Abu Nasr al-Jawhari: Difference between revisions

Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
Born	Abu Nasr Isma'il ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (or al-Jauhari); Otrar, Transoxiana (now Kazakhstan)
Died	1002 or 1008; Nishapur, Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran)
Nationality	Persian
Occupation(s)	Lexicographer, writer
Known for	Wrote al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-Lughah

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Abu Nasr Isma'il ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (ابو نصرإسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري) also spelled al-Jauhari (died 1002 or 1008) was a medieval Turkic^[1]^[2] lexicographer and the author of a notable Arabic dictionary al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-Lughah (الصحاح في اللغة).

Life

He was born in the city of Farab^[3] (Otrar) in Transoxiana (in today's southern Kazakhstan). He began his studies of the Arabic language in Farab,^[3] then studied in Baghdad, continuing among the Arabs of the Hejaz,^[4] then moving to northern Khurāsān, first to Damghan before settling finally at Nishapur.^[3] It was here he met his death in a failed attempt at flight from the roof of a mosque, possibly due to delusions of being a bird.^[5]

Works

Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiya (الصحاح تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية)^[6] "The Crown of Language and the Correct Arabic" - His magnum opus dictionary of Arabic; often abbreviated as al-Sihah fi al-Lugha, "The Correct Language", and al-Sihah (الصحاح).^[7] It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries.^[8] Written in Nishapur, it was incomplete at his death and completed by a student. Al-Jawhari uses an alphabetical ordering system with the last letter of a word's root being the first ordering criterion. Al-Sihah is a principal Arabic dictionary of the medieval era and later compilers of Arabic dictionaries incorporated its material. Over the centuries several abridgements and elaborations in Arabic were produced and a large portion was copied into the huge 13th century dictionary compilation Lisan al-Arab; published online at http://www.baheth.info.^[4] A fully searchable online edition available at Baheth.info.
Edition begun by E. Scheidius with a Latin translation, but one part only appeared at Harderwijk (1776).^[3]
Complete edition, Tabriz (1854).
Complete edition, Cairo (1865).
Many abridged and Persian language editions.^[9]

In 1729 Ibrahim Muteferrika's Arabic-Turkish dictionary, based on Jawhari's, became the first book printed by printing press of Ottoman era.^[10]

References

^ الذهبي, شمس الدين. سير أعلام النبلاء - ج 25 : الفهارس 2 (in Arabic). IslamKotob.
^ L., Kopf (24 April 2012). "al-D̲j̲awharī".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Thatcher, Griffithes W. (1911). "Jauharī" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 281.
^ ^a ^b Book Arabic Lexicography: Its History..., by John A. Haywood, year 1965, chapter six: "The Ṣaḥāḥ of al-Jauharī".
^ Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 059. doi:10.1177/0957154x9600702503
^ Jawharī (al-), Ismail ibn Hammad (1979). Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lughah (in Arabic) (2 ed.). Bayrūt: Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn.
^ Sprenger, p82
^ History of Humanity, edited by Muḥammad ʻAdnān Bakhīt, year 2000. The section headed "Grammar and Lexicography" written by Ahmad Yusuf Al-Hasan.
^ See library catalogs at Classify.OCLC.org. Also C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur (Weimar, 1898).
^ The al-Sihah of al-Jawhari was rendered as an Arabic–Turkish dictionary by Vankulu (died 1592) and was published in Istanbul in 1729. This publication is of significance in the history of publishing under the Ottomans, as discussed in the article about its publisher Ibrahim Muteferrika. Further information at ref Archived 2017-03-05 at the Wayback Machine.

Bibliography

Book Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of Lexicography, by John A. Haywood, 1965.
Young, M. J. L. (1990). "Arabic biographical writing". In M. J. L. Young; J. D. Latham; R. B. Serjeant (eds.). Religion, learning and science in the 'Abbasid period. The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32763-3.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Dictionary" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 197.
Sprenger, Aloys, ed. (1857). A catalogue of the Bibliotheca Orientalis Sprengeriana. Geissen. p. 1400.

External links

Encyclopedia Islamica

[1] الذهبي, شمس الدين. سير أعلام النبلاء - ج 25 : الفهارس 2 (in Arabic). IslamKotob.

[2] L., Kopf (24 April 2012). "al-D̲j̲awharī".

