Battle of Benadir: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|1542 battle}} |
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{{Infobox military conflict |
{{Infobox military conflict |
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| conflict = Battle of Benadir |
| conflict = Battle of Benadir |
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| map_label = |
| map_label = |
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| territory = |
| territory = |
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| result = Peace treaty<ref name=Schurhammer-1977.98–99/> |
| result = Peace treaty<ref name="Schurhammer-1977.98–99"/> |
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| status = |
| status = |
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| combatant1 = |
| combatant1 = [[Ajuran Sultanate]] |
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| combatant2 = |
| combatant2 = [[Portuguese Empire]] |
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| commander1 = |
| commander1 = Unknown |
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| commander2 = [[João de Sepúlveda]] |
| commander2 = [[João de Sepúlveda]] |
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| units1 = |
| units1 = |
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== Historical precedent == |
== Historical precedent == |
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After [[Tristão da Cunha]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] sacked the city of [[Barawa]] during the [[Battle of |
After [[Tristão da Cunha]] and [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] sacked the city of [[Barawa]] during the [[Battle of Barawa]]. [[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] then steered for [[Mogadishu]], wanting to do the same as had done at [[Battle of Barawa|barawa]], he sent Leonez Coutign with offer of peace and friendship to the people of Mogadishu. The people at Mogadishu made a formidable appearance: Great numbers of [[Infantry|foot]] and [[cuirassier]]s were patrolling on the shore, the walls of the city were lined with armed men and a considerable body of troops were drawn up before it. [[Tristão da Cunha]] being afraid to land, sent one of the [[Bravanese people|Bravan]] captives to let the people know, that the portuguese came not to denounce war but to offer peace.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Osório |first=Jerónimo |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofportugu01os/page/286/mode/2up |title=The history of the Portuguese, during the reign of Emmanuel : containing all their discoveries, from the coast of Africk to the farthest parts of China; their battles by sea and land |publisher=Publisher London : Printed for A. Millar |year=1752 |isbn=9781331080282 |edition=Vol. 1 of 2 |publication-date=1752 |pages=286–287 |language=en}}</ref> |
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Infront of [[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] they tore the captive to pieces and threatened to serve [[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] in the same manner, if he could dare to come ashore |
Infront of [[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] they tore the captive to pieces and threatened to serve [[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] in the same manner, if he could dare to come ashore |
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[[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] was for storming the city, but at the persuasion of all of his [[ |
[[Tristão da Cunha|Cunha]] was for storming the city, but at the persuasion of all of his [[officer]]s and [[Maritime pilot|Pilots]], he dropped the resolution.<ref name=":0" /> |
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<blockquote>The place was almost inaccessible, strong by its natural situation, and defended by a numerous garrison: the station for our ships extremely dangerous, and very much exposed to the enemy: besides the winter was fast approaching, and the season for sailing almost elapsed, so that if our people should have miscarried in this attempt, their fleet and army would in all probability have met with inevitable destruction. |
<blockquote>The place was almost inaccessible, strong by its natural situation, and defended by a numerous garrison: the station for our ships extremely dangerous, and very much exposed to the enemy: besides the winter was fast approaching, and the season for sailing almost elapsed, so that if our people should have miscarried in this attempt, their fleet and army would in all probability have met with inevitable destruction. |
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==Battle== |
==Battle== |
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According to João de Sepúlveda's own account, having arrived at [[Mogadishu]] he "destroyed the city and did them great damage and injury". Moving a few [[League (unit)|leagues]] north, he reached a popular anchorage for tradeships coming from the Red Sea, where he learned that the Turks would not be sailing to East Africa that year. Thus he returned to what remained of Mogadishu, and made a peace deal with its rulers.<ref name="Sepúlveda, 1542"/> |
According to João de Sepúlveda's own account, having arrived at [[Mogadishu]] he "destroyed the city and did them great damage and injury". Moving a few [[League (unit)|leagues]] north, he reached a popular anchorage for tradeships coming from the Red Sea, where he learned that the Turks would not be sailing to East Africa that year. Thus he returned to what remained of Mogadishu, and made a peace deal with its rulers.<ref name="Sepúlveda, 1542"/> |
