Pilsbry, 1890)</small> – top-heavy column
* ''[[Pupilla tetrodus]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1870)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla tetrodus]]'' <small>(Boettger, 1870)</small>
* ''[[Pupilla triplicata]]'' <small>(Studer, 1820)</small><ref name="AB"/>
* ''[[Pupilla triplicata]]'' <small>(Studer, 1820)</small><ref name="AB"/>
* Pupilla triplicatoidea Steklov, 1966 †
* † ''[[Pupilla triplicatoidea]]'' <small>Steklov, 1966</small>
* Pupilla tschumakovi Prysjazhnjuk, 2017 †
* † ''[[Pupilla tschumakovi]]'' <small>Prysjazhnjuk, 2017</small>
* ''[[Pupilla turcmenica]]'' <small>(O. Boettger)</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* ''[[Pupilla turcmenica]]'' <small>(O. Boettger)</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* Pupilla zeisslerae Schlickum, 1975 †
* † ''[[Pupilla zeisslerae]]'' <small>Schlickum, 1975</small>
* ''[[Pupilla ziaratana]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
* ''[[Pupilla ziaratana]]'' <small>Pokryszko, Auffenberg, Hlaváč & Naggs, 2009</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}

;Synonyms:
==Synonyms==
⚫
* ''Pupilla fontana'' <small>(Krauss, 1848)</small>: synonym of ''[[Gibbulinopsis fontana]]'' <small>(F. Krauss, 1848)</small> (superseded combination)
* ''[[Pupilla pratensis]]'' <small>(Clessin, 1871)</small><ref name="AB"/>: synonym of ''[[Pupilla alpicola]]'' <small>(Charpentier, 1837)</small> (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
* ''Pupilla barrackporensis'' <small>Gude, 1914</small>: synonym of ''[[Insulipupa malayana]]'' <small>(Issel, 1874)</small> (junior synonym)
* ''Pupilla signata'' <small>(Mousson, 1873)</small><ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/>: synonym of ''[[Gibbulinopsis signata]]'' <small>(Mousson, 1873)</small>
* ''Pupilla cinghalensis'' <small>Gude, 1914</small>: synonym of ''[[Indopupa cinghalensis]]'' <small>(Gude, 1914)</small> (original combination)
* ''Pupilla cryptodon'' <small>(Heude, 1880)</small>: synonym of ''[[Gibbulinopsis cryptodon]]'' <small>(Heude, 1880)</small> (unaccepted combination)
* ''Pupilla cupa'' <small>(Jan 1832)</small>: synonym of ''[[Pupilla muscorum]]'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> (junior synonym)
* ''Pupilla draparnaudi'' <small>Leach [in Turton], 1831</small>: synonym of ''[[Lauria cylindracea]]'' <small>(Da Costa, 1778)</small>
* ''Pupilla floridana'' <small>Dall, 1885</small>: synonym of ''[[Gastrocopta pentodon]]'' <small>(Say, 1822)</small> (junior synonym)
⚫
* ''Pupilla fontana'' <small>(Krauss, 1848)</small>: synonym of ''[[Gibbulinopsis fontana]]'' <small>(F. Krauss, 1848)</small> ([[superseded combination]])
* ''Pupilla gracilis'' <small>Izzatullaev, 1970</small>: synonym of ''[[Gibbulinopsis gracilis]]'' <small>(Izzatullaev, 1970)</small> (original combination)
* ''Pupilla hudsonianum'' [sic]: synonym of ''[[Pupilla hudsoniana]]'' <small>Nekola & Coles, 2014</small> (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
* ''Pupilla muscerda'' <small>(Benson, 1853)</small>: synonym of ''[[Microstele muscerda]]'' <small>(Benson, 1853)</small> (unaccepted combination)
* ''Pupilla pratensis'' <small>(Clessin, 1871)</small>:<ref name="AB"/> synonym of ''[[Pupilla alpicola]]'' <small>(Charpentier, 1837)</small> (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
* † ''Pupilla quadrigranata'' <small>(F. Sandberger, 1858)</small>: synonym of † ''[[Pupilla selecta]]'' <small>(Thomä, 1845)</small> (junior synonym)
* ''Pupilla reibischi'' <small>Dall & Ochsner, 1928</small>: synonym of ''[[Gastrocopta reibischi]]'' <small>(Dall & Ochsner, 1928)</small> (original name)
* Pupilla salmensis (W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861): synonym of ''[[Pupilla salemensis]]'' <small>(W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861)</small> (misspelling of original name.)
* ''Pupilla signata'' <small>(Mousson, 1873)</small>:<ref name="Pokryszko 2009"/> synonym of ''[[Gibbulinopsis signata]]'' <small>(Mousson, 1873)</small>
* ''Pupilla stoneri'' <small>Chamberlin & Jones, 1929</small>: synonym of ''[[Gastrocopta pilsbryana]]'' <small>(Sterki, 1890)</small>
* † ''Pupilla submuscorum'' <small>Gottschick & Wenz, 1919</small>: synonym of † [[Gibbulinopsis submuscorum]] <small>(Gottschick & Wenz, 1919)</small>
* ''Pupilla wolfae'' <small>Tzvetkov, 1940</small>: synonym of ''[[Pupilla sterrii]]'' <small>(Voith, 1840)</small> (junior synonym)


