Kokna (tribe): Difference between revisions
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{{About|the Indian tribal community| |
{{About|the Indian tribal community||Kukna (disambiguation){{!}}Kukna}} |
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[[File:Moment from Kokna festival.jpg|thumb|262x262px|A moment from Kokna-Kokni festival wherein men are dressed-up as Indian mythological characters]] |
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{{Infobox ethnic group |
{{Infobox ethnic group |
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|group = |
|group = Kokni, Kokna, Kukna |
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|pop = |
|pop = |
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|region1 = India |
|region1 = India |
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|pop1 = 1,049,411<ref name=list>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |accessdate=15 December 2013 | |
|pop1 = 1,049,411<ref name=list>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |accessdate=15 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archivedate=7 November 2013 }}</ref><ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|accessdate=2017-03-24|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India]]}}</ref> |
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|region2 = {{spaces|14}}[[Maharashtra]] |
|region2 = {{spaces|14}}[[Maharashtra]] |
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|pop2 = 6,87,431<ref name=Census2011 /> |
|pop2 = 6,87,431<ref name=Census2011 /> |
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|region3 = {{spaces|14}}[[Gujarat]] |
|region3 = {{spaces|14}}[[Gujarat]] |
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|pop3 = 3,61,587<ref name=Census2011 /> |
|pop3 = 3,61,587<ref name=Census2011 /> |
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|region4 = {{spaces| |
|region4 = {{spaces|14}}[[South Gujarat]] |
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|pop4 = 3,27,967<ref name=gujaratdistricts>{{cite web|url=https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/Assets/downloads/population_kukana.pdf|title=Population Kokna|accessdate=2017-03-27|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=The Tribal Research & Training Institute, [[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> |
|pop4 = 3,27,967<ref name=gujaratdistricts>{{cite web|url=https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/Assets/downloads/population_kukana.pdf|title=Population Kokna|accessdate=2017-03-27|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=The Tribal Research & Training Institute, [[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> |
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|region5 = {{spaces|14}}[[Rajasthan]] |
|region5 = {{spaces|14}}[[Rajasthan]] |
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|region6 = {{spaces|14}}[[Karnataka]] |
|region6 = {{spaces|14}}[[Karnataka]] |
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|pop6 = 32<ref name=Census2011 /> |
|pop6 = 32<ref name=Census2011 /> |
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|languages = [[Kukna language|Kukna]],<ref>{{e19|kex}}</ref> [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |
|languages = [[Kukna language|Kukna]],<ref>{{e19|kex}}</ref> {{cns|[[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|date=June 2022}} |
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|religions = |
|religions = |
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|related = |
|related = |
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'''Kokna''' is an Indian tribal community |
'''Kokni, Kokna, Kukna''' is an Indian [[Adivasi]] [[Tribe|tribal]] community found in [[Sahyadri]]-[[Satpura Range|Satpura]] Ranges of [[Maharashtra]] (mostly residing in [[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]] and [[Dhule district|Dhule]] districts – [[Sakri Taluka|Sakri]], [[Navapur]] talukas) and in [[Gujarat]] (mostly residing in [[Dang district, India|Ahwa]]-[[Dang district, India|Dang]], [[Navsari district|Navsari]] and [[Valsad district|Valsad]] districts) and is believed to have originated<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/95785|hdl = 10603/95785|title = Kokana adivasichya loksahityacha abhyas|journal = University|date = 3 September 2010|last1 = Adhav|first1 = Kalyan Rau}}</ref> in the Konkan patti of [[Thane district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://trti.gujarat.gov.in/choudhuri-choudhury|title=Choudhuri / Choudhury|accessdate=2017-03-27|work=Census of India 2011|publisher=The Tribal Research & Training Institute, [[Government of Gujarat]]}}</ref> It is also known as Kokna, Kokni, and Kukna. There are various opinions regarding the origin of this tribe since no adequate research has been made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rasik.com/cgi_bin/display_book.cgi?bookId=b49316&lang=marathi|title=मराठी पुस्तक कोकणा-कोकणी इतिहास आणि जीवन, marathi book kokaNA-kokaNI itihAsa ANi jIvana kokaNA-kokaNI itihAsa ANi jIwana|website=www.rasik.com|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> They are recognized as a scheduled tribe in the [[India]]n states of [[Gujarat]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref>Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, India {{cite web |url=http://www.tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181521/http://tribal.nic.in/WriteReadData/CMS/Documents/201306110208002203443DemographicStatusofScheduledTribePopulationofIndia.pdf |archivedate=2016-03-03 }}</ref> |
