Hatfield rail crash: Difference between revisions

Hatfield rail crash
Hatfield rail crash
	An InterCity 225 passing a memorial garden for the crash victims
Details
Date	17 October 2000 ; 12:23, (UTC)
Location	Hatfield, Hertfordshire
Coordinates	51°45′14″N 0°13′18″W / 51.75389°N 0.22167°W
Country	England
Line	East Coast Main Line
Operator	Great North Eastern Railway
Cause	Broken rail
Statistics
Trains	1
Passengers	170
Deaths	4
Injured	Over 70
	List of UK rail accidents by year

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The Hatfield rail crash was a railway accident on 17 October 2000, at Hatfield, Hertfordshire. It was caused by a metal fatigue-induced derailment, killing four people and injuring more than 70.

The accident exposed major stewardship shortcomings of the privatised national railway infrastructure company Railtrack. Reports found there was a lack of communication and some staff were not aware of maintenance procedures. Railtrack subsequently went into administration and was replaced by Network Rail. The aftermath of the accident saw widespread speed limit reductions throughout the rail network and a tightening of health and safety procedures, the repercussions of which were still felt years later. In 2005, both Railtrack and the contractor Balfour Beatty were found guilty of breaching health and safety laws.

Accident

A Great North Eastern Railway (GNER) InterCity 225 train bound for Leeds had left London King's Cross at 12:10, and was travelling along the East Coast Main Line at approximately 115 mph (185 km/h) when it derailed south of Hatfield station at 12:23.^[2] The train was in the control of an experienced driver trainer accompanied by a trainee driver. It had been agreed at Kings Cross that the trainee would drive the 12:10 service to Leeds.^[3] The primary cause of the accident was later determined to be the left-hand rail fracturing as the train passed over it.^[2]

The train travelled a further 1,000 yards (910 m) after derailment. The leading locomotive and the first two coaches remained upright and on the rails. All of the following coaches and the trailing Driving Van Trailer (DVT) were derailed, and the train set separated into three sections.^[2] The restaurant coach, the eighth vehicle in the set, overturned onto its side and struck an overhead line gantry after derailing, resulting in severe damage to the vehicle.^[4] The whole incident occurred in 17 seconds.^[5]

Four passengers died in the accident and a further 33 were initially reported as injured, three seriously.^[2] The number of injured was later revised to over 70.^[1]^[6] Those who died were all in the restaurant coach:

Robert James Alcorn, 37, of Auckland, New Zealand^[7]^[8]^[9]
Steve Arthur, 46, from Pease Pottage, West Sussex^[10]
Leslie Gray, 43, of Tuxford, Nottinghamshire^[10]
Peter Monkhouse, 50, of Headingley, Leeds^[10]

Two of those seriously injured were GNER staff working in the restaurant coach at the time of the accident.^[11] Emmerdale actress Anna Brecon was travelling on the train, and suffered minor cuts and bruises.^[2] Another passenger was the television reporter Justin Rowlatt, who said he "watched the carriages skid and whip around on the gravel besides the track".^[12]

Crash investigators found the British Rail-designed Mark 4 coaches had good structural integrity and, aside from the restaurant coach, remained intact after the accident.^[13] Coincidentally, the locomotive in the crash was also involved in the Selby rail crash (where the leading DVT hit a road vehicle on the track) four months later.^[14]

Cause

A preliminary investigation found a rail had fragmented as trains passed and that the likely cause was "rolling contact fatigue" (defined as multiple surface-breaking cracks). Such cracks are caused by high loads where the wheels contact the rail.^[15]^[16] Repeated high loading causes fatigue cracks to grow. When they reach a critical size, the rail fails. Portions of the failed track at Hatfield were reassembled and numerous fatigue cracks were identified. They contributed to the spalling of the running surface to around five millimetres (0.2 in) deep and 100 millimetres (3.9 in) long.^[17]

The problem was known about before the accident; a letter from the infrastructure company Railtrack in December 1999 warned that the existing Railtrack Line Specification was insufficient to guard against this type of fatigue.^[18] Replacement rails were made available but never delivered to the correct location for installation.^[19]

Since privatisation, Railtrack had divested the engineering knowledge of British Rail to contractors. While it had comprehensive maintenance procedures that might have prevented the accident if followed appropriately, later investigation showed there was a serious problem with the experience and working knowledge of staff.^[20] In a subsequent interview, the Zone Quality Standards Manager said, "I do not have knowledge of railway engineering nor railway safety", which was completely contrary to the written requirements for the role.^[21] In May 1999, the Head of Track had said that insufficiently-skilled work was causing more rails to break.^[22] Railtrack did not know how many other cases of rail fatigue around the network could lead to a similar accident.^[23] It consequently imposed over 1,800 emergency speed restrictions and instigated a costly nationwide track replacement programme.^[24] The company was subject to "enforcement" by the Rail Regulator, Tom Winsor.^[25]

Aftermath

In 2004, Steve Arthur's widow was awarded £1 million damages in the High Court. The families of the other three fatal casualties received damages out of court.^[5] A memorial service was held for the victims on the tenth anniversary of the crash in 2010 at St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield. A second service was held near the crash site afterwards. Both were conducted by the Rector of Hatfield, who had attended to casualties and the bereaved in the immediate aftermath of the accident in 2000.^[6]

The speed restrictions and track replacement works caused significant disruption on a majority of the national network for more than a year.^[26] The disruption and Railtrack's spiralling costs eventually caused the company to enter administration at the insistence of Transport Secretary Stephen Byers,^[27] and its replacement by the not-for-dividend company Network Rail under Byers's successor Alistair Darling.^[28]

