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{{Short description|Species of bivalve}}
{{disputed|date=April 2014}}
{{disputed|date=April 2014}}
{{Speciesbox
{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Pteria sterna''
| image = Pteria sterna 01 by Line1.JPG
| image = Pteria sterna 01 by Line1.JPG
| image_caption = ''Pteria sterna'' with pearls
| image_caption = ''Pteria sterna'' with pearls
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| genus = Pteria
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| species = sterna
⚫
| authority = ([[Augustus Addison Gould|Gould]], 1851)<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Tëmkin, Ilya |year=2014 |title=''Pteria sterna'' (Gould, 1851) |id=464505 |accessdate=2014-02-14 }}</ref>
| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
| ordo = [[Pterioida]]
| familia = [[Pteriidae]]
| genus = ''[[Pteria (genus)|Pteria]]''
| species = '''''P. sterna'''''
| binomial = ''Pteria sterna''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Augustus Addison Gould|Gould]], 1851)<ref name=WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Tëmkin, Ilya |year=2014 |title=''Pteria sterna'' (Gould, 1851) |id=464505 |accessdate=2014-02-14 }}</ref>
| synonyms = *''Avicula fimbriata''<small> Dunker, 1852</small>
| synonyms = *''Avicula fimbriata''<small> Dunker, 1852</small>
*''Avicula eximia''<small> Reeve, 1857</small>
*''Avicula eximia''<small> Reeve, 1857</small>
Line 25: Line 18:
}}
}}


'''''Pteria sterna''''', commonly known as the '''rainbow-lipped pearl oyster''' or the '''Pacific wing-oyster''', is a species of marine [[Bivalvia|bivalve]] [[mollusc]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pteriidae]], the pearl oysters. This oyster can be found in shallow water along the tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of America, its range extending from [[Baja California]] to northern [[Peru]]{{cn}}.
'''''Pteria sterna''''', or commonly known as the '''rainbow-lipped pearl oyster''' or the '''Pacific wing-oyster''', is a species of marine [[Bivalvia|bivalve]] [[mollusk]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Pteriidae]], the pearl oysters. This oyster can be found in shallow water along the tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of America, its range including [[Baja California]], [[Mexico]] and northern [[Peru]].


==History==
==History==
Fragments of shell ornaments made from the [[nacre]] of the Pacific wing-oyster have been found at ancient burial sites in Mexico, probably belonging to the indigenous [[Seri people]] of the [[Sonora]] region.<ref name=Nava/> This oyster has been the subject of a [[Pearl hunting|pearl fishery]] in the [[Gulf of California]] since before the arrival of [[Fernando Cortez]] in 1535; the Spaniards quickly appreciated the value of the harvest and in 1586 they declared the gathering of oysters to be a [[Rights|right]] of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish crown]].<ref name=Southgate/> By the 1840s, the export of the shells was as valuable as the pearls extracted from them, and in 1874, [[Surface-supplied_diving#Compressor_diving|compressed air diving equipment]] made harvesting the oysters easier. By the early 1900s, some 200,000 to 500,000 oysters (including another species, ''[[Pinctada mazatlanica]]''), were being harvested annually.<ref name=Southgate/> This over-exploitation caused populations of the oyster to become depleted and in 1940 the fishery was closed by the Mexican Government, a ban that still remains in force.<ref name=Nava>{{cite journal |author=Nava, M.; Arizmendi, E.; Farell, S.; McLaurin, D. |year=2000 |title=Evaluation of success in the seeding of round nuclei in ''Pteria sterna'' (Gould 1851), a new species in pearl culture |journal=SPC Pearl Oyster Information Bulletin |volume=14|doi= |pmid= |pmc= |url= }}</ref>
Fragments of shell ornaments made from the [[nacre]] of the Pacific wing-oyster have been found at ancient burial sites in Mexico, probably belonging to the indigenous [[Seri people]] of the [[Sonora]] region.<ref name=Nava/> This oyster has been the subject of a [[Pearl hunting|pearl fishery]] in the [[Gulf of California]] since before the arrival of [[Hernan Cortez]] in 1535; the Spaniards quickly appreciated the value of the harvest and in 1586 they declared the gathering of oysters to be a [[Rights|right]] of the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish crown]].<ref name=Southgate/> In 1874, [[Surface-supplied diving#Compressor diving|compressed air diving equipment]] made harvesting the oysters easier.<ref name=Southgate/> Over-exploitation caused populations of the oyster to become depleted and in 1940 the fishery was closed by the Mexican Government, a ban that still remains in force.<ref name=Nava>{{cite journal |author1=Nava, M. |author2=Arizmendi, E. |author3=Farell, S. |author4=McLaurin, D. |year=2000 |title=Evaluation of success in the seeding of round nuclei in ''Pteria sterna'' (Gould 1851), a new species in pearl culture |journal=SPC Pearl Oyster Information Bulletin |volume=14}}</ref>


