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{{short description|Family of fishes}}
{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Serranids}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:Cromileptes altivelis - Paddelbarsch - Panther grouper.jpg|240px]] | caption = ''[[Cromileptes altivelis]]'' }}
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|Paleocene|present}}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
| image = Cromileptes altivelis - Paddelbarsch - Panther grouper.jpg
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Animal]]ia}}
| image_caption = [[Humpback grouper]], ''Cromileptes altivelis''
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = [[Chordate|Chordata]]}}
| taxon = Serranidae
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Actinopterygii]]}}
| authority = [[William John Swainson|Swainson]], 1839<ref name = VDLEF>{{cite journal | author1 = Richard van der Laan | author2 = William N. Eschmeyer | author3 = Ronald Fricke | name-list-style = amp |year=2014 | title = Family-group names of Recent fishes | url = https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3882.1.1/10480 | journal = Zootaxa | volume = 3882 | issue =2 | pages = 001–230| doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1 | pmid = 25543675 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Perciformes]]}}
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = '''Serranidae'''}}
| subdivision = see text
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
| synonyms = Grammistidae <small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1857</small>
{{Taxobox_section_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Subfamily (biology)|Subfamilies]]}}
}}
[[Anthiinae]]<br />
'''Serranidae''' is a large [[family (biology)|family]] of [[fish]]es belonging to the order [[Perciformes]]. The family contains about 450 species in 65 genera, including the [[sea bass]]es and the [[grouper]]s (subfamily Epinephelinae). Although many species are small, in some cases less than {{convert|10|cm|abbr=on}}, the [[giant grouper]] (''Epinephelus lanceolatus'') is one of the largest [[bony fish]]es in the world, growing to {{convert|2.7|m|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|400|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight.<ref>{{FishBase | genus = Epinephelus | species = lanceolatus | month = October | year = 2016 }}</ref> Representatives of this group live in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide.
[[Grouper|Epinephelinae]] - Groupers<br />
[[Grammistinae]]
{{Taxobox_end}}
The '''Serranidae''' or '''serranids''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[fish]], belonging to the order [[Perciformes]].


==Characteristics==
There are many species of serranids, including the [[bass (fish)|sea basses]] and the [[grouper]]s ([[subfamily (biology)|subfamily]] Epinephelinae). They range in size from the [[belted sandfish]] (''Serranus subligarius'') which grows to 4.5 in (110 mm) up to the [[itajara]] (''Epinephelus itajara'') which grows to 7 ft 10 in (2.4 m) and weighs up to 680 lb (300 kg).


Many of these species are brightly colored, and many are caught commercially for food. They are usually found over [[reef]]s, in [[tropical]] to sub-tropical waters along the coasts. Many species are sequential [[hermaphrodite|hermaphrodites]], starting out as males and changing sex to female later in life. They produce large quantities of eggs and their larvae are [[planktonic]], generally at the mercy of ocean currents until they are ready to settle into adult populations.
Many serranid species are brightly colored, and many of the larger species are caught commercially for food. They are usually found over [[reef]]s, in [[tropical]] to subtropical waters along the coasts. Serranids are generally robust in form, with large mouths and small spines on the gill coverings. They typically have several rows of sharp teeth, usually with a pair of particularly large, [[canine (tooth)|canine]]-like teeth projecting from the lower jaw.<ref name=EoF>{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author= Randall, John E.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|pages= 195–199|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}}</ref>


All serranids are carnivorous. Although some species, especially in the Anthiadinae subfamily, only feed on [[zooplankton]], the majority feed on fish and crustaceans. They are typically ambush predators, hiding in cover on the reef and darting out to grab passing prey. Their bright colours are most likely a form of disruptive camouflage, similar to the stripes of a [[tiger]].<ref name=EoF/>
{| align=left
|[[image:blue-spotted.grouper.arp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Blue-spotted [[grouper]] (''Cephalopholis argus'')]]
|-
|[[image:panther.grouper.arp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Panther [[grouper]] (''Cromileptes altivelis''). At the top is a [[Porcupinefish]] and on the right a Picasso [[triggerfish]].]]
|}