[EB1911-3] Thatcher, Griffithes W. (1911). "Jauharī" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 281.

[JohnHaywood-4] Book Arabic Lexicography: Its History..., by John A. Haywood, year 1965, chapter six: "The Ṣaḥāḥ of al-Jauharī".

[5] Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 059. doi:10.1177/0957154x9600702503

[6] Jawharī (al-), Ismail ibn Hammad (1979). Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lughah (in Arabic) (2 ed.). Bayrūt: Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn.

[7] Sprenger, p82

[8] History of Humanity, edited by Muḥammad ʻAdnān Bakhīt, year 2000. The section headed "Grammar and Lexicography" written by Ahmad Yusuf Al-Hasan.

[9] See library catalogs at Classify.OCLC.org. Also C. Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Literatur (Weimar, 1898).

[10] The al-Sihah of al-Jawhari was rendered as an Arabic–Turkish dictionary by Vankulu (died 1592) and was published in Istanbul in 1729. This publication is of significance in the history of publishing under the Ottomans, as discussed in the article about its publisher Ibrahim Muteferrika. Further information at ref Archived 2017-03-05 at the Wayback Machine.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Arabic lexicographer}}
-'''Abu Nasr Isma'il ibn Hammad al-Jawhari''' ({{lang|ar|ابو نصرإسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري}}) also spelled '''al-Jauhari''' (died 1002 or 1008) was a medieval [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=الذهبي|first1=شمس الدين|title=سير أعلام النبلاء - ج 25 : الفهارس 2|publisher=IslamKotob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvJGsiXJj3kC&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%90%D9%8A%D9%91%D9%8F&pg=PT62|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=L.|first1=Kopf|title=al-D̲j̲awharī|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-djawhari-SIM_2035?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=al-%E1%B8%8Ej%CC%B2awhar%C4%AB|language=en}}</ref> [[lexicographer]] and the author of a notable Arabic dictionary ''al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lughah'' ({{lang|ar|الصحاح في اللغة}}).
+{{Infobox person
+| name               = Abu Nasr al-Jawhari
+| image              =
+| alt                =
+| caption            =
+| birth_name         = Abu Nasr Isma'il ibn Hammad al-Jawhari (or al-Jauhari)
+| birth_date         =
+| birth_place        = [[Otrar]], [[Transoxiana]] (now [[Kazakhstan]])
+| death_date         = 1002 or 1008
+| death_place        = [[Nishapur]], [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (now [[Iran]])
+| nationality        = Persian
+| other_names        =
+| occupation         = Lexicographer, writer
+| years_active       =
+| known_for          = Wrote ''al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-Lughah''
+| notable_works      =
+}}
+'''Abu Nasr Isma'il ibn Hammad al-Jawhari''' ({{lang|ar|ابو نصرإسماعيل بن حماد الجوهري}}) also spelled '''al-Jauhari''' (died 1002 or 1008) was a medieval [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=الذهبي|first1=شمس الدين|title=سير أعلام النبلاء - ج 25 : الفهارس 2|publisher=IslamKotob|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvJGsiXJj3kC&q=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%8F%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8E%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%90%D9%8A%D9%91%D9%8F&pg=PT62|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=L.|first1=Kopf|title=al-D̲j̲awharī|date=24 April 2012 |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-djawhari-SIM_2035?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=al-%E1%B8%8Ej%CC%B2awhar%C4%AB|language=en}}</ref> [[lexicographer]] and the author of a notable Arabic dictionary ''al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-Lughah'' ({{lang|ar|الصحاح في اللغة}}).
 ==Life==
-He was born in the city of Farab<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jauharī |volume=15 |page=281 |first=Griffithes W. |last=Thatcher}}</ref> ([[Otrar]]) in [[Transoxiana]] (in today's southern [[Kazakhstan]]). He began his studies of the Arabic language in Farab,<ref name=EB1911/> then studied in [[Baghdad]], continuing among the Arabs of the [[Hejaz]],<ref name=JohnHaywood /> then moving to northern [[Greater Khorasan|Khurāsān]], first to [[Damghan]] before settling finally at [[Nishapur]]).<ref name=EB1911/> It was here he met his death in a failed attempt at [[flight]] from the roof of a mosque, possibly due to [[Clinical lycanthropy|delusions]] of being a bird.<ref>Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 059. doi:10.1177/0957154x9600702503</ref> It is also possible that he was influenced by the Berber Andalusian [[Abbas ibn Firnas]]’ attempt at flight.