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However, according to modern historians it's not likely that João de Sepúlveda's small fleet actually destroyed Mogadishu.<ref>{{harvnb|Strandes|1968}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=s8YJAQAAIAAJ&q=Mogadishu+1542 p. 112].</ref> Instead, it appears that the capture of one Ottoman ship and a brief firing upon the city was enough to compel the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace deal with the Portuguese.<ref name="Schurhammer-1977.98–99">{{harvnb|Schurhammer|1977|pp=98–99}}.</ref> |
However, according to modern historians it's not likely that João de Sepúlveda's small fleet actually destroyed Mogadishu.<ref>{{harvnb|Strandes|1968}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=s8YJAQAAIAAJ&q=Mogadishu+1542 p. 112].</ref> Instead, it appears that the capture of one Ottoman ship and a brief firing upon the city was enough to compel the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace deal with the Portuguese.<ref name="Schurhammer-1977.98–99">{{harvnb|Schurhammer|1977|pp=98–99}}.</ref> |
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Passing by [[Barawa]], the city was sacked,<ref>{{harvnb|Schurhammer|1977|p=99}}.</ref> in retaliation for its inhabitants having delivered a few Portuguese prisoners to the Turks. After also sealing a peace with Barawa,<ref |
Passing by [[Barawa]], the city was sacked,<ref name="Schurhammer 1977 99">{{harvnb|Schurhammer|1977|p=99}}.</ref> in retaliation for its inhabitants having delivered a few Portuguese prisoners to the Turks. After also sealing a peace with Barawa,<ref name="Schurhammer 1977 99"/> João de Sepúlveda returned to Malindi.<ref name="Sepúlveda, 1542"/> |
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The word [[benadir]] means coast in [[Somali language|Somali]] referring to the richness of southern Somali coast.<ref name="Aths">{{cite book|last1=Njoku|first1=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313378577|page=69|url=https://google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C|accessdate=14 September 2014}}</ref> |
The word [[benadir]] means coast in [[Somali language|Somali]] referring to the richness of southern Somali coast.<ref name="Aths">{{cite book|last1=Njoku|first1=Raphael Chijioke|title=The History of Somalia|date=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313378577|page=69|url=https://google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C|accessdate=14 September 2014}}</ref> |
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===Sources=== |
===Sources=== |
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*{{cite book|last1=Schurhammer|first1=Georg|date=1977|title=Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Volume II: India, 1541–1545|translator-last=Costelloe|translator-first=Joseph|location=Rome|publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n117/mode/1up}} (translation from the German original ''Franz Xaver: Sein Leben und Seine Zeit II.1'', Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1963) |
*{{cite book|last1=Schurhammer|first1=Georg|date=1977|title=Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Volume II: India, 1541–1545|translator-last=Costelloe|translator-first=Joseph|location=Rome|publisher=Jesuit Historical Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/fx-schurhammer2/page/n117/mode/1up}} (translation from the German original ''Franz Xaver: Sein Leben und Seine Zeit II.1'', Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1963) |
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*{{cite book|last1=Strandes|first1=Justus|date=1968|title=The Portuguese Period in East Africa|edition=2nd|series=Transactions of the Kenya History Society|volume=2|location=Nairobi|publisher=East African Literature Bureau|oclc=19225}} |
*{{cite book|last1=Strandes|first1=Justus|date=1968|title=The Portuguese Period in East Africa|edition=2nd|series=Transactions of the Kenya History Society|volume=2|location=Nairobi|publisher=East African Literature Bureau|oclc=19225}} |
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{{coord missing|Somalia}} |
{{coord missing|Somalia}} |
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[[Category:Ajuran Sultanate]] |
[[Category:Ajuran Sultanate]] |
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[[Category:Conflicts in 1542]] |
[[Category:Conflicts in 1542]] |
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[[Category:Medieval Somalia]] |
[[Category:Medieval history of Somalia]] |
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[[Category:Battles involving Portugal|Benadir]] |
[[Category:Battles involving Portugal|Benadir]] |
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[[Category:1542 in the Portuguese Empire]] |
[[Category:1542 in the Portuguese Empire]] |
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[[Category:Military history of Mogadishu]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:41, 11 July 2024
| Battle of Benadir | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Somali-Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
 Portuguese fortress of Sofala | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ajuran Sultanate | Portuguese Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Unknown | João de Sepúlveda | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown |
100 men, 6 small galleys[2] Malindi auxiliaries | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Benadir was an armed engagement between the Ajuran Sultanate and the Portuguese Empire.