Many species are [[protogynous]] [[hermaphrodite]]s, meaning they start out as females and change sex to male later in life.<ref name=EoF/> They produce large quantities of eggs and their larvae are [[planktonic]], generally at the mercy of ocean currents until they are ready to settle into adult populations.
==Examples==
*[[Black sea bass]] ''Centropristis striata''
*[[Black grouper]] ''Mycteroperca bonaci''


Like other fish, serranids harbour [[parasite]]s, including [[nematode]]s, [[cestode]]s, [[digenea]]ns,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Cribb | first1 = T. H. | last2 = Bray | first2 = R. A. | last3 = Wright | first3 = T. | last4 = Pichelin | first4 = S. | year = 2002 | title = The trematodes of groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae): knowledge, nature and evolution | journal = Parasitology | volume = 124 | issue = 7 | pages = S23–S42 | doi=10.1017/s0031182002001671| pmid = 12396214 | s2cid = 12287737 }}</ref> [[monogenea]]ns, [[isopod]]s, and [[copepod]]s. A study conducted in [[New Caledonia]] has shown that [[coral reef]]-associated serranids harbour about 10 species of parasites per fish species.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Justine | first1 = J.-L. | last2 = Beveridge | first2 = I. | last3 = Boxshall | first3 = G. A. | last4 = Bray | first4 = R. A. | last5 = Moravec | first5 = F. | last6 = Trilles | first6 = J.-P. | last7 = Whittington | first7 = I. D. | year = 2010 | title = An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish | journal = Folia Parasitologica | volume = 57 | issue = 4 | pages = 237–262 | doi = 10.14411/fp.2010.032 | pmid=21344838| doi-access = free }}</ref>
[[Category:Serranidae|*]]


==Classification==
[[de:Sägebarsche]]
[[File:Pseudanthias.jpg|thumb|A typical member of Anthiadinae, the [[sea goldie]], is small, colorful, [[wiktionary:planktivorous|planktivorous]] and social.]]
[[fr:Serranidae]]
[[File:3846 aquaimages.jpg|thumb|Like many other large species in the Epinephelinae subfamily, the [[Nassau grouper]] is threatened by [[overfishing]].]]
[[lt:Akmeniniai ešeriai]]
[[File:Sixstriped soapfish grammistes sexlineatus.JPG|thumb|The skin of the [[sixstriped soapfish|six-striped soapfish]] produces a toxic mucus]]
[[nl:Zeebaarzen]]

[[pt:Serranidae]]
In recent times{{when|date=March 2022}}, this family has been proposed to be split. The two hypothetical families emerging from the remains of the possibly-obsolete taxon are the families Epinephilidae and Anthiadidae. This taxonomic separation is recognized by some authorities{{who|date=March 2022}}, including the IUCN.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?taxonomies=18061892&searchType=species | title=IUCN red list taxonomies.}}</ref>
Recent{{when|date=March 2022}} molecular classifications challenge the validity of the genera ''[[Cromileptes]]'' (sometimes spelled ''[[Chromileptes]]'') and ''[[Anyperodon]]''. Each of these two genera has a single species, which were included in the same clade as species of ''[[Epinephelus]]'' in a study based on five different genes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Schoelinck | first1 = C. | last2 = Hinsinger | first2 = D. D. | last3 = Dettaï | first3 = A. | last4 = Cruaud | first4 = C. | last5 = Justine | first5 = J.-L. | year = 2014 | title = A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 9 | issue = 8 | page = e98198 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0098198 | pmid=25093850 | pmc=4122351| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...998198S | doi-access = free }}</ref>