+He was born in the city of Farab<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jauharī |volume=15 |page=281 |first=Griffithes W. |last=Thatcher}}</ref> ([[Otrar]]) in [[Transoxiana]] (in today's southern [[Kazakhstan]]). He began his studies of the Arabic language in Farab,<ref name=EB1911/> then studied in [[Baghdad]], continuing among the Arabs of the [[Hejaz]],<ref name=JohnHaywood /> then moving to northern [[Greater Khorasan|Khurāsān]], first to [[Damghan]] before settling finally at [[Nishapur]].<ref name="EB1911" /> It was here he met his death in a failed attempt at [[flight]] from the roof of a mosque, possibly due to [[Clinical lycanthropy|delusions of being a bird]].<ref>Youssef, H. A., Youssef, F. A., & Dening, T. R. (1996). Evidence for the existence of schizophrenia in medieval Islamic society. History of Psychiatry, 7(25), 059. doi:10.1177/0957154x9600702503</ref>
 ==Works==
-*''Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiya'' ({{lang|ar|الصحاح تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية}})<ref>{{cite book|last= Jawharī (al-)|first= Ismail ibn Hammad|author-link=Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari|title=Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lughah|place= [[Beirut|Bayrūt]]|publisher=Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn|year=1979|edition=2|language=ar |url= https://archive.org/stream/FP10502/10502p#mode}}</ref>  "The Crown of Language and the Correct Arabic" - His magnum opus dictionary of Arabic;   often abbreviated as ''al-Sihah fi al-Lugha'', "The Correct Language", and ''al-Sihah'' ({{lang|ar|الصحاح}}).<ref>Sprenger, p82</ref> It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ixCyd2lByggC&pg=PA113 ''History of Humanity''], edited by Muḥammad ʻAdnān Bakhīt, year 2000. The section headed "Grammar and Lexicography" written by Ahmad Yusuf Al-Hasan.</ref> Written in Nishapur, it was incomplete at his death and completed by a student. Al-Jawhari uses an alphabetical ordering system with the last letter of a word's root being the first ordering criterion. ''Al-Sihah'' is a principal Arabic dictionary of the medieval era and later compilers of Arabic dictionaries incorporated  its material. Over the centuries several abridgements and elaborations in Arabic were produced and a large portion was copied into the huge 13th century dictionary compilation ''[[Lisan al-Arab]]''; published online at http://www.baheth.info.<ref name=JohnHaywood>Book [https://books.google.com/books?id=-dQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 ''Arabic Lexicography: Its History...''], by John A. Haywood, year 1965, chapter six: "The ''Ṣaḥāḥ'' of al-Jauharī".</ref> A fully searchable online edition available at [http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp Baheth.info].
+* ''Taj al-Lugha wa Sihah al-Arabiya'' ({{lang|ar|الصحاح تاج اللغة وصحاح العربية}})<ref>{{cite book|last= Jawharī (al-)|first= Ismail ibn Hammad|author-link=Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari|title=Al-Ṣiḥāḥ fī al-lughah|place= [[Beirut|Bayrūt]]|publisher=Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn|year=1979|edition=2|language=ar |url= https://archive.org/stream/FP10502/10502p#mode}}</ref>  "The Crown of Language and the Correct Arabic" - His magnum opus dictionary of Arabic;   often abbreviated as ''al-Sihah fi al-Lugha'', "The Correct Language", and ''al-Sihah'' ({{lang|ar|الصحاح}}).<ref>Sprenger, p82</ref> It contains about 40,000 dictionary entries.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ixCyd2lByggC&pg=PA113 ''History of Humanity''], edited by Muḥammad ʻAdnān Bakhīt, year 2000. The section headed "Grammar and Lexicography" written by Ahmad Yusuf Al-Hasan.</ref> Written in Nishapur, it was incomplete at his death and completed by a student. Al-Jawhari uses an alphabetical ordering system with the last letter of a word's root being the first ordering criterion. ''Al-Sihah'' is a principal Arabic dictionary of the medieval era and later compilers of Arabic dictionaries incorporated  its material. Over the centuries several abridgements and elaborations in Arabic were produced and a large portion was copied into the huge 13th century dictionary compilation ''[[Lisan al-Arab]]''; published online at http://www.baheth.info.<ref name=JohnHaywood>Book [https://books.google.com/books?id=-dQUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA68 ''Arabic Lexicography: Its History...''], by John A. Haywood, year 1965, chapter six: "The ''Ṣaḥāḥ'' of al-Jauharī".</ref> A fully searchable online edition available at [http://www.baheth.info/index.jsp Baheth.info].
