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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Taxobox
{{distinguish|Butterflyfish}}
| name = Freshwater butterfly fish
{{Speciesbox
| status = LC
⚫
| status_system = iucn3.1
| trend = unknown
| image = Pantodon buchholzi.jpg
| image = Pantodon buchholzi.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| status = LC
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite journal | author = Moelants, T. | title = ''Pantodon buchholzi'' | journal = [[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2010 | page = e.T183157A8057176 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | date = 2010 | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/183157/8057176 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183157A8057176.en | access-date = 23 May 2020| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| parent_authority = [[Wilhelm Peters|W. K. H. Peters]], 1877
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
⚫
| taxon = Pantodon buchholzi
⚫
| ordo = [[Osteoglossiformes]]
⚫
| authority = [[Wilhelm Peters|W. K. H. Peters]], 1877
| familia = '''Pantodontidae'''
| genus = '''''Pantodon'''''
| range_map = Pantodon buchholzi Map.jpg
⚫
| genus_authority = [[Wilhelm Peters|W. K. H. Peters]], 1877
| species = '''''P. buchholzi'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Pantodon buchholzi''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[Wilhelm Peters|W. K. H. Peters]], 1877
}}
}}


The '''freshwater butterflyfish''' or '''African butterflyfish''', ''Pantodon buchholzi'', is the only species in the family '''Pantodontidae''' within the Order [[Osteoglossiformes]]. It is not closely related to saltwater [[butterflyfish]]es.
The '''freshwater butterflyfish''' or '''African butterflyfish''' ('''''Pantodon buchholzi''''') is a species of [[Osteoglossiformes|osteoglossiform]] fish native to freshwater habitats in the [[Niger River|Niger]] and [[Congo Basin|Congo]] basins of western and central Africa. It is the only [[extant taxon|extant]] species in the family [[Pantodontidae]]. It is not closely related to saltwater [[butterflyfish]]es.

== Evolution ==
The freshwater butterflyfish is the last surviving member of a family that was diverse during the [[Late Cretaceous]] period, with many pantodontid genera known from the [[Cenomanian]]-aged [[Sannine Formation]] of [[Lebanon]]. These early pantodontids inhabited a marine environment off the coast of northern Africa and are the earliest known marine [[Osteoglossomorpha|osteoglossomorphs]], suggesting that the ancestors of ''Pantodon'' colonized freshwater habitats independently of other osteoglossiforms. These Cretaceous marine pantodontids appear to vary in their relation to the extant genus; of them, the closest relative and [[sister genus]] to ''Pantodon'' appears to be ''[[Palaeopantodon]]''.<ref name="Palaeopantodon">{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |date=2021 |title=The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 3°. ''Palaeopantodon vandersypeni'' gen. and sp. nov. |url=http://www.geoecotrop.be/uploads/publications/pub_454_14.pdf |journal=Geo-Eco-Trop. |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=699–708}}</ref><ref name="Prognathoglossum">{{cite journal |last1=Taverne |first1=L. |last2=Capasso |first2=L. |date=2012 |title=Osteology and relationships of ''Prognathoglossum kalassyi'' gen. and sp. nov. (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes, Pantodontidae) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of En Nammoura (Lebanon) |url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/ocrd/303283.pdf |journal=Cybium |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=563–574}}</ref>

Populations of freshwater butterflyfish in the Niger vs. the Congo basins appear virtually identical in morphology, but [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] divergence estimates suggest an extreme level of genetic divergence between them, dating to the [[Thanetian|Late Paleocene]] (57 million years ago) or earlier. This is one of the most dramatic cases of [[Stasis (biology)|morphological stasis]] (in which two [[Allopatric speciation|allopatric]] populations remain similar in appearance despite achieving a great level of genetic divergence from one another) known in a vertebrate taxon, and may suggest some level of [[cryptic speciation]] within the genus.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lavoué |first1=Sébastien |last2=Miya |first2=Masaki |last3=Arnegard |first3=Matthew E. |last4=McIntyre |first4=Peter B. |last5=Mamonekene |first5=Victor |last6=Nishida |first6=Mutsumi |date=2011-04-07 |title=Remarkable morphological stasis in an extant vertebrate despite tens of millions of years of divergence |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=278 |issue=1708 |pages=1003–1008 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1639 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3049028 |pmid=20880884}}</ref>