Train operating companies were adversely affected by the disruption, losing an estimated 19% of revenue in the year following the crash. Freight operator EWS was cancelling up to 400 trains per week as a result, whilst estimates put Freightliner's resultant losses at £1 million per month. The cost to the entire UK economy of the disruption was estimated at £6 million per day.^[29]

The Institute of Rail Welding (IoRW) was set up in 2002 by The Welding Institute (TWI) and Network Rail as a consequence of the recommendations in the investigation report.^[30] It provides a focus for individuals and organisations involved in rail welding and facilitates the adoption of best practice.^[31]

The aftermath of the crash had long-reaching repercussions in the rail industry. In 2015, at the fifteenth anniversary of the accident, the Rail, Maritime and Transport union (RMT) said a new system for handling maintenance introduced by Network Rail was confusing, and there was the potential for a similar accident. The union's general secretary said that Network Rail needed to act on its concerns, otherwise there would be industrial action.^[32]

The Class 91 powering the train involved in the Hatfield rail crash would later be involved in the Selby rail crash four months later, sustaining minor damage. It was repaired again following the accident, and remained in service for a further 20 years, finally being scrapped at Sims Metals Scrapyard in Nottingham in 2021. As a result of its involvement in both accidents, it had gained the unofficial nickname 'Lucky'.^[33]

Court case

In 2003, five managers and two companies – Network Rail (as successors of Railtrack) and the division of Balfour Beatty that maintained the track – were charged with manslaughter and breach of health and safety charges in connection with the accident. The managers, Anthony Walker (Balfour Beatty's rail maintenance director), Nicholas Jeffries (its civil engineer), Railtrack's Alistair Cook and Sean Fugill (asset managers for the London North-East zone), and track engineer Keith Lee, all denied the charges.^[34] The corporate manslaughter charges against Railtrack/Network Rail and some of its executives were dropped in September 2004, but the other charges stood.^[35]

The trial began in January 2005; the judge, Mr Justice Mackay, warned that it could go on for a year. On 14 July, the judge instructed the jury to acquit all defendants on charges of manslaughter.^[36] A few days later, Balfour Beatty changed its plea to guilty on the health and safety charges,^[37] and on 6 September, Network Rail was found guilty of breaching health and safety law.^[38] Network Rail were fined £3.5 million while Balfour Beatty were fined £10 million.^[6] All of the manslaughter charges against the executives were dismissed by the judge.^[39]

References

Notes

^ The ORR Final Report in 2006 states "over 70" injured; news reports vary, mentioning figures up to "102 injured".^[1]

Citations

^ ^a ^b ORR 2006, p. 1.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Cobain, Ian; Harvey, Michael; Bird, Steve (18 October 2000). "Four killed and 33 hurt: mechanical failure blamed". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ ORR 2006, p. 45.
^ ORR 2006, p. 43.
^ ^a ^b "How Hatfield changed the railways". BBC News. 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Church services mark Hatfield train crash anniversary". BBC News. 17 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
^ Bird, Steve; Wilkinson, Paul; Horsnell, Michael (20 October 2000). "Pilot who flew worldwide met death on train". The Times. p. 11. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ "British police recommend corporate manslaughter charges (Aucklander Robert Alcorn killed)". New Zealand Herald. 30 July 2001. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ "Family pleased at charges over fatal train crash". New Zealand Herald. 10 July 2003. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cobain, Ian; Horsnell, Michael; Binyon, Michael (19 October 2000). "Railtrack knew about faulty line". The Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ ORR 2006, p. 4.
^ "Hatfield Train Crash". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
^ ORR 2006, p. 34.
^ Senior, Roger (2016). Train Doctor: Trouble Shooting with Diesel and Electric Traction. Casemate Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4738-7045-1.
^ ORR 2006, p. 16.
^ Doherty, Andy; Steve Clark; Robert Care; Mark Dembosky (June 2005). "Why Rails Crack?". Ingenia Online. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
^ ORR 2006, pp. 54–5.
^ ORR 2006, p. 17.
^ Benn, Tony (2010). More Time for Politics: Diaries 2001–2007. Random House. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4090-6320-9.
^ ORR 2006, pp. 81, 84.
^ ORR 2006, p. 114.
^ ORR 2006, p. 107.
^ ORR 2006, p. 98.
^ ORR 2006, p. 120.
^ Pank, Philip (18 October 2010). "Rail safety 'still an issue' 10 years after Hatfield". The Times. p. 11. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Hatfield crash "was disaster waiting to happen"". The Daily Telegraph. 31 January 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Railtrack in administration". BBC News. 8 October 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Rail privatisation – a short history". Channel 4 News. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ Andrew Murray (2001), Off the rails: Britain's great rail crisis : cause, consequences and cure, Verso, "Companies in trouble", pp. 124–129, ISBN 9781859846407
^ "Mission statement". Institute of Rail Welding. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ "Repairing RCF – The IoRW's 2015 Technical Seminar". Rail Engineer. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Unions raise safety concerns on Hatfield rail crash anniversary". BT News. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "First LNER Class 91 locomotive set to be scrapped in Nottingham". RailAdvent. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2022.
^ "Hatfield a "disaster in waiting"". BBC News. 31 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.
^ "Charges dropped against Railtrack". BBC News. 2 September 2004. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ "Rail killing charges thrown out". BBC News. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ "Company admits Hatfield breaches". BBC News. 18 July 2005. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ "Network Rail guilty over Hatfield". BBC News. 6 November 2005. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2007.
^ Milner, Mark (15 July 2005). "Judge dismisses Hatfield rail manslaughter charges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2016.