The subfamilies and genera are as follows:<ref name = CofFF>{{Cof family|family=Serranidae|access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=J. S. Nelson |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=446–448 |publisher=Wiley |isbn= 978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ }}</ref>
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* Subfamily [[Anthiinae]] <small>[[Felipe Poey|Poey]], 1861</small><ref name = VDLEF/>
** ''[[Acanthistius]]'' <small>[[Theodore Nicholas Gill|Gill]], 1862</small>
** ''[[Anatolanthias]]'' <small>[[William D. Andreson|Anderson]], [[N.V. Parin|Parin]] & [[John E. Randall|Randall]], 1990</small>
** ''[[Anthias (genus)|Anthias]]'' <small>[[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1792</small>
** ''[[Baldwinella]]'' <small>Anderson & [[Phil Heemstra|Heemstra]], 2012</small><ref name=Anderson2012>{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = W.D. Jr. | last2 = Heemstra | first2 = P.C. | year = 2012 | title = Review of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Anthiine Fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Serranidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera | journal = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society | volume = 102 | issue = 2| pages = 1–173 }}</ref>
** ''[[Caesioperca]]'' <small>[[Francis de Laporte de Castelnau|Castelnau]], 1872</small>
** ''[[Caprodon]]'' <small>[[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]] & [[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1843</small>
** ''[[Choranthias]]'' <small>Anderson & Heemstra, 2012</small><ref name=Anderson2012/>
** ''[[Dactylanthias]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1871</small>
** ''[[Epinephelides]]'' <small>[[James Douglas Ogilby|Ogilby]], 1899</small>
** ''[[Giganthias]]'' <small>[[Masao Katayama|Katayama]], 1954</small>
** ''[[Hemanthias]]'' <small>[[Franz Steindachner|Steindachner]], 1875</small>
** ''[[Holanthias]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]] 1868</small>
** ''[[Hypoplectrodes]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
** ''[[Lepidoperca]]'' <small>[[Charles Tate Regan|Regan]], 1914</small>
** ''[[Luzonichthys]]'' <small>[[Albert William Herre|Herre]], 1936</small>
** ''[[Meganthias]]'' <small>Randall & Heemstra, 2006</small>
** ''[[Nemanthias]]'' <small>[[J.L.B. Smith]], 1954</small>
** ''[[Odontanthias]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1873</small>
** ''[[Othos (fish)|Othos]]'' <small>Castelnau, 1875</small>
** ''[[Plectranthias]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1873</small>
** ''[[Pronotogrammus]]'' <small>Gill, 1863</small>
** ''[[Pseudanthias]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1871</small>
** ''[[Rabaulichthys]]'' <small>[[Gerald R. Allen|Allen]], 1984</small>
** ''[[Sacura]]'' <small>[[David Starr Jordan|D.S. Jordan]] & [[Robert Earl Richardson|Richardson]], 1910</small>
** ''[[Selenanthias]]'' <small>[[Shigeo Tanaka|Tanaka]], 1918</small>
** ''[[Serranocirrhitus]]'' <small>[[Masao Watanabe (zoologist)|Watanabe]], 1949</small>
** ''[[Tosana]]'' <small>[[Hugh McCormick Smith|H.M. Smith]] & [[Thomas E.B. Pope|Pope]], 1906</small>
** ''[[Tosanoides]]'' <small>Kamohara, 1953</small>
** ''[[Trachypoma]]'' <small>Günther, 1859</small>
* Subfamily [[Epinephelinae]] <small>Bleeker, 1874</small> (groupers)<ref name = VDLEF/>