Genetic studies suggest that the freshwater butterflyfish has experienced one of the greatest losses of whole [[Hox gene cluster|''Hox'' gene clusters]] in a [[teleost]] fish, with only 5 ''Hox'' clusters present after a presumed loss of 3 ''Hox'' clusters in the past. Despite this, it retains a similar overall number of ''Hox'' genes to other teleosts, due to a high proportion of duplicated genes in certain clusters. Due to its small size, widespread availability in captivity, and relatively small genome, the freshwater butterflyfish may serve as an attractive [[model organism]], despite being studied less compared to other model fish taxa, which are [[Clupeocephala|clupeocephalans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Kyle J. |last2=Holland |first2=Peter W.H. |date=2014 |title=Enigmatic Orthology Relationships between Hox Clusters of the African Butterfly Fish and Other Teleosts Following Ancient Whole-Genome Duplication |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/molbev/msu202 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=2592–2611 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msu202 |issn=1537-1719 |pmc=4166920 |pmid=24974377}}</ref>


==Description and habits==
==Description and habits==


Freshwater butterfly fish are small, no more than {{convert|13|cm|in}} in length, with very large [[pectoral fin]]s. It has a large and well-vascularized [[gas bladder|swim bladder]], enabling it to breathe air at the surface of the water. They are carnivorous, feeding primarily on aquatic [[insect]]s and smaller fishes.{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. & Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Greenwood, P.H. & Wilson, M.V.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 81|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}
Freshwater butterfly fish are small, no more than {{convert|13|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, with very large [[pectoral fin]]s. It has a large and well-vascularized [[gas bladder|swim bladder]], enabling it to breathe air at the surface of the water. It is carnivorous, feeding primarily on aquatic [[insect]]s and smaller fishes.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Greenwood, P.H. |author2=Wilson, M.V.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 81|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>


The freshwater butterflyfish is a specialized surface hunter. Its eyes are constantly trained to the surface and its upturned mouth is specifically adapted to capture small prey along the water's surface. If enough speed is built up in the water, a butterflyfish can jump and [[glide (flight)|glide]] a small distance above the surface to avoid predation. It also wiggles its pectoral fins as it glides, with the help of specialized, enlarged pectoral muscles, the ability which earned the fish its common name.Berra, Tim M. (2001). ''Freshwater Fish Distribution''. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7
The freshwater butterflyfish is a specialized surface hunter. Its eyes are constantly trained to the surface and its upturned mouth is specifically adapted to capture small prey along the water's surface. If enough speed is built up in the water, a butterflyfish can jump and [[glide (flight)|glide]] a small distance above the surface to avoid predation. It also wiggles its pectoral fins as it glides, with the help of specialized, enlarged pectoral muscles, the ability which earned the fish its common name.<ref>Berra, Tim M. (2001). ''Freshwater Fish Distribution''. San Diego: Academic Press. {{ISBN|0-12-093156-7}}</ref>


When freshwater butterflyfish spawn, they produce a mass of large floating eggs at the surface. Fertilisation is believed to be internal. Eggs hatch in approximately seven days.
When freshwater butterflyfish spawn, they produce a mass of large floating eggs at the surface. Fertilisation is believed to be internal. Eggs hatch in about seven days.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==


Freshwater butterflyfish are found in the slightly acidic standing bodies of water in West Africa. They require a year round temperature of 73-86°F. Butterflyfish are found in slow to no current areas with high amounts of surface foliage for cover. They are commonly seen in [[Lake Chad]], the [[Congo Basin]], throughout Lower [[Niger]], [[Cameroon]], [[Ogooue]], and Upper [[Zambezi]]. They have also been seen in the [[Niger]] Delta, Lower Ogun, and in the Lower [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]].
Freshwater butterflyfish are found in the slightly acidic, standing bodies of water in West Africa. They require a year-round temperature of {{convert|73|-|86|F|C}}. They are found in slow- to no-current areas with high amounts of surface foliage for cover. They are commonly seen in [[Lake Chad]], the [[Congo Basin]], throughout lower [[Niger River|Niger]], [[Cameroon]], [[Ogooue]], and upper [[Zambezi]]. They have also been seen in the [[Niger Delta]], lower Ogooue, and in the lower [[Cross River (Nigeria)|Cross River]].