Sources

Train Derailment at Hatfield : A Final Report by the Independent Investigation Board (PDF) (Report). Office of Rail Regulation. July 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

External links

[2] The ORR Final Report in 2006 states "over 70" injured; news reports vary, mentioning figures up to "102 injured".^[1]

[FOOTNOTEORR20061-1] ORR 2006, p. 1.

[times-3] Cobain, Ian; Harvey, Michael; Bird, Steve (18 October 2000). "Four killed and 33 hurt: mechanical failure blamed". The Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTEORR200645-4] ORR 2006, p. 45.

[FOOTNOTEORR200643-5] ORR 2006, p. 43.

[bbc_4216830-6] "How Hatfield changed the railways". BBC News. 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2016.

[bbc_11560482-7] "Church services mark Hatfield train crash anniversary". BBC News. 17 October 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2016.

[8] Bird, Steve; Wilkinson, Paul; Horsnell, Michael (20 October 2000). "Pilot who flew worldwide met death on train". The Times. p. 11. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[9] "British police recommend corporate manslaughter charges (Aucklander Robert Alcorn killed)". New Zealand Herald. 30 July 2001. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

[10] "Family pleased at charges over fatal train crash". New Zealand Herald. 10 July 2003. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2017.

[times2-11] Cobain, Ian; Horsnell, Michael; Binyon, Michael (19 October 2000). "Railtrack knew about faulty line". The Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[FOOTNOTEORR20064-12] ORR 2006, p. 4.

[13] "Hatfield Train Crash". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2019.

[FOOTNOTEORR200634-14] ORR 2006, p. 34.

[15] Senior, Roger (2016). Train Doctor: Trouble Shooting with Diesel and Electric Traction. Casemate Publishers. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-4738-7045-1.

[FOOTNOTEORR200616-16] ORR 2006, p. 16.

[17] Doherty, Andy; Steve Clark; Robert Care; Mark Dembosky (June 2005). "Why Rails Crack?". Ingenia Online. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2008.

[FOOTNOTEORR200654–5-18] ORR 2006, pp. 54–5.

[FOOTNOTEORR200617-19] ORR 2006, p. 17.

[20] Benn, Tony (2010). More Time for Politics: Diaries 2001–2007. Random House. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4090-6320-9.

[FOOTNOTEORR200681,_84-21] ORR 2006, pp. 81, 84.

[FOOTNOTEORR2006114-22] ORR 2006, p. 114.

[FOOTNOTEORR2006107-23] ORR 2006, p. 107.

[FOOTNOTEORR200698-24] ORR 2006, p. 98.

[FOOTNOTEORR2006120-25] ORR 2006, p. 120.

[26] Pank, Philip (18 October 2010). "Rail safety 'still an issue' 10 years after Hatfield". The Times. p. 11. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[27] "Hatfield crash "was disaster waiting to happen"". The Daily Telegraph. 31 January 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[28] "Railtrack in administration". BBC News. 8 October 2001. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[29] "Rail privatisation – a short history". Channel 4 News. 1 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[30] Andrew Murray (2001), Off the rails: Britain's great rail crisis : cause, consequences and cure, Verso, "Companies in trouble", pp. 124–129, ISBN 9781859846407

[31] "Mission statement". Institute of Rail Welding. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2016.

[32] "Repairing RCF – The IoRW's 2015 Technical Seminar". Rail Engineer. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[33] "Unions raise safety concerns on Hatfield rail crash anniversary". BT News. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[34] "First LNER Class 91 locomotive set to be scrapped in Nottingham". RailAdvent. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2022.

[35] "Hatfield a "disaster in waiting"". BBC News. 31 January 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2016.

[36] "Charges dropped against Railtrack". BBC News. 2 September 2004. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2007.

[37] "Rail killing charges thrown out". BBC News. 14 July 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2007.

[38] "Company admits Hatfield breaches". BBC News. 18 July 2005. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2007.

[39] "Network Rail guilty over Hatfield". BBC News. 6 November 2005. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2007.