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[[File:Kokna Tribals from Nandurbar Maharashtra-1.jpg|thumb|Kokna tribals after group performance in New Delhi]] |
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== Social life == |
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Kokna-Kokni tribal society is an important society of ancient primitive culture and its social, economic, cultural and political life is characteristic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allsubjectjournal.com/download/2885/4-2-35-543.pdf|title=कुंकणा: जाती और बोली|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Considering the total population of the Kokni tribe, it can be seen that Kokni is the major tribe in [[Maharashtra]]. Although there are few historical references available regarding the origin of tribe from socio-cultural point of view, their current social customs and cultural practices confirm their [[Primitive tribe|primitiveness]]. |
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Interest and improvements in [[agriculture]] has resulted in prosperity and social stability of the tribe. Apart from this, the social status of the Koknas has remained high due to land ownership. Due to their high socio-economic status, the Kokna tribes consider themselves superior to other tribes.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== Religion and cultural life == |
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The [[Animism|animistic]] religious beliefs and practices practiced by the tribals are also seen in the Kokna tribe i.e. religion is the belief in supernatural powers and divine beings. Along with God of [[water]], God of [[fire]] and God of [[Animal|animals]], the Kokna also believe in demons. Koknas are mostly [[nature]] worshipers. Therefore, their deities and places of worship are also subject to the nature. Since the Kokna has been settled in agriculture for many years, they believe that [[rain]] is the supreme god. Their deities are based on daily life relationships such as 'Dhantari' which gives [[grain]], 'Gavkari' which is used for [[Farm|farm work]] and 'Kansari' which makes a [[Life|living]]. Worship rituals are performed to please the deities at the beginning of any auspicious work or financial activity. Since nature is the foundation of the socio-economic life of the Konkan, their conceptions of religion and theology have also developed on the basis of nature.<ref name=":0" /> |
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=== Dongaryadev Festival === |
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The God of mountains (Dongaridev) is worshiped in the belief that God resides in a mountain cave and that his happiness and sadness affect the life's joys and sorrows. Dongaridev festival is celebrated by the whole villages and at least one person from each family in the village has to participate in this festival. 70–80 young and old people come together and dance in a circular motion and sing songs in their dialect. Various instruments are used for worship in this festival viz. flags, ghoongru kaathi (stick with bells), pawri, tapra, many marigold flowers, [[Eleusine coracana|nachani]] and rice grains. The festival usually lasts for eight to ten days and finally, on the night before the full moon, they go at the foot of the mountain, dance all night, sing kokni songs, and descend from the hill in the morning after worshiping the mountain. During this festival all the virtues of kindness, cordiality, generosity, honesty, discipline, community life, purity of mind are 'discovered'.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saketghanekar.in/2017/11/blog-post_86.html|title=डोंगरीदेव....... एक आदिवासी (कोकणी) सण/सोहळा|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-28|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823001447/http://www.saketghanekar.in/2017/11/blog-post_86.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Tribes of India]] |
[[Category:Tribes of India]] |
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[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan]] |
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Latest revision as of 10:58, 15 July 2024
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| India | 1,049,411[1][2] |
| Maharashtra | 6,87,431[2] |
| Gujarat | 3,61,587[2] |
| South Gujarat | 3,27,967[3] |
| Rajasthan | 361[2] |
| Karnataka | 32[2] |
| Languages | |
| Kukna,[4] Marathi, Gujarati[citation needed] | |
Kokni, Kokna, Kukna is an Indian Adivasi tribal community found in Sahyadri-Satpura Ranges of Maharashtra (mostly residing in Nandurbar and Dhule districts – Sakri, Navapur talukas) and in Gujarat (mostly residing in Ahwa-Dang, Navsari and Valsad districts) and is believed to have originated[5] in the Konkan patti of Thane district.[6] It is also known as Kokna, Kokni, and Kukna. There are various opinions regarding the origin of this tribe since no adequate research has been made.[7] They are recognized as a scheduled tribe in the Indian states of Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.[8]
Social life
[edit]Kokna-Kokni tribal society is an important society of ancient primitive culture and its social, economic, cultural and political life is characteristic.[9] Considering the total population of the Kokni tribe, it can be seen that Kokni is the major tribe in Maharashtra. Although there are few historical references available regarding the origin of tribe from socio-cultural point of view, their current social customs and cultural practices confirm their primitiveness.