==In the aquarium==
==In the aquarium==


Freshwater Butterflyfish are kept as pets in an aquarium of at least 30 gallons - about 115 liters - although a single specimen should be kept in that size as the only top-level fish, as they can be aggressive to their own kind and others at surface level. The tops of the tanks have to be tightly closed because of their jumping habits. They also prefer a tank with live plants, especially ones that float near the surface, providing hiding places to reduce [[Stress (medicine)|stress]]. They require a [[pH]] of 6.9-7.1, and a [[KH (hardness)|KH]] of 1-10. In aquaria, Freshwater Butterflyfish can grow to 5 inches. Freshwater Butterflyfish should not be kept with fin-eating or aggressive fish. They eat any fish small enough to fit in their mouths, so they should be maintained with bottom-dwelling fish or top- and mid- dwelling fish too large in size to be bothered by it. They generally will not eat prepared food, and do best on a diet of live or possibly canned crickets and other insects, as well as live, gut-loaded feeder fish (Goldfish should be avoided). They prefer still water, so filtration should not be too powerful.
Freshwater butterflyfish are kept in large aquaria, although a single specimen should be kept as the only top-level fish, as they can be aggressive to their own kind and others, (such as [[Gasteropelecidae|hatchetfish]]), at surface level. The tops of the tanks must be tightly closed because of their jumping habits. They do better in a tank with live plants, especially ones that float near the surface, providing hiding places to reduce stress. They require a [[pH]] of 6.9–7.1, and a [[KH (hardness)|KH]] of 1–10. In aquaria, freshwater butterflyfish can grow to 5 inches long, and should be housed in 20 gallon long-style tanks (30.5 inches long) or larger. They should not be kept with fin-eating or aggressive fish, which may nip at their long, trailing fins. They eat any fish small enough to fit in their mouths, so they should be maintained with bottom-dwelling fish or top- and mid-dwelling fish too large in size to be bothered by them. They generally will not eat prepared food, and do best on a diet of live or possibly canned crickets and other insects, as well as live, gut-loaded feeder fish ([[goldfish]] should be avoided). They prefer still water, so filtration should not be too powerful.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

⚫
==References==
{{reflist}}
⚫
* {{ITIS |id=161901 |taxon=Pantodon buchholzi |accessdate=11 March 2006}}
⚫
* {{FishBase species|genus = Pantodon|species = buchholzi|month = November|year = 2005}}
⚫
* [[Innes, Dr William T.]], EXOTIC AQUARIUM FISHES, Innes Publishing Co. Philadelphia, 1935


==See also==
==See also==
Line 46: Line 41:
*[[List of freshwater aquarium fish species]]
*[[List of freshwater aquarium fish species]]


⚫
==References==
[[Category:Pantodontidae]]
{{Reflist|30em}}
⚫
[[Category:Fish of Africa]]
===Bibliography===
[[Category:Monotypic fish genera]]
⚫
* {{ITIS |id=161901 |taxon=''Pantodon buchholzi'' |accessdate=11 March 2006}}
⚫
* {{FishBase|genus = Pantodon|species = buchholzi|month = November|year = 2005}}
⚫
* [[Innes, Dr William T.]], ''Exotic Aquarium Fishes'', Innes Publishing Co. Philadelphia, 1935

{{Taxonbar|from=Q260106}}

⚫
[[Category:Osteoglossiformes]]
⚫
[[Category:Freshwater fish of Africa]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1877]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Wilhelm Peters]]

Latest revision as of 18:33, 10 July 2024

Not to be confused with Butterflyfish.

Freshwater butterflyfish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Osteoglossiformes
Family: Pantodontidae
Genus: Pantodon
W. K. H. Peters, 1877
Species:
P. buchholzi
Binomial name
Pantodon buchholzi

The freshwater butterflyfish or African butterflyfish (Pantodon buchholzi) is a species of osteoglossiform fish native to freshwater habitats in the Niger and Congo basins of western and central Africa. It is the only extant species in the family Pantodontidae. It is not closely related to saltwater butterflyfishes.

Evolution

[edit]

The freshwater butterflyfish is the last surviving member of a family that was diverse during the Late Cretaceous period, with many pantodontid genera known from the Cenomanian-aged Sannine Formation of Lebanon. These early pantodontids inhabited a marine environment off the coast of northern Africa and are the earliest known marine osteoglossomorphs, suggesting that the ancestors of Pantodon colonized freshwater habitats independently of other osteoglossiforms. These Cretaceous marine pantodontids appear to vary in their relation to the extant genus; of them, the closest relative and sister genus to Pantodon appears to be Palaeopantodon.[2][3]

Populations of freshwater butterflyfish in the Niger vs. the Congo basins appear virtually identical in morphology, but mtDNA divergence estimates suggest an extreme level of genetic divergence between them, dating to the Late Paleocene (57 million years ago) or earlier. This is one of the most dramatic cases of morphological stasis (in which two allopatric populations remain similar in appearance despite achieving a great level of genetic divergence from one another) known in a vertebrate taxon, and may suggest some level of cryptic speciation within the genus.[4]