[40] Milner, Mark (15 July 2005). "Judge dismisses Hatfield rail manslaughter charges". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 23 August 2016.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|2000 rail accident in Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England}}
 {{About|the rail crash in 2000|the accident in 1870 in which eight died|1870 Hatfield rail crash}}
-{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
 {{Infobox public transit accident
 | name                = Hatfield rail crash
@@ Line 23: / Line 24: @@
 | date                = {{Start date|2000|10|17|df=y}}
 | time                = {{Start date|df=yes||||12|23||Z}}
-| location            = [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield]], [[Herefordshire]], England, UK
+| location            = [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire]]
 | location_dir        =
 | location_city       =
@@ Line 54: / Line 55: @@
 }}
-The '''Hatfield rail crash''' was a [[railway]] accident on 17 October 2000, at [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield]], [[Herefordshire]], England, United Kingdom. It was caused by a [[metal fatigue]]-induced [[derailment]], killing four people and injuring more than 70.
+The '''Hatfield rail crash''' was a [[railway]] accident on 17 October 2000, at [[Hatfield, Hertfordshire]]. It was caused by a [[metal fatigue]]-induced [[derailment]], killing four people and injuring more than 70.
-Though the accident resulted in few deaths, it exposed major stewardship shortcomings of the privatised national railway infrastructure company [[Railtrack]]. Reports found there was a lack of communication and some staff were not aware of maintenance procedures. Railtrack subsequently went into [[Administration (law)|administration]] and was replaced by [[Network Rail]]. The aftermath of the accident saw widespread speed limit reductions throughout the rail network and a tightening of health and safety procedures, the repercussions of which were still felt years later. In 2005, both Railtrack and the contractor [[Balfour Beatty]] were found guilty of breaching health and safety laws.
+The accident exposed major stewardship shortcomings of the privatised national railway infrastructure company [[Railtrack]]. Reports found there was a lack of communication and some staff were not aware of maintenance procedures. Railtrack subsequently went into [[Administration (law)|administration]] and was replaced by [[Network Rail]]. The aftermath of the accident saw widespread speed limit reductions throughout the rail network and a tightening of health and safety procedures, the repercussions of which were still felt years later. In 2005, both Railtrack and the contractor [[Balfour Beatty]] were found guilty of breaching health and safety laws.
 ==Accident==
-A [[Great North Eastern Railway]] (GNER) [[InterCity 225]] train bound for [[Leeds]] had left [[London King's Cross railway station|London King's Cross]] at 12:10, and was travelling along the [[East Coast Main Line]] at approximately {{convert|115|mph}} when it derailed south of [[Hatfield railway station|Hatfield station]] at 12:23.<ref name=times/> The train was being driven by an experienced driver, accompanied by a trainee who was expected to take over at Leeds.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=45}} The primary cause of the accident was later determined to be the left-hand rail fracturing as the train passed over it.<ref name=times>{{cite news|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF502372356&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|first=Ian|last=Cobain|first2=Michael|last2=Harvey|first3=Steve|last3=Bird|title=Four killed and 33 hurt: mechanical failure blamed|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=18 October 2000|accessdate=16 August 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+A [[Great North Eastern Railway]] (GNER) [[InterCity 225]] train bound for [[Leeds]] had left [[London King's Cross railway station|London King's Cross]] at 12:10, and was travelling along the [[East Coast Main Line]] at approximately {{convert|115|mph|abbr=on}} when it derailed south of [[Hatfield railway station|Hatfield station]] at 12:23.<ref name=times/> The train was in the control of an experienced driver trainer accompanied by a trainee driver. It had been agreed at Kings Cross that the trainee would drive the 12:10 service to Leeds.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=45}} The primary cause of the accident was later determined to be the left-hand rail fracturing as the train passed over it.<ref name=times>{{cite news|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF502372356&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|first1=Ian|last1=Cobain|first2=Michael|last2=Harvey|first3=Steve|last3=Bird|title=Four killed and 33 hurt: mechanical failure blamed|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=18 October 2000|access-date=16 August 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000144/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=wes_ttda&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Faction%3Dinterpret%26id%3DGALE%7CIF0502372356%26v%3D2.1%26u%3Dwes_ttda%26it%3Dr%26p%3DTTDA%26sw%3Dw&prodId=TTDA|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The train travelled a further {{convert|1000|yards}} after derailment. The leading locomotive and the first two coaches remained upright and on the rails.  All of the following coaches and the trailing [[Driving Van Trailer]] (DVT) were derailed, and the train set separated into three sections.<ref name=times/> The restaurant coach, the eighth vehicle in the set, overturned onto its side and struck an [[overhead line]] gantry after derailing, resulting in severe damage to the vehicle.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=43}} The whole incident occurred in seventeen seconds.<ref name=bbc_4216830>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4216830.stm|title=How Hatfield changed the railways|work=[[BBC News]]|date=6 September 2005|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>
+The train travelled a further {{convert|1000|yards}} after derailment. The leading locomotive and the first two coaches remained upright and on the rails.  All of the following coaches and the trailing [[Driving Van Trailer]] (DVT) were derailed, and the train set separated into three sections.<ref name=times/> The restaurant coach, the eighth vehicle in the set, overturned onto its side and struck an [[overhead line]] gantry after derailing, resulting in severe damage to the vehicle.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=43}} The whole incident occurred in 17{{nbsp}}seconds.<ref name=bbc_4216830>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4216830.stm|title=How Hatfield changed the railways|work=[[BBC News]]|date=6 September 2005|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000142/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4216830.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Four passengers died in the accident and a further 33 were initially reported as injured, three seriously.<ref name=times/> The number of injured was later revised to over 70.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=1}}<ref name=bbc_11560482>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-11560482|title=Church services mark Hatfield train crash anniversary|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2010|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref> Those who died were all in the restaurant coach:
+Four passengers died in the accident and a further 33 were initially reported as injured, three seriously.<ref name=times/> The number of injured was later revised to over 70.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=1}}<ref name=bbc_11560482>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-11560482|title=Church services mark Hatfield train crash anniversary|work=BBC News|date=17 October 2010|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000217/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-11560482|url-status=live}}</ref> Those who died were all in the restaurant coach:
-* Robert James Alcorn, 37, of [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF501417577&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|first=Steve|last=Bird|first2=Paul|last2=Wilkinson|first3=Michael|last3=Horsnell|title=Pilot who flew worldwide met death on train|work=The Times|date=20 October 2000|p=11|accessdate=21 August 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=202823  |title= British police recommend corporate manslaughter charges (Aucklander Robert Alcorn killed) |publisher=  New Zealand Herald  |date=30 July 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3511920  |title= Family pleased at charges over fatal train crash |publisher=  New Zealand Herald  |date=10 July 2003}}</ref>
+* Robert James Alcorn, 37, of [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF501417577&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|first1=Steve|last1=Bird|first2=Paul|last2=Wilkinson|first3=Michael|last3=Horsnell|title=Pilot who flew worldwide met death on train|work=The Times|date=20 October 2000|page=11|access-date=21 August 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web  |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=202823  |title=British police recommend corporate manslaughter charges (Aucklander Robert Alcorn killed)  |publisher=New Zealand Herald  |date=30 July 2001 |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000145/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/british-police-urge-hatfield-rail-crash-charges/G2UKGLZT4YRMUULT324UT3BUMU/  |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web  |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=3511920  |title=Family pleased at charges over fatal train crash  |publisher=New Zealand Herald  |date=10 July 2003 |access-date=1 December 2017 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000212/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/family-pleased-at-charges-over-fatal-train-crash/75IXUYNZO4B6RNNB5DMIPNZINA/  |url-status=live  }}</ref>