Historical precedent
After Tristão da Cunha and Afonso de Albuquerque sacked the city of Barawa during the Battle of Barawa. Cunha then steered for Mogadishu, wanting to do the same as had done at barawa, he sent Leonez Coutign with offer of peace and friendship to the people of Mogadishu. The people at Mogadishu made a formidable appearance: Great numbers of foot and cuirassiers were patrolling on the shore, the walls of the city were lined with armed men and a considerable body of troops were drawn up before it. Tristão da Cunha being afraid to land, sent one of the Bravan captives to let the people know, that the portuguese came not to denounce war but to offer peace.[3]
Infront of Cunha they tore the captive to pieces and threatened to serve Cunha in the same manner, if he could dare to come ashore
Cunha was for storming the city, but at the persuasion of all of his officers and Pilots, he dropped the resolution.[3]
The place was almost inaccessible, strong by its natural situation, and defended by a numerous garrison: the station for our ships extremely dangerous, and very much exposed to the enemy: besides the winter was fast approaching, and the season for sailing almost elapsed, so that if our people should have miscarried in this attempt, their fleet and army would in all probability have met with inevitable destruction. Tristão da Cunha
Background
After the Portuguese conducted a large-scale naval expedition to Suez in 1541, the Ottoman Empire dedicated greater resources into protecting the Red Sea from Portuguese intrusion. To such effect, about 25 galleys were armed and stationed at Aden.[4]
The Portuguese captain of Sofala, João de Sepúlveda, was informed of the presence of these forces by allied Swahili city-states, mainly Malindi, who also reported that the hostile Ajuran Sultanate had appealed to the Ottomans for military support, in preparation for a rebellion against Portuguese suzerainty in the region. João de Sepúlveda thus set out with 6 small galleys and 100 soldiers to conduct a preemptive strike against the coastal cities of the Ajuran Sultanate. He was joined by an unrecorded number of vessels and warriors from Malindi.[2]
Battle
According to João de Sepúlveda's own account, having arrived at Mogadishu he "destroyed the city and did them great damage and injury". Moving a few leagues north, he reached a popular anchorage for tradeships coming from the Red Sea, where he learned that the Turks would not be sailing to East Africa that year. Thus he returned to what remained of Mogadishu, and made a peace deal with its rulers.[2]
However, according to modern historians it's not likely that João de Sepúlveda's small fleet actually destroyed Mogadishu.[5] Instead, it appears that the capture of one Ottoman ship and a brief firing upon the city was enough to compel the sultan of Mogadishu to sign a peace deal with the Portuguese.[1]
Passing by Barawa, the city was sacked,[6] in retaliation for its inhabitants having delivered a few Portuguese prisoners to the Turks. After also sealing a peace with Barawa,[6] João de Sepúlveda returned to Malindi.[2]
The word benadir means coast in Somali referring to the richness of southern Somali coast.[7]
See also
References
- ^ a b Schurhammer 1977, pp. 98–99.
- ^ a b c d "Letter from João de Sepúlveda to the King, Mozambique, 1542 August 10", in Documents on the Portuguese in Mozambique and Central Africa 1497-1840 Vol. III (1540-1560). National Archives of Rhodesia, Centro de Estudos Históricos Ultramarinos. Lisbon, 1971 p.133
- ^ a b Osório, Jerónimo (1752). The history of the Portuguese, during the reign of Emmanuel : containing all their discoveries, from the coast of Africk to the farthest parts of China; their battles by sea and land (Vol. 1 of 2 ed.). Publisher London : Printed for A. Millar. pp. 286–287. ISBN 9781331080282.
- ^ Saturnino Monteiro (2011) Portuguese Sea Battles - Volume III - From Brazil to Japan 1539-1579 pg.63
- ^ Strandes 1968, p. 112.
- ^ a b Schurhammer 1977, p. 99.
- ^ Njoku, Raphael Chijioke (2013). The History of Somalia. ABC-CLIO. p. 69. ISBN 978-0313378577. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Sources
- Schurhammer, Georg (1977). Francis Xavier: His Life, His Times. Volume II: India, 1541–1545. Translated by Costelloe, Joseph. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute. (translation from the German original Franz Xaver: Sein Leben und Seine Zeit II.1, Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 1963)
- Strandes, Justus (1968). The Portuguese Period in East Africa. Transactions of the Kenya History Society. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. OCLC 19225.