**[[Tribe (biology)|Tribe]] [[Niphonini]] <small>D.S. Jordan, 1923</small>
*** ''[[Niphon (Serranidae)|Niphon]]'' <small>[[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1828</small>
**Tribe [[Epinephelini]] <small>Bleeker, 1874</small>
*** ''[[Aethaloperca]]'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1904</small>
*** ''[[Alphestes]]'' <small>Bloch & [[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801</small>
*** ''[[Anyperodon]]'' <small>Günther, 1859</small>
*** ''[[Cephalopholis]]'' <small>Bloch & Schneider, 1801</small>
*** ''[[Chromileptes]]'' <small>Swainson, 1839</small>
*** ''[[Dermatolepis]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
*** ''[[Epinephelus]]'' <small>Bloch, 1793</small>
*** ''[[Gonioplectrus]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
*** ''[[Gracila]]'' <small>Randall, 1964</small>
*** ''[[Hyporthodus]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
*** ''[[Mycteroperca]]'' <small>Gill, 1862</small>
*** ''[[Paranthias]]'' <small>[[Alphone Guichenot|Guichenot]], 1868</small>
*** ''[[Plectropomus]]'' <small>[[Lorenz Oken|Pken]], 1817</small>
*** ''[[Saloptia]]'' <small>J.L.B. Smith, 1964</small>
*** ''[[Triso]]'' <small>Randall, [[David G. Johnson|Johnson]] & [[G.R. Lowe|Lowe]], 1989</small>
*** ''[[Variola (fish)|Variola]]'' <small>Swainson, 1839</small>
**Tribe [[Diploprionini]] <small>Bleeker, 1874</small>
*** ''[[Aulacocephalus]]'' <small>Temminck & Schlegel, 1843</small>
*** ''[[Belonoperca]]'' <small>Fowler & [[Barton Appler Bean|B.A. Bean]], 1930</small>
*** ''[[Diploprion]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1828</small>
** Tribe [[Liopropomini]] <small>Poey, 1867</small>
*** ''[[Bathyanthias]]'' <small>Günther, 1880</small>
*** ''[[Liopropoma]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
*** ''[[Rainfordia]]'' <small>[[Allan Riverstone McCulloch|McCulloch]], 1923</small>
**Tribe [[Grammistini]] <small>Bleeker, 1857</small>
*** ''[[Aporops]]'' <small>[[Leonard Peter Schultz|Schultz]], 1943</small>
*** ''[[Grammistes]]'' <small>Bloch & Schneider, 1801</small>
*** ''[[Grammistops]]'' <small>Schultz 1953</small>
*** ''[[Jeboehlkia]]'' <small>[[C. Richard Robins|Robins]], 1967</small>
*** ''[[Pogonoperca]]'' <small>Günther 1859</small>
*** ''[[Pseudogramma]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1875</small>
*** ''[[Rypticus]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1829</small>
*** ''[[Suttonia]]'' <small>J.L.B. Smith, 1953</small>
* Subfamily [[Serraninae]] <small>Swainson, 1839</small><ref name = VDLEF/>
** ''[[Bullisichthys]]'' <small>[[Luis R. Rivas|Rivas]], 1971</small>
** ''[[Centropristis]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1829</small>
** ''[[Chelidoperca]]'' <small>[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1895</small>
** ''[[Cratinus (fish)|Cratinus]]'' <small>Steindachner, 1878</small>
** ''[[Diplectrum]]'' <small>[[John Edwards Holbrook|Holbrook]], 1855</small>
** ''[[Hypoplectrus]]'' <small>Gill, 1861</small>
** ''[[Paralabrax]]'' <small>[[Charles Frédéric Girard|Girard]], 1856</small>
** ''[[Parasphyraenops]]'' <small>[[Tarleton Hoffman Bean|T.H. Bean]], 1912</small>
** ''[[Schultzea]]'' <small>[[Loren P. Woods|Woods]], 1958</small>
** ''[[Serraniculus]]'' <small>[[Isaac Ginsburg|Ginsburg]], 1952</small>
** ''[[Serranus]]'' <small>Cuvier, 1816</small>
* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
** ?†''[[Blabe]]'' <small>[[Errol White|White]], 1936</small> (Eocene, Egypt)
** ''[[Caesioscorpis]]'' <small>[[Gilbert Percy Whitley|Whitley]], 1945</small>
** ''[[Hemilutjanus]]'' <small>Bleeker, 1876</small>
** [[extinction|†]]''[[Palaeoperca]]'' <small>[[Norbert Micklich|Micklich]], 1978</small> (Eocene, Germany)
}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{FishBase family | family = Serranidae | month = October | year = 2016 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 |page=560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | access-date = 2011-05-19 }}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q207941}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Serranidae| ]]
[[Category:Marine fish families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by William John Swainson]]