Interest and improvements in agriculture has resulted in prosperity and social stability of the tribe. Apart from this, the social status of the Koknas has remained high due to land ownership. Due to their high socio-economic status, the Kokna tribes consider themselves superior to other tribes.[5]
Religion and cultural life
[edit]The animistic religious beliefs and practices practiced by the tribals are also seen in the Kokna tribe i.e. religion is the belief in supernatural powers and divine beings. Along with God of water, God of fire and God of animals, the Kokna also believe in demons. Koknas are mostly nature worshipers. Therefore, their deities and places of worship are also subject to the nature. Since the Kokna has been settled in agriculture for many years, they believe that rain is the supreme god. Their deities are based on daily life relationships such as 'Dhantari' which gives grain, 'Gavkari' which is used for farm work and 'Kansari' which makes a living. Worship rituals are performed to please the deities at the beginning of any auspicious work or financial activity. Since nature is the foundation of the socio-economic life of the Konkan, their conceptions of religion and theology have also developed on the basis of nature.[5]
Dongaryadev Festival
[edit]The God of mountains (Dongaridev) is worshiped in the belief that God resides in a mountain cave and that his happiness and sadness affect the life's joys and sorrows. Dongaridev festival is celebrated by the whole villages and at least one person from each family in the village has to participate in this festival. 70–80 young and old people come together and dance in a circular motion and sing songs in their dialect. Various instruments are used for worship in this festival viz. flags, ghoongru kaathi (stick with bells), pawri, tapra, many marigold flowers, nachani and rice grains. The festival usually lasts for eight to ten days and finally, on the night before the full moon, they go at the foot of the mountain, dance all night, sing kokni songs, and descend from the hill in the morning after worshiping the mountain. During this festival all the virtues of kindness, cordiality, generosity, honesty, discipline, community life, purity of mind are 'discovered'.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
- ^ a b c d e "A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix". Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
- ^ "Population Kokna" (PDF). Census of India 2011. The Tribal Research & Training Institute, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
- ^ Kokna (tribe) at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- ^ a b c Adhav, Kalyan Rau (3 September 2010). "Kokana adivasichya loksahityacha abhyas". University. hdl:10603/95785.
- ^ "Choudhuri / Choudhury". Census of India 2011. The Tribal Research & Training Institute, Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
- ^ "मराठी पुस्तक कोकणा-कोकणी इतिहास आणि जीवन, marathi book kokaNA-kokaNI itihAsa ANi jIvana kokaNA-kokaNI itihAsa ANi jIwana". www.rasik.com. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
- ^ Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population of India, Ministry of Tribal Affairs, India "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "कुंकणा: जाती और बोली" (PDF).
- ^ "डोंगरीदेव....... एक आदिवासी (कोकणी) सण/सोहळा". Archived from the original on 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2020-04-28.