-* Steve Arthur, 46, from [[Pease Pottage]], [[West Sussex]]<ref name=times2>{{cite news|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF501416875&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|first=Ian|last=Cobain|first2=Michael|last2=Horsnell|first3=Michael|last3=Binyon|title=Railtrack knew about faulty line|newspaper=The Times|date=19 October 2000|p=1|accessdate=21 August 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+* Steve Arthur, 46, from [[Pease Pottage]], [[West Sussex]]<ref name=times2>{{cite news|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF501416875&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|first1=Ian|last1=Cobain|first2=Michael|last2=Horsnell|first3=Michael|last3=Binyon|title=Railtrack knew about faulty line|newspaper=The Times|date=19 October 2000|page=1|access-date=21 August 2016|url-access=subscription|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000152/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=kccl&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Faction%3Dinterpret%26id%3DGALE%7CIF0501416875%26v%3D2.1%26u%3Dkccl%26it%3Dr%26p%3DTTDA%26sw%3Dw&prodId=TTDA|url-status=live}}</ref>
 * Leslie Gray, 43, of [[Tuxford]], [[Nottinghamshire]]<ref name=times2/>
 * Peter Monkhouse, 50, of [[Headingley]], [[Leeds]]<ref name=times2/>
-Two of those seriously injured were GNER staff working in the restaurant coach at the time of the accident.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=4}} ''[[Emmerdale]]'' actress [[Anna Brecon]] was travelling on the train, and suffered minor cuts and bruises.<ref name=times/> Another passenger was the television reporter [[Justin Rowlatt]], who said he "watched the carriages skid and whip around on the gravel besides the track".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/enwiki/static/in_depth/uk/2000/hatfield_crash/stage4.stm |title=Hatfield Train Crash |work=BBC News }}</ref>
+Two of those seriously injured were GNER staff working in the restaurant coach at the time of the accident.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=4}} ''[[Emmerdale]]'' actress [[Anna Brecon]] was travelling on the train, and suffered minor cuts and bruises.<ref name=times/> Another passenger was the television reporter [[Justin Rowlatt]], who said he "watched the carriages skid and whip around on the gravel besides the track".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/enwiki/static/in_depth/uk/2000/hatfield_crash/stage4.stm |title=Hatfield Train Crash |work=BBC News |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/enwiki/static/in_depth/uk/2000/hatfield_crash/stage4.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
-Crash investigators found the [[British Rail]]-designed [[British Rail Mark 4|Mark 4]] coaches had good structural integrity and, aside from the restaurant coach, remained intact after the accident.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=34}} Coincidentally, the locomotive in the crash was also involved in the [[Great Heck rail crash]] (where the leading DVT hit a road vehicle on the track) four months later.<ref>{{cite book|title=Train Doctor: Trouble Shooting with Diesel and Electric Traction|first=Roger|last=Senior|p=20|publisher=Casemate Publishers|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4738-7045-1}}</ref>
+Crash investigators found the [[British Rail]]-designed [[British Rail Mark 4|Mark 4]] coaches had good structural integrity and, aside from the restaurant coach, remained intact after the accident.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=34}} Coincidentally, the locomotive in the crash was also involved in the [[Selby rail crash]] (where the leading DVT hit a road vehicle on the track) four months later.<ref>{{cite book|title=Train Doctor: Trouble Shooting with Diesel and Electric Traction|first=Roger|last=Senior|page=20|publisher=Casemate Publishers|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4738-7045-1}}</ref>
 ==Cause==
-A preliminary investigation found a rail had fragmented as trains passed and that the likely cause was "rolling contact fatigue" (defined as multiple surface-breaking cracks). Such cracks are caused by high loads where the wheels contact the rail.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=16}}<ref>{{cite web
+A preliminary investigation found a rail had fragmented as trains passed and that the likely cause was "[[rolling contact fatigue]]" (defined as multiple surface-breaking cracks). Such cracks are caused by high loads where the wheels contact the rail.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=16}}<ref>{{cite web
  |last         = Doherty
  |first        = Andy
@@ Line 84: / Line 85: @@
  |date         = June 2005
  |url          = http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=318
- |accessdate   = 2008-12-09
+ |access-date   = 9 December 2008
- |archive-url  = https://archive.is/20121224031322/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=318
+ |archive-url  = https://archive.today/20121224031322/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=318
  |archive-date = 24 December 2012
- |url-status   = dead
+|url-status   = dead
 }}</ref> Repeated high loading causes [[fatigue (material)|fatigue]] cracks to grow. When they reach a critical size, the rail fails. Portions of the failed track at Hatfield were reassembled and numerous fatigue cracks were identified. They contributed to the [[spalling]] of the running surface to around {{convert|5|mm|1|spell=in}} deep and {{convert|100|mm}} long.{{sfn|ORR|2006|pp=54–5}}
-The problem was known about before the accident; a letter from the infrastructure company [[Railtrack]] in December 1999 warned that the existing Railtrack Line Specification was insufficient to guard against this type of fatigue.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=17}} Replacement rails were made available but never delivered to the correct location for installation.<ref>{{cite book|title=More Time for Politics: Diaries 2001–2007|first=Tony|last=Benn|publisher=Random House|p=364|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4090-6320-9}}</ref>
+The problem was known about before the accident; a letter from the infrastructure company [[Railtrack]] in December 1999 warned that the existing Railtrack Line Specification was insufficient to guard against this type of fatigue.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=17}} Replacement rails were made available but never delivered to the correct location for installation.<ref>{{cite book|title=More Time for Politics: Diaries 2001–2007|first=Tony|last=Benn|publisher=Random House|page=364|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4090-6320-9}}</ref>
-Since privatisation, Railtrack had divested the engineering knowledge of British Rail to contractors. While it had comprehensive maintenance procedures that might have prevented the accident if followed appropriately, later investigation showed there was a serious problem with the experience and working knowledge of staff.{{sfn|ORR|2006|pp=81, 84}} In a subsequent interview, the Zone Quality Standards Manager said, "I do not have knowledge of railway engineering nor railway safety", which was completely contrary to the written requirements for the role.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=114}} In May 1999, the Head of Track had said that insufficiently-skilled work was causing more rails to break.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=107}} Railtrack did not know how many other cases of rail fatigue around the network could lead to a Hatfield-like accident.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=98}} It consequently imposed over 1,800 emergency speed restrictions and instigated a costly nationwide track replacement programme.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=120}} The company was subject to "enforcement" by the [[Rail Regulator]], [[Tom Winsor]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pank|title=Rail safety 'still an issue' 10 years after Hatfield|newspaper=The Times|date=18 October 2010|p=11|accessdate=22 August 2016|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF504134828&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
