Jump to content

Law of Pennsylvania: Difference between revisions

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tags: section blanking Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
 
(27 intermediate revisions by 22 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
⚫
The '''[[law]] of [[Pennsylvania]]''' consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory and case law. The ''[[Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes]]'' form the general statutory law.

{{Lead too short|date=April 2021}}
⚫
The [[law]] of [[Pennsylvania]] consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory and case law. The ''[[Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes]]'' form the general statutory law.


==Sources==
==Sources==
{{see also|Government of Pennsylvania}}
{{See also|Government of Pennsylvania}}
[[File:Laws of Pennsylvania 1853 title page.jpg|thumb|Title page of the 1853 ''[[Laws of Pennsylvania]]'']]
[[File:Laws of Pennsylvania 1853 title page.jpg|thumb|Title page of the 1853 ''[[Laws of Pennsylvania]]'']]


The [[Constitution of Pennsylvania]] is the foremost source of state law.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Legislation is enacted by the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]], published in the ''[[Laws of Pennsylvania]]'', and codified in the ''[[Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes]]''. State agency regulations (sometimes called administrative law) are published in the ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]'' and codified in the ''[[Pennsylvania Code]]''. Pennsylvania's legal system is based on [[common law]], which is interpreted by case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court, Superior Court, and Commonwealth Court, which are published in the ''[[Pennsylvania State Reports]]'' and the ''Pennsylvania Reporter''.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Municipalities may also promulgate [[local ordinance]]s. In addition, there are also several sources of persuasive authority, which are not binding authority but are useful to lawyers and judges insofar as they help to clarify the current state of the law.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}}
The [[Constitution of Pennsylvania]] is the foremost source of state law.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Legislation is enacted by the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]], published in the ''[[Laws of Pennsylvania]]'', and codified in the ''[[Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes]]''. State agency regulations (sometimes called administrative law) are published in the ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]'' and codified in the ''[[Pennsylvania Code]]''.
Pennsylvania's legal system is based on [[common law]], which is interpreted by case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court, Superior Court, and Commonwealth Court, which are published in the ''[[Pennsylvania State Reports]]'' and the ''Pennsylvania Reporter''.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Municipalities may also promulgate [[local ordinance]]s. In addition, there are also several sources of persuasive authority, which are not binding authority but are useful to lawyers and judges insofar as they help to clarify the current state of the law.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}}


===Constitution===
===Constitution===
The foremost source of state law is the [[Constitution of Pennsylvania]]. The Constitution of Pennsylvania in turn is subordinate only to the [[Constitution of the United States]], which is the supreme law of the land.{{citation needed|date = September 2014}}
The organic source of state law is the [[Constitution of Pennsylvania]]. Although the original Constitution of Pennsylvania was ratified in 1776, more than ten years before the Constitution of the United States, the U.S. Constitution has legal supremacy in matters relating to (or, ''in pursuance thereof...'') powers delegated to the federal government in the U.S. Constitution. The people of the States are supreme and sovereign in the constitutional U.S. system. The people of the States created the federal government and delegated to it a few enumerated powers to which it is properly limited. The current Pennsylvania Constitution dates from 1968.


===Legislation===
===Legislation===
Pursuant to the state constitution, the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] has enacted various laws, known as "[[slip law]]s".<ref name="palrb_pamphletlaws">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Session Laws &gt; Introduction to Pamphlet Laws|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|accessdate=15 August 2013|url=http://www.palrb.us/pamphletlaws/}}</ref> These are published in the official ''[[Laws of Pennsylvania]]'', also known as the "Pamphlet Laws" or generically as "[[session laws]]".<ref name="palrb_pamphletlaws"/> Pennsylvania is currently undertaking its first official [[codification (law)|codification]] process in the ''[[Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes]]''.<ref name="bieber343">{{cite book|title=Prince's Bieber Dictionary of Legal Citations|page=343|first=Mary Miles|last=Prince|edition=6th|publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing|isbn=1-57588-669-3|lccn=2001024375|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l9H53oq_GRMC&pg=PA343|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="palrb_faq">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Session Laws &gt; FAQ|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|accessdate=15 August 2013|url=http://www.palrb.us/faq/faq.php}}</ref> They are published by the [[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]] (PALRB or LRB).<ref name="papara177">{{cite book|title=The Pennsylvania Paralegal: Essential Rules, Documents, and Resources|first1=William P.|last1=Statsky|first2=John D.|last2=DeLeo|first3=John F.|last3=Geis|year=2010|page=177|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-4180-1300-4|lccn=2009926421|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6Q2WSH2imnkC&pg=PA177|ref=harv}}</ref>
Pursuant to the state constitution, the [[Pennsylvania General Assembly]] has enacted various laws, known as "[[slip law]]s".<ref name="palrb_pamphletlaws">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Session Laws &gt; Introduction to Pamphlet Laws|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|access-date=15 August 2013|url=http://www.palrb.us/pamphletlaws/}}</ref> These are published in the official ''[[Laws of Pennsylvania]]'', also known as the "Pamphlet Laws" or generically as "[[session laws]]".<ref name="palrb_pamphletlaws"/> Pennsylvania is currently undertaking its first official [[codification (law)|codification]] process in the ''[[Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes]]''.<ref name="bieber343">{{cite book|title=Prince's Bieber Dictionary of Legal Citations|page=343|first=Mary Miles|last=Prince|edition=6th|publisher=Wm. S. Hein Publishing|isbn=1-57588-669-3|lccn=2001024375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l9H53oq_GRMC&pg=PA343}}</ref><ref name="palrb_faq">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Session Laws &gt; FAQ|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|access-date=15 August 2013|url=http://www.palrb.us/faq/faq.php}}</ref> They are published by the [[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]] (PALRB or LRB).<ref name="papara177">{{cite book|title=The Pennsylvania Paralegal: Essential Rules, Documents, and Resources|first1=William P.|last1=Statsky|first2=John D.|last2=DeLeo|first3=John F.|last3=Geis|year=2010|page=177|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|isbn=978-1-4180-1300-4|lccn=2009926421|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Q2WSH2imnkC&pg=PA177}}</ref>