==Biology==
==Distribution==
''Pteria sterna'' is found in shallow water along the tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of America. Its range includes Baja California, Mexico<ref name=Southgate/> and the [[Talara Province]] of northern Peru where its depth range is {{convert|2.6|to|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Ordinola. E. |author2=Montero, P. |author3=Aleman, S. |author4=Arguelles, J. |author5=Beltran, L. |author6=Llanos, J. |year=2010 |title=El bivalvo concha perlífera, ''Pteria sterna'' (Gould) en Talara, Peru, Abril 2007 |journal=Informe Instituto del Mar del Peru |volume=37 |issue=3–4 |pages=127–137 |issn=0378-7702}}</ref>
The sexes are separate in ''Pteria sterna'' and when the oysters become mature they have an average shell size of around {{convert|117|mm|1|abbr=on}} for females and {{convert|106|mm|1|abbr=on}} for males. Spawning is synchronised in any one locality and depends on the water temperature and the availability of food. In [[Laguna Ojo de Liebre|Ojo de Liebre]] lagoon it takes place between October and April, commencing as the water temperature falls.<ref name=Hernandez>{{cite journal |author=Hernandez-Olalde, Liliana; Garcia-Dominguez, Frederico; Arellano-Martinez, Marcial; Ceballos-Vasquez, Bertha Patricia |year=2007 |title=Reproductive cycle of the pearl oyster ''Pteria sterna'' (Pteriidae) in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon, BCS, México |journal=Journal of Shellfish Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=543–548 |doi=10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[543:RCOTPO]2.0.CO;2 }}</ref>


==Pearl culture==
==Pearl culture==
The Pacific wing-oyster naturally produces grey, pink, golden, green and purplish pearls. With the dwindling of the number of wild oysters, efforts to farm this species on a commercial scale to produce pearls have been made. The production of cultured pearls requires the grafting of a pearl nucleus, together with a portion of mantle tissue from a donor into a recipient oyster.<ref name=Acosta/> The culture of round pearls in Pacific wing-oysters is technically hard; the oysters are small and the shell thin, the shape of the shell makes the seeding operation difficult and the pearl sac is wide at the base which means that the graft may shift around.<ref name=Hernandez/> With experience, technicians gain expertise in seeding<ref name=Nava/> and yields can be high, with pearls reaching a maximum of {{convert|13|mm|1|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=Southgate>{{cite book |title=The pearl oyster |last=Southgate |first=Paul |last2=Lucas |first2=John (eds.)|year=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080931777 |pages=31–34 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SzkhMsW7Q14C&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Pteria+sterna&source=bl&ots=5587VPHzB5&sig=IFPSuQ-_J8lLnOp8iDZkrGUX4bE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0Qv-UoWfOMmX7QbxpYDABg&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=Pteria%20sterna&f=false }}</ref>
The Pacific wing-oyster naturally produces gray, pink, golden, green and purplish pearls.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}} With the dwindling of the number of wild oysters, efforts to farm this species on a commercial scale to produce pearls have been made. The production of cultured pearls requires the grafting of a pearl nucleus, together with a portion of mantle tissue from a donor into a recipient oyster.<ref name=Acosta>{{cite journal |author1=Acosta-Salmón, Héctor |author2=Martınez-Fernández, Erika |author3=Southgate, Paul C. |year=2004 |title=A new approach to pearl oyster broodstock selection: can saibo donors be used as future broodstock? |journal=Aquaculture |volume=231 |issue=1–4 |pages=205–214|doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.022 }}</ref> The culture of round pearls in Pacific wing-oysters is technically hard; the oysters are small and the shells are thin, the shape of the shell makes the seeding operation difficult and the pearl sack is wide at the base which means that the graft may shift around.<ref name=Hernandez>{{cite journal |author1=Hernandez-Olalde, Liliana |author2=Garcia-Dominguez, Frederico |author3=Arellano-Martinez, Marcial |author4=Ceballos-Vasquez, Bertha Patricia |year=2007 |title=Reproductive cycle of the pearl oyster ''Pteria sterna'' (Pteriidae) in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon, BCS, México |journal=Journal of Shellfish Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=543–548 |doi=10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[543:RCOTPO]2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=85815535 }}</ref> With experience, technicians gain expertise in seeding<ref name=Nava/> and yields can be high, with pearls reaching a maximum of {{convert|12|mm|1|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref name=Southgate>{{cite book|title=The pearl oyster |last1=Southgate |first1=Paul |last2=Lucas |first2=John (eds.)|year=2011 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780080931777 |pages=31–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzkhMsW7Q14C&q=Pteria+sterna&pg=PA63}}</ref>