+Since privatisation, Railtrack had divested the engineering knowledge of British Rail to contractors. While it had comprehensive maintenance procedures that might have prevented the accident if followed appropriately, later investigation showed there was a serious problem with the experience and working knowledge of staff.{{sfn|ORR|2006|pp=81, 84}} In a subsequent interview, the Zone Quality Standards Manager said, "I do not have knowledge of railway engineering nor railway safety", which was completely contrary to the written requirements for the role.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=114}} In May 1999, the Head of Track had said that insufficiently-skilled work was causing more rails to break.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=107}} Railtrack did not know how many other cases of rail fatigue around the network could lead to a similar accident.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=98}} It consequently imposed over 1,800 emergency speed restrictions and instigated a costly nationwide track replacement programme.{{sfn|ORR|2006|p=120}} The company was subject to "enforcement" by the [[Rail Regulator]], [[Tom Winsor]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Pank|title=Rail safety 'still an issue' 10 years after Hatfield|newspaper=The Times|date=18 October 2010|page=11|access-date=22 August 2016|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=wes_ttda&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=IF504134828&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0|url-access=subscription|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000228/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=wes_ttda&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Faction%3Dinterpret%26id%3DGALE%7CIF0504134828%26v%3D2.1%26u%3Dwes_ttda%26it%3Dr%26p%3DTTDA%26sw%3Dw&prodId=TTDA|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==Aftermath==
-In 2004, Arthur's widow was awarded £1 million damages in the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]]. The families of the other three fatal casualties received damages out of court.<ref name=bbc_4216830/> A memorial service was held for the victims on the tenth anniversary of the crash in 2010 at [[St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield]]. A second service was held near the crash site afterwards. Both were conducted by the Rector of Hatfield, who had attended to casualties and the bereaved in the immediate aftermath of the accident in 2000.<ref name=bbc_11560482/>
+In 2004, Steve Arthur's widow was awarded £1{{nbsp}}million damages in the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]]. The families of the other three fatal casualties received damages out of court.<ref name=bbc_4216830/> A memorial service was held for the victims on the tenth anniversary of the crash in 2010 at [[St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield]]. A second service was held near the crash site afterwards. Both were conducted by the Rector of Hatfield, who had attended to casualties and the bereaved in the immediate aftermath of the accident in 2000.<ref name=bbc_11560482/>
-The speed restrictions and track replacement works caused significant disruption on a majority of the national network for more than a year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1482439/Hatfield-crash-was-disaster-waiting-to-happen.html|title=Hatfield crash "was disaster waiting to happen"|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 January 2005|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> The disruption and Railtrack's spiralling costs eventually caused the company to enter [[administration (insolvency)|administration]] at the insistence of Transport Secretary [[Stephen Byers]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1583675.stm|title=Railtrack in administration|work=BBC News|date=8 October 2001|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> and its replacement by the not-for-dividend company [[Network Rail]] under Byers's successor [[Alistair Darling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/business_money/rail+privatisation++a+short+history/3243362.html|title=Rail privatisation – a short history|publisher=Channel 4 News|date=1 July 2009|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref>
+The speed restrictions and track replacement works caused significant disruption on a majority of the national network for more than a year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1482439/Hatfield-crash-was-disaster-waiting-to-happen.html|title=Hatfield crash "was disaster waiting to happen"|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=31 January 2005|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210181641/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1482439/Hatfield-crash-was-disaster-waiting-to-happen.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The disruption and Railtrack's spiralling costs eventually caused the company to enter [[administration (insolvency)|administration]] at the insistence of Transport Secretary [[Stephen Byers]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1583675.stm|title=Railtrack in administration|work=BBC News|date=8 October 2001|access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> and its replacement by the not-for-dividend company [[Network Rail]] under Byers's successor [[Alistair Darling]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/business_money/rail+privatisation++a+short+history/3243362.html|title=Rail privatisation – a short history|publisher=Channel 4 News|date=1 July 2009|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000215/http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/business_money/rail+privatisation++a+short+history/3243362.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
-Train operating companies were adversely affected by the disruption, losing an estimated 19% of revenue in the year following the crash. Freight operator [[DB Cargo UK|EWS]] was cancelling up to 400 trains per week as a result, whilst estimates put [[Freightliner UK|Freightliner]]'s resultant losses at £1 million per month. The cost to the entire UK economy of the disruption was estimated at £6 million per day.<ref>{{citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vCJniku2eJMC| title = Off the rails: Britain's great rail crisis : cause, consequences and cure| author = Andrew Murray| publisher = Verso|year = 2001 | at = "Companies in trouble", pp. 124–129}}</ref>
+Train operating companies were adversely affected by the disruption, losing an estimated 19% of revenue in the year following the crash. Freight operator [[DB Cargo UK|EWS]] was cancelling up to 400 trains per week as a result, whilst estimates put [[Freightliner UK|Freightliner]]'s resultant losses at £1{{nbsp}}million per month. The cost to the entire UK economy of the disruption was estimated at £6{{nbsp}}million per day.<ref>{{citation|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vCJniku2eJMC| title = Off the rails: Britain's great rail crisis : cause, consequences and cure| author = Andrew Murray| publisher = Verso|year = 2001 | isbn = 9781859846407| at = "Companies in trouble", pp. 124–129}}</ref>
-The Institute of Rail Welding (IoRW) was set up in 2002 by [[The Welding Institute]] (TWI) and Network Rail as a consequence of the recommendations in the investigation report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iorw.org/about.html|title=Mission statement|publisher=Institute of Rail Welding|accessdate=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012192636/http://www.iorw.org/about.html|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It provides a focus for individuals and organisations involved in rail welding and facilitates the adoption of best practice.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.railengineer.uk/2015/08/21/repairing-rcf-the-iorws-2015-technical-seminar/|title=Repairing RCF – The IoRW's 2015 Technical Seminar|work=Rail Engineer|date=21 August 2015|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref>
+The Institute of Rail Welding (IoRW) was set up in 2002 by [[The Welding Institute]] (TWI) and Network Rail as a consequence of the recommendations in the investigation report.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iorw.org/about.html|title=Mission statement|publisher=Institute of Rail Welding|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012192636/http://www.iorw.org/about.html|archive-date=12 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It provides a focus for individuals and organisations involved in rail welding and facilitates the adoption of best practice.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.railengineer.uk/2015/08/21/repairing-rcf-the-iorws-2015-technical-seminar/|title=Repairing RCF – The IoRW's 2015 Technical Seminar|journal=Rail Engineer|date=21 August 2015|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706044939/http://www.railengineer.uk/2015/08/21/repairing-rcf-the-iorws-2015-technical-seminar/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
-The aftermath of the crash had long-reaching repercussions in the rail industry. In 2015, at the fifteenth anniversary of the accident, the Rail, Maritime and Transport union (RMT) said a new system for handling maintenance introduced by Network Rail was confusing, and there was the potential for a similar accident to re-occur. The union's general secretary said that Network Rail needed to act on their concerns, otherwise there would be [[industrial action]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/unions-raise-safety-concerns-on-hatfield-rail-crash-anniversary-11364011024646|title=Unions raise safety concerns on Hatfield rail crash anniversary|work=BT News|date=16 October 2015|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref>