-*edition begun by E. Scheidius with a Latin translation, but one part only appeared at [[Harderwijk]] (1776)
+* Edition begun by E. Scheidius with a Latin translation, but one part only appeared at [[Harderwijk]] (1776).<ref name="EB1911"/>
-*Complete edition, [[Tabriz]] (1854)
+* Complete edition, [[Tabriz]] (1854).
-*Complete edition, [[Cairo]] (1865)
+* Complete edition, [[Cairo]] (1865).
-*many abridged and Persian language editions.<ref>See library catalogs at [http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?swid=017724522 Classify.OCLC.org]. Also C. Brockelmann, ''Geschichte der arabischen Literatur'' ([[Weimar]], 1898).</ref>
+* Many abridged and Persian language editions.<ref>See library catalogs at [http://classify.oclc.org/classify2/ClassifyDemo?swid=017724522 Classify.OCLC.org]. Also C. Brockelmann, ''Geschichte der arabischen Literatur'' ([[Weimar]], 1898).</ref>
 In 1729 [[Ibrahim Muteferrika]]'s Arabic-Turkish dictionary, based on Jawhari's, became the  first book printed by [[printing press]] of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era.<ref>The ''al-Sihah'' of al-Jawhari was rendered as an Arabic–Turkish dictionary by Vankulu (died 1592) and was published in Istanbul in 1729. This publication is of significance in the history of publishing under the Ottomans, as discussed in the article about its publisher [[Ibrahim Muteferrika]]. Further information at [http://www.iub.edu/~iuam/online_modules/islamic_book_arts/exhibit/early_printed_books/vankulu_lugati_%28vankulus_dictionary%29.html ref] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305025609/http://www.iub.edu/~iuam/online_modules/islamic_book_arts/exhibit/early_printed_books/vankulu_lugati_%28vankulus_dictionary%29.html |date=2017-03-05 }}.</ref>
@@ Line 18: / Line 36: @@
 === Bibliography ===
 {{refbegin}}
-* Book [https://books.google.com/books?id=-dQUAAAAIAAJ ''Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of Lexicography''], by John A. Haywood, year 1965.
+* Book [https://books.google.com/books?id=-dQUAAAAIAAJ ''Arabic Lexicography: Its History, and Its Place in the General History of Lexicography''], by John A. Haywood, 1965.
 * {{cite book |last=Young |first=M. J. L. |editor1=M. J. L. Young |editor2=J. D. Latham |editor3=R. B. Serjeant |title=Religion, learning and science in the 'Abbasid period |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4imL0Gb-8YC |series=The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature |year=1990 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-32763-3 |chapter=Arabic biographical writing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4imL0Gb-8YC&pg=PA168}}
 * {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Dictionary |volume=8 |page=197}}
-*{{cite book | editor-last=Sprenger | editor-first=Aloys|editor-link=Aloys Sprenger | title=A catalogue of the Bibliotheca Orientalis Sprengeriana | publisher=Geissen | year=1857 | page=1400| url=https://archive.org/stream/acataloguebibli00staagoog#page/n82}}
+* {{cite book |editor-last=Sprenger |editor-first=Aloys |editor-link=Aloys Sprenger |title=A catalogue of the Bibliotheca Orientalis Sprengeriana |publisher=Geissen |year=1857 |page=1400 |url=https://archive.org/stream/acataloguebibli00staagoog#page/n82}}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 29: / Line 47: @@
 {{Authority control}}
 [[Category:10th-century births]]
 [[Category:1000s deaths]]
-[[Category:Arabists]]
+[[Category:10th-century Iranian people]]
-[[Category:10th-century Turkic people]]
 [[Category:Lexicographers of Arabic]]
-[[Category:Grammarians of Arabic]]
+[[Category:Medieval grammarians of Arabic]]
 [[Category:Inventors killed by their own invention]]
-[[Category:10th-century Arabic writers]]
+[[Category:10th-century Arabic-language writers]]

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