The quality of the donor mantle tissue affects the quality of the pearl. The grafting process normally involves killing the donor oyster, but it has been found that if it is instead anaesthetised before the tissue is surgically removed, regeneration of the missing mantle tissue takes place over the course of a few weeks. In this way, high quality donor oysters can be preserved as future breeding stock.<ref name=Acosta>{{cite journal |author=Acosta-Salmón, Héctor; Martınez-Fernández, Erika; Southgate, Paul C. |year=2004 |title=A new approach to pearl oyster broodstock selection: can saibo donors be used as future broodstock? |journal=Aquaculture |volume=231 |issue=1–4 |pages=235–214 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.022 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q3803008}}
{{commonscat}}


[[Category:Pteriidae]]
[[Category:Pteriidae]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1851]]
[[Category:Bivalves described in 1851]]

Latest revision as of 19:40, 11 July 2024

Pteria sterna
Pteria sterna with pearls
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Pteriida
Family: Pteriidae
Genus: Pteria
Species:
P. sterna
Binomial name
Pteria sterna
(Gould, 1851)[1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Avicula fimbriata Dunker, 1852
  • Avicula eximia Reeve, 1857
  • Avicula libella Reeve, 1857
  • Avicula peruviana Reeve, 1857
  • Avicula sterna Gould, 1851
  • Avicula vivesi Rochebrune, 1895
  • Pteria beiliana Olsson, 1961
  • Pteria rositae Hertlein, 1928

Pteria sterna, or commonly known as the rainbow-lipped pearl oyster or the Pacific wing-oyster, is a species of marine bivalve mollusk in the family Pteriidae, the pearl oysters. This oyster can be found in shallow water along the tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of America, its range including Baja California, Mexico and northern Peru.

History

[edit]

Fragments of shell ornaments made from the nacre of the Pacific wing-oyster have been found at ancient burial sites in Mexico, probably belonging to the indigenous Seri people of the Sonora region.[2] This oyster has been the subject of a pearl fishery in the Gulf of California since before the arrival of Hernan Cortez in 1535; the Spaniards quickly appreciated the value of the harvest and in 1586 they declared the gathering of oysters to be a right of the Spanish crown.[3] In 1874, compressed air diving equipment made harvesting the oysters easier.[3] Over-exploitation caused populations of the oyster to become depleted and in 1940 the fishery was closed by the Mexican Government, a ban that still remains in force.[2]

Distribution

[edit]

Pteria sterna is found in shallow water along the tropical and subtropical Pacific coast of America. Its range includes Baja California, Mexico[3] and the Talara Province of northern Peru where its depth range is 2.6 to 20 m (8.5 to 65.6 ft).[4]

Pearl culture

[edit]

The Pacific wing-oyster naturally produces gray, pink, golden, green and purplish pearls.[citation needed] With the dwindling of the number of wild oysters, efforts to farm this species on a commercial scale to produce pearls have been made. The production of cultured pearls requires the grafting of a pearl nucleus, together with a portion of mantle tissue from a donor into a recipient oyster.[5] The culture of round pearls in Pacific wing-oysters is technically hard; the oysters are small and the shells are thin, the shape of the shell makes the seeding operation difficult and the pearl sack is wide at the base which means that the graft may shift around.[6] With experience, technicians gain expertise in seeding[2] and yields can be high, with pearls reaching a maximum of 12 mm (0.5 in) in diameter.[3]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pteria sterna.
  1. ^ a b Tëmkin, Ilya (2014). "Pteria sterna (Gould, 1851)". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  2. ^ a b c Nava, M.; Arizmendi, E.; Farell, S.; McLaurin, D. (2000). "Evaluation of success in the seeding of round nuclei in Pteria sterna (Gould 1851), a new species in pearl culture". SPC Pearl Oyster Information Bulletin. 14.
  3. ^ a b c d Southgate, Paul; Lucas, John (eds.) (2011). The pearl oyster. Elsevier. pp. 31–34. ISBN 9780080931777. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ Ordinola. E.; Montero, P.; Aleman, S.; Arguelles, J.; Beltran, L.; Llanos, J. (2010). "El bivalvo concha perlífera, Pteria sterna (Gould) en Talara, Peru, Abril 2007". Informe Instituto del Mar del Peru. 37 (3–4): 127–137. ISSN 0378-7702.
  5. ^ Acosta-Salmón, Héctor; Martınez-Fernández, Erika; Southgate, Paul C. (2004). "A new approach to pearl oyster broodstock selection: can saibo donors be used as future broodstock?". Aquaculture. 231 (1–4): 205–214. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.08.022.
  6. ^ Hernandez-Olalde, Liliana; Garcia-Dominguez, Frederico; Arellano-Martinez, Marcial; Ceballos-Vasquez, Bertha Patricia (2007). "Reproductive cycle of the pearl oyster Pteria sterna (Pteriidae) in the Ojo de Liebre lagoon, BCS, México". Journal of Shellfish Research. 26 (2): 543–548. doi:10.2983/0730-8000(2007)26[543:RCOTPO]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85815535.
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