+The aftermath of the crash had long-reaching repercussions in the rail industry. In 2015, at the fifteenth anniversary of the accident, the Rail, Maritime and Transport union (RMT) said a new system for handling maintenance introduced by Network Rail was confusing, and there was the potential for a similar accident. The union's general secretary said that Network Rail needed to act on its concerns, otherwise there would be [[industrial action]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/unions-raise-safety-concerns-on-hatfield-rail-crash-anniversary-11364011024646|title=Unions raise safety concerns on Hatfield rail crash anniversary|work=BT News|date=16 October 2015|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000226/http://home.bt.com/news/uk-news/unions-raise-safety-concerns-on-hatfield-rail-crash-anniversary-11364011024646|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The Class 91 powering the train involved in the Hatfield rail crash would later be involved in the [[Selby rail crash]] four months later, sustaining minor damage. It was repaired again following the accident, and remained in service for a further 20 years, finally being scrapped at Sims Metals Scrapyard in Nottingham in 2021. As a result of its involvement in both accidents, it had gained the unofficial nickname 'Lucky'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2021 |title=First LNER Class 91 locomotive set to be scrapped in Nottingham |url=https://www.railadvent.co.uk/2021/03/first-lner-class-91-locomotive-set-to-be-scrapped-in-nottingham.html |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=RailAdvent |language=en-GB}}</ref>
 ==Court case==
-In 2003, five managers and two companies – Network Rail (as successors of Railtrack) and the division of [[Balfour Beatty]] that maintained the track – were charged with [[corporate manslaughter (England and Wales)|manslaughter]] and breach of health and safety charges in connection with the accident. The managers, Anthony Walker (Balfour Beatty's rail maintenance director), Nicholas Jeffries (its [[civil engineer]]), Railtrack's Alistair Cook and Sean Fugill (asset managers for the London North-East zone), and track engineer Keith Lee, all denied the charges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4221465.stm|title=Hatfield a "disaster in waiting"|work=BBC News|date=31 January 2005|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> The corporate manslaughter charges against Railtrack/Network Rail and some of its executives were dropped in September 2004, but the other charges stood.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3618628.stm|title= Charges dropped against Railtrack|work=BBC News|date=2 September 2004|accessdate=4 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3618628.stm|archivedate=21 October 2012}}</ref>
+In 2003, five managers and two companies&nbsp;– Network Rail (as successors of Railtrack) and the division of [[Balfour Beatty]] that maintained the track&nbsp;– were charged with [[corporate manslaughter (England and Wales)|manslaughter]] and breach of health and safety charges in connection with the accident. The managers, Anthony Walker (Balfour Beatty's rail maintenance director), Nicholas Jeffries (its [[civil engineer]]), Railtrack's Alistair Cook and Sean Fugill (asset managers for the London North-East zone), and track engineer Keith Lee, all denied the charges.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4221465.stm|title=Hatfield a "disaster in waiting"|work=BBC News|date=31 January 2005|access-date=22 August 2016|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4221465.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The corporate manslaughter charges against Railtrack/Network Rail and some of its executives were dropped in September 2004, but the other charges stood.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3618628.stm|title= Charges dropped against Railtrack|work=BBC News|date=2 September 2004|access-date=4 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021173406/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3618628.stm|archive-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>
-The trial began in January 2005; the judge, Mr Justice Mackay, warned that it could go on for a year. On 14 July, the judge instructed the jury to [[acquittal|acquit]] all defendants on charges of manslaughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4681891.stm|title=Rail killing charges thrown out|publisher=BBC News|date=14 July 2005|accessdate=4 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224192614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4681891.stm|archivedate=24 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few days later, Balfour Beatty changed its plea to guilty on the health and safety charges,<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=4 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4692813.stm|title=Company admits Hatfield breaches|publisher=BBC News|date=18 July 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805103846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4692813.stm|archivedate=5 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and on 6 September, Network Rail was found guilty of breaching health and safety law.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=4 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4219352.stm|title=Network Rail guilty over Hatfield|publisher=BBC News|date=6 November 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025231407/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4219352.stm|archivedate=25 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Network Rail were fined £3.5 million while Balfour Beatty were fined £10 million.<ref name=bbc_11560482/> All of the manslaughter charges against the executives were dismissed by the judge.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/15/hatfield.transport|title=Judge dismisses Hatfield rail manslaughter charges|first=Mark|last=Milner|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 July 2005|accessdate=23 August 2016}}</ref>
+The trial began in January 2005; the judge, Mr Justice Mackay, warned that it could go on for a year. On 14 July, the judge instructed the jury to [[acquittal|acquit]] all defendants on charges of manslaughter.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4681891.stm|title=Rail killing charges thrown out|publisher=BBC News|date=14 July 2005|access-date=4 March 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224192614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4681891.stm|archive-date=24 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> A few days later, Balfour Beatty changed its plea to guilty on the health and safety charges,<ref>{{cite news|access-date=4 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4692813.stm|title=Company admits Hatfield breaches|publisher=BBC News|date=18 July 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805103846/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4692813.stm|archive-date=5 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and on 6 September, Network Rail was found guilty of breaching health and safety law.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=4 March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4219352.stm|title=Network Rail guilty over Hatfield|publisher=BBC News|date=6 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025231407/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4219352.stm|archive-date=25 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Network Rail were fined £3.5&nbsp;million while Balfour Beatty were fined £10&nbsp;million.<ref name=bbc_11560482/> All of the manslaughter charges against the executives were dismissed by the judge.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/15/hatfield.transport|title=Judge dismisses Hatfield rail manslaughter charges|first=Mark|last=Milner|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 July 2005|access-date=23 August 2016|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112000151/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jul/15/hatfield.transport|url-status=live}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 121: / Line 124: @@
 '''Sources'''
 {{refbegin}}
-* {{cite report|url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/HSE_HatfieldFinal2006.pdf|title=Train Derailment at Hatfield : A Final Report by the Independent Investigation Board|publisher=Office of Rail Regulation|date=July 2006|accessdate=16 August 2016|ref={{harvid|ORR|2006}}}}
+* {{cite report|url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/HSE_HatfieldFinal2006.pdf|title=Train Derailment at Hatfield : A Final Report by the Independent Investigation Board|publisher=Office of Rail Regulation|date=July 2006|access-date=16 August 2016|ref={{harvid|ORR|2006}}|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629070532/http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/HSE_HatfieldFinal2006.pdf|url-status=live}}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 128: / Line 131: @@
 *[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131001175041/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/upload/pdf/297.pdf ORR Final Report by the Independent Investigation Board (archive copy)]
 *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061003150823/http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.8190 Health & Safety Executive page on the Hatfield crash]
-*[https://archive.is/20121224031322/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=318 Why Rails Crack] ''Ingenia'', June 2005
+*[https://archive.today/20121224031322/http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=318 Why Rails Crack] ''Ingenia'', June 2005
 *[http://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-and-technology/engineering/hatfield-rail-disaster Hatfield Rail Disaster – OpenLearn from The Open University]
 *BBC News coverage:

v t e Railway accidents and incidents in the United Kingdom, 2000–present
2000s	Hatfield (Oct 2000) Lawrence Hill (Nov 2000) Great Heck (Feb 2001) ‡ Nocton (Feb 2002) Potters Bar (May 2002) ‡ Burmarsh Road (Aug 2003) Tebay (Feb 2004) Ufton Nervet (Nov 2004) ‡ 7/7, London (Jul 2005) ‡ Battery Road (Jul 2005) London (Jul 2005) Elsenham (Dec 2005) Grayrigg (Feb 2007) Barrow upon Soar (Feb 2008) Channel Tunnel (Sep 2008)
2010s	Carrbridge (Jan 2010) Falls of Cruachan (Jun 2010) Little Cornard (Aug 2010) Oxshott (Nov 2010) Loch Treig (Jun 2012) Norwich (Jul 2013) Wootton Bassett (Mar 2015) Shalesmoor (Oct 2015) Plymouth (Apr 2016) Watford Junction (Sep 2016) Croydon (Nov 2016) ‡ Liverpool Lime Street (Feb 2017) London Waterloo (Aug 2017) Parsons Green (Sep 2017) Lewisham (Mar 2018) Staniforth Road (Oct 2018) Staniforth Road (Nov 2018)
2020s	Stonehaven (Aug 2020) Llangennech (Aug 2020) Kirkby (Mar 2021) Salisbury (Oct 2021) Aviemore (Sep 2023) Talerddig (Oct 2024)
‡ indicates railway accidents and incidents resulting in at least 5 fatalities 1900–1999