Genetic studies suggest that the freshwater butterflyfish has experienced one of the greatest losses of whole Hox gene clusters in a teleost fish, with only 5 Hox clusters present after a presumed loss of 3 Hox clusters in the past. Despite this, it retains a similar overall number of Hox genes to other teleosts, due to a high proportion of duplicated genes in certain clusters. Due to its small size, widespread availability in captivity, and relatively small genome, the freshwater butterflyfish may serve as an attractive model organism, despite being studied less compared to other model fish taxa, which are clupeocephalans.[5]

Description and habits

[edit]

Freshwater butterfly fish are small, no more than 13 cm (5.1 in) in length, with very large pectoral fins. It has a large and well-vascularized swim bladder, enabling it to breathe air at the surface of the water. It is carnivorous, feeding primarily on aquatic insects and smaller fishes.[6]

The freshwater butterflyfish is a specialized surface hunter. Its eyes are constantly trained to the surface and its upturned mouth is specifically adapted to capture small prey along the water's surface. If enough speed is built up in the water, a butterflyfish can jump and glide a small distance above the surface to avoid predation. It also wiggles its pectoral fins as it glides, with the help of specialized, enlarged pectoral muscles, the ability which earned the fish its common name.[7]

When freshwater butterflyfish spawn, they produce a mass of large floating eggs at the surface. Fertilisation is believed to be internal. Eggs hatch in about seven days.

Distribution

[edit]

Freshwater butterflyfish are found in the slightly acidic, standing bodies of water in West Africa. They require a year-round temperature of 73–86 °F (23–30 °C). They are found in slow- to no-current areas with high amounts of surface foliage for cover. They are commonly seen in Lake Chad, the Congo Basin, throughout lower Niger, Cameroon, Ogooue, and upper Zambezi. They have also been seen in the Niger Delta, lower Ogooue, and in the lower Cross River.

In the aquarium

[edit]

Freshwater butterflyfish are kept in large aquaria, although a single specimen should be kept as the only top-level fish, as they can be aggressive to their own kind and others, (such as hatchetfish), at surface level. The tops of the tanks must be tightly closed because of their jumping habits. They do better in a tank with live plants, especially ones that float near the surface, providing hiding places to reduce stress. They require a pH of 6.9–7.1, and a KH of 1–10. In aquaria, freshwater butterflyfish can grow to 5 inches long, and should be housed in 20 gallon long-style tanks (30.5 inches long) or larger. They should not be kept with fin-eating or aggressive fish, which may nip at their long, trailing fins. They eat any fish small enough to fit in their mouths, so they should be maintained with bottom-dwelling fish or top- and mid-dwelling fish too large in size to be bothered by them. They generally will not eat prepared food, and do best on a diet of live or possibly canned crickets and other insects, as well as live, gut-loaded feeder fish (goldfish should be avoided). They prefer still water, so filtration should not be too powerful.[citation needed]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Moelants, T. (2010). "Pantodon buchholzi". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010. IUCN: e.T183157A8057176. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T183157A8057176.en. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  2. ^ Taverne, L. (2021). "The Pantodontidae (Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Lebanon. 3°. Palaeopantodon vandersypeni gen. and sp. nov" (PDF). Geo-Eco-Trop. 45 (4): 699–708.
  3. ^ Taverne, L.; Capasso, L. (2012). "Osteology and relationships of Prognathoglossum kalassyi gen. and sp. nov. (Teleostei, Osteoglossiformes, Pantodontidae) from the marine Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of En Nammoura (Lebanon)" (PDF). Cybium. 36 (4): 563–574.
  4. ^ Lavoué, Sébastien; Miya, Masaki; Arnegard, Matthew E.; McIntyre, Peter B.; Mamonekene, Victor; Nishida, Mutsumi (2011-04-07). "Remarkable morphological stasis in an extant vertebrate despite tens of millions of years of divergence". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1003–1008. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1639. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3049028. PMID 20880884.
  5. ^ Martin, Kyle J.; Holland, Peter W.H. (2014). "Enigmatic Orthology Relationships between Hox Clusters of the African Butterfly Fish and Other Teleosts Following Ancient Whole-Genome Duplication". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 (10): 2592–2611. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu202. ISSN 1537-1719. PMC 4166920. PMID 24974377.
  6. ^ Greenwood, P.H.; Wilson, M.V. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  7. ^ Berra, Tim M. (2001). Freshwater Fish Distribution. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-093156-7

Bibliography

[edit]
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