Latest revision as of 17:02, 13 July 2024

Serranidae
Temporal range: Paleocene–present
Humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Percoidei
Family: Serranidae
Swainson, 1839[1]
Subfamilies

see text

Synonyms

Grammistidae Bleeker, 1857

Serranidae is a large family of fishes belonging to the order Perciformes. The family contains about 450 species in 65 genera, including the sea basses and the groupers (subfamily Epinephelinae). Although many species are small, in some cases less than 10 cm (3.9 in), the giant grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) is one of the largest bony fishes in the world, growing to 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) in length and 400 kg (880 lb) in weight.[2] Representatives of this group live in tropical and subtropical seas worldwide.

Characteristics

[edit]

Many serranid species are brightly colored, and many of the larger species are caught commercially for food. They are usually found over reefs, in tropical to subtropical waters along the coasts. Serranids are generally robust in form, with large mouths and small spines on the gill coverings. They typically have several rows of sharp teeth, usually with a pair of particularly large, canine-like teeth projecting from the lower jaw.[3]

All serranids are carnivorous. Although some species, especially in the Anthiadinae subfamily, only feed on zooplankton, the majority feed on fish and crustaceans. They are typically ambush predators, hiding in cover on the reef and darting out to grab passing prey. Their bright colours are most likely a form of disruptive camouflage, similar to the stripes of a tiger.[3]

Many species are protogynous hermaphrodites, meaning they start out as females and change sex to male later in life.[3] They produce large quantities of eggs and their larvae are planktonic, generally at the mercy of ocean currents until they are ready to settle into adult populations.

Like other fish, serranids harbour parasites, including nematodes, cestodes, digeneans,[4] monogeneans, isopods, and copepods. A study conducted in New Caledonia has shown that coral reef-associated serranids harbour about 10 species of parasites per fish species.[5]

Classification

[edit]
A typical member of Anthiadinae, the sea goldie, is small, colorful, planktivorous and social.
Like many other large species in the Epinephelinae subfamily, the Nassau grouper is threatened by overfishing.
The skin of the six-striped soapfish produces a toxic mucus

In recent times[when?], this family has been proposed to be split. The two hypothetical families emerging from the remains of the possibly-obsolete taxon are the families Epinephilidae and Anthiadidae. This taxonomic separation is recognized by some authorities[who?], including the IUCN.[6] Recent[when?] molecular classifications challenge the validity of the genera Cromileptes (sometimes spelled Chromileptes) and Anyperodon. Each of these two genera has a single species, which were included in the same clade as species of Epinephelus in a study based on five different genes.[7]

The subfamilies and genera are as follows:[8][9]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Epinephelus lanceolatus". FishBase. October 2016 version.
  3. ^ a b c Randall, John E. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 195–199. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  4. ^ Cribb, T. H.; Bray, R. A.; Wright, T.; Pichelin, S. (2002). "The trematodes of groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae): knowledge, nature and evolution". Parasitology. 124 (7): S23 – S42. doi:10.1017/s0031182002001671. PMID 12396214. S2CID 12287737.
  5. ^ Justine, J.-L.; Beveridge, I.; Boxshall, G. A.; Bray, R. A.; Moravec, F.; Trilles, J.-P.; Whittington, I. D. (2010). "An annotated list of parasites (Isopoda, Copepoda, Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda and Nematoda) collected in groupers (Serranidae, Epinephelinae) in New Caledonia emphasizes parasite biodiversity in coral reef fish". Folia Parasitologica. 57 (4): 237–262. doi:10.14411/fp.2010.032. PMID 21344838.
  6. ^ "IUCN red list taxonomies".
  7. ^ Schoelinck, C.; Hinsinger, D. D.; Dettaï, A.; Cruaud, C.; Justine, J.-L. (2014). "A phylogenetic re-analysis of groupers with applications for ciguatera fish poisoning". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e98198. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...998198S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098198. PMC 4122351. PMID 25093850.
  8. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Serranidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  9. ^ J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 446–448. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  10. ^ a b Anderson, W.D. Jr.; Heemstra, P.C. (2012). "Review of Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Anthiine Fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Serranidae), with Descriptions of Two New Genera". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 102 (2): 1–173.

References

[edit]
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