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
* Flach, K. (1890). Palaeontologische Beiträge. Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, Neue Folge. 24(3): 49-59, pl. 1.
* Flach, K. (1890). Palaeontologische Beiträge. Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, Neue Folge. 24(3): 49–59, pl. 1.
* Schileyko, A. A. (1984). Nazemnye molljuski podotrjada Pupillina fauny SSSR (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Geophila). In:. Fauna SSSR, Molljuski. III, 3
* Schileyko, A. A. (1984). Nazemnye molljuski podotrjada Pupillina fauny SSSR (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Geophila). In:. Fauna SSSR, Molljuski. III, 3
* Held, F. (1837-1838). Notizen über die Weichthiere Bayerns. Isis (Oken), 30 (4): 303-309 (1837); 30 (12): 901-919 (1838). Leipzig
* Held, F. (1837–1838). Notizen über die Weichthiere Bayerns. Isis (Oken), 30 (4): 303–309 (1837); 30 (12): 901–919 (1838). Leipzig


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28587765 Draparnaud, J. P. R. (1801). Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Montpellier / Paris (Renaud / Bossange, Masson & Besson). 1-116]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1295891 Pilsbry, H. A. (1920-1921). Manual of conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. Ser. 2, Pulmonata. Vol. 26: Pupillidae (Vertigininae, Pupillinae). pp i-iv, 1-254, pls 1-24. Philadelphia, published by the Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28587765 Draparnaud, J. P. R. (1801). Tableau des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Montpellier / Paris (Renaud / Bossange, Masson & Besson). 1–116]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1295891 Pilsbry, H. A. (1920–1921). Manual of conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species. Ser. 2, Pulmonata. Vol. 26: Pupillidae (Vertigininae, Pupillinae). pp i–iv, 1–254, pls 1–24. Philadelphia, published by the Conchological Section, Academy of Natural Sciences]
* [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27411580 Held, F. (1837-1838). Notizen über die Weichthiere Bayerns. Isis (Oken), 30 (4): 303-309 (1837); 30 (12): 901-919 (1838). Leipzig]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1726537 Dall, W. H. (1904). Notes on the nomenclature of the Pupacea and associated forms. The Nautilus. 17(10): 114-116]
* [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27411580 Held, F. (1837–1838). Notizen über die Weichthiere Bayerns. Isis (Oken), 30 (4): 303–309 (1837); 30 (12): 901–919 (1838). Leipzig]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1817076 Cockerell, T. D. A. (1905). Note on the nomenclature of the snails usually called Pupa. The Nautilus. 18(9): 103-105]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1726537 Dall, W. H. (1904). Notes on the nomenclature of the Pupacea and associated forms. The Nautilus. 17(10): 114–116]
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1817076 Cockerell, T. D. A. (1905). Note on the nomenclature of the snails usually called Pupa. The Nautilus. 18(9): 103–105]


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[[Category:Pupillidae]]
[[Category:Pupillidae]]

Latest revision as of 03:30, 10 July 2024

Pupilla
Temporal range: Oligocene–Holocene
A right side view of a live Pupilla muscorum
Six shells of Pupilla muscorum, scale bar in mm
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Order: Stylommatophora
Superfamily: Pupilloidea
Family: Pupillidae
Subfamily: Pupillinae
Genus: Pupilla
Fleming, 1828[1]
Type species
Pupa marginata Draparnaud, 1801
Synonyms
  • Glischrus (Pupa) Draparnaud, 1801
  • † Paracoryna Flach, 1890 (junior synonym)
  • Pupa Draparnaud, 1801 (invalid: junior homonym of Pupa Röding, 1798)
  • Pupa (Pupilla) J. Fleming, 1828
  • Pupilla (Afripupilla) Pilsbry, 1921· accepted, alternate representation
  • Pupilla (Fragipupilla) Schileyko, 1984· accepted, alternate representation
  • Pupilla (Pupilla) J. Fleming, 1828· accepted, alternate representation
  • Pupilla (Striopupilla) Pilsbry, 1921· accepted, alternate representation
  • Sphyradium (Pupa) Draparnaud, 1801
  • Torquatella Held, 1838 (junior synonym)
  • Vertigo (Pupa) Draparnaud, 1801 (unaccepted combination)

Pupilla is a genus of minute air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the subfamily Pupillinae of the family Pupillidae.[2]

Shells of Pupilla species are known from terrestrial Cenozoic strata dating back to the Oligocene until the Holocene period.[3]

Distribution

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This genus occurs in Eurasia, northern Africa and North America.[4]

Species

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Species within the genus Pupilla include:

Synonyms

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  • Pupilla barrackporensis Gude, 1914: synonym of Insulipupa malayana (Issel, 1874) (junior synonym)
  • Pupilla cinghalensis Gude, 1914: synonym of Indopupa cinghalensis (Gude, 1914) (original combination)
  • Pupilla cryptodon (Heude, 1880): synonym of Gibbulinopsis cryptodon (Heude, 1880) (unaccepted combination)
  • Pupilla cupa (Jan 1832): synonym of Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (junior synonym)
  • Pupilla draparnaudi Leach [in Turton], 1831: synonym of Lauria cylindracea (Da Costa, 1778)
  • Pupilla floridana Dall, 1885: synonym of Gastrocopta pentodon (Say, 1822) (junior synonym)
  • Pupilla fontana (Krauss, 1848): synonym of Gibbulinopsis fontana (F. Krauss, 1848) (superseded combination)
  • Pupilla gracilis Izzatullaev, 1970: synonym of Gibbulinopsis gracilis (Izzatullaev, 1970) (original combination)
  • Pupilla hudsonianum [sic]: synonym of Pupilla hudsoniana Nekola & Coles, 2014 (wrong gender agreement of specific epithet)
  • Pupilla muscerda (Benson, 1853): synonym of Microstele muscerda (Benson, 1853) (unaccepted combination)
  • Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871):[4] synonym of Pupilla alpicola (Charpentier, 1837) (unaccepted > junior subjective synonym)
  • † Pupilla quadrigranata (F. Sandberger, 1858): synonym of † Pupilla selecta (Thomä, 1845) (junior synonym)
  • Pupilla reibischi Dall & Ochsner, 1928: synonym of Gastrocopta reibischi (Dall & Ochsner, 1928) (original name)
  • Pupilla salmensis (W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861): synonym of Pupilla salemensis (W. T. Blanford & H. F. Blanford, 1861) (misspelling of original name.)
  • Pupilla signata (Mousson, 1873):[5] synonym of Gibbulinopsis signata (Mousson, 1873)
  • Pupilla stoneri Chamberlin & Jones, 1929: synonym of Gastrocopta pilsbryana (Sterki, 1890)
  • † Pupilla submuscorum Gottschick & Wenz, 1919: synonym of † Gibbulinopsis submuscorum (Gottschick & Wenz, 1919)
  • Pupilla wolfae Tzvetkov, 1940: synonym of Pupilla sterrii (Voith, 1840) (junior synonym)

References

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  1. ^ Fleming J. (1828). A history of British animals, exhibiting the descriptive characters and systematic arrangement of the genera and species of quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, fishes, Mollusca, and Radiata of the United Kingdom; including the indigenous, extirpated, and extinct kinds, together with periodical and occasional visitants. pp. i–xxxii [= 1–23], 1–565, [1]. Edinburgh. (Bell & Bradfute).
  2. ^ -MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pupilla J. Fleming, 1828. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=426395 on 5 March 2022
  3. ^ (in Czech) Ivanov M., Hrdličková, S. & Gregorová, R. (2001). Encyklopedie zkamenělin. Rebo Productions, Dobřejovice, 1. vydání, 312 pp., page 125.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g "Genus summary for Pupilla". AnimalBase. Last modified 2 September 2006, accessed 30 July 2010.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Pokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423–458. doi:10.3161/000345409X484847.
  6. ^ Kessner V. (1996). Pupilla ficulnea. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
  7. ^ (in Czech) Ložek V. (1954). "Noví měkkýši československého pleistocénu (Neue Mollusken aus dem tschechoslowakischen Pleistozän). Vertigo pseudosubstriata sp. n., Pupilla muscorum densegyrata ssp. n. a Pupilla loessica sp. n." Anthropozoikum 3(1953): 327–342, Tab. 1.
  8. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla obliquicosta. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
  9. ^ Mollusc Specialist Group (1996). Pupilla pupula. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 August 2007.
  • Flach, K. (1890). Palaeontologische Beiträge. Verhandlungen der Physikalisch-Medicinischen Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, Neue Folge. 24(3): 49–59, pl. 1.
  • Schileyko, A. A. (1984). Nazemnye molljuski podotrjada Pupillina fauny SSSR (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Geophila). In:. Fauna SSSR, Molljuski. III, 3
  • Held, F. (1837–1838). Notizen über die Weichthiere Bayerns. Isis (Oken), 30 (4): 303–309 (1837); 30 (12): 901–919 (1838). Leipzig
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