There are also several unofficial sources for statutes. The old, unofficial codification is ''[[Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes Annotated]]'', which is also being updated in line with the new codification as ''[[Purdon's Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated]]''.<ref name="bieber343"/><ref name="palrb_faq"/> In addition, there are several historic sources of session laws. The ''[[Pennsylvania Statutes at Large]]'' contain charters, laws in force and obsolete laws from 1682 through 1809; publication began in 1896 and are being digitized by the LRB.<ref name="palrb_faq"/><ref name="palrb_stlarge">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Session Laws &gt; Introduction to Statutes at Large|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|accessdate=15 August 2013|url=http://www.palrb.us/stlarge/}}</ref> ''[[Smith's Laws]]'' contain public laws in force from 1700 through 1829, and were published prior to the Statutes at Large, beginning in 1810.<ref name="palrb_faq"/>
There are also several unofficial sources for statutes. The old, unofficial codification is ''[[Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes]]'', which is also being updated in line with the new codification as ''Purdon's Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated''.<ref name="bieber343"/><ref name="palrb_faq"/> In addition, there are several historic sources of session laws. The ''[[Pennsylvania Statutes at Large]]'' contain charters, laws in force and obsolete laws from 1682 through 1809; publication began in 1896 and are being digitized by the LRB.<ref name="palrb_faq"/><ref name="palrb_stlarge">{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Session Laws &gt; Introduction to Statutes at Large|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|access-date=15 August 2013|url=http://www.palrb.us/stlarge/}}</ref> ''[[Smith's Laws]]'' contain public laws in force from 1700 through 1829, and were published prior to the Statutes at Large, beginning in 1810.<ref name="palrb_faq"/>


===Regulations===
===Regulations===
[[File:Pennsylvania Bulletin 3 January 2015 volume 45 number 1.pdf|thumb|Front page of volume 45 of the ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]'']]
[[File:Pennsylvania Bulletin 3 January 2015 volume 45 number 1.pdf|thumb|Front page of volume 45 of the ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]'']]


Pursuant to certain statutes, state agencies have promulgated bodies of [[regulation]]s (sometimes called [[administrative law]]). The regulations are codified in the ''[[Pennsylvania Code]]'' (Pa. Code).<ref name="pacode_about">{{cite web|title=About the Pennsylvania Code|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|accessdate=15 August 2013|url=http://www.pacode.com/about/about.html}}</ref> The ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]'' is the weekly [[gazette]] containing proposed, enacted and emergency rules and other notices and important documents.<ref name="pabulletin">{{cite journal|title=Reader's Guide to the Pennsylvania Bulletin and Pennsylvania Code|work=Pennsylvania Bulletin|volume=31|issue=7|page=919|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|date=17 February 2001|url=http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol31/31-7/31-7.pdf}}</ref> Changes in the ''Pennsylvania Code'' are made via the ''Pennsylvania Code Reporter'', a monthly loose-leaf supplement.<ref name="pabulletin"/> They are compiled, edited and supplemented by the Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau.<ref name="papara177"/>
Pursuant to certain statutes, state agencies have promulgated bodies of [[regulation]]s (sometimes called [[administrative law]]). The regulations are codified in the ''[[Pennsylvania Code]]'' (Pa. Code).<ref name="pacode_about">{{cite web|title=About the Pennsylvania Code|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|access-date=15 August 2013|url=http://www.pacode.com/about/about.html}}</ref> The ''[[Pennsylvania Bulletin]]'' is the weekly [[gazette]] containing proposed, enacted and emergency rules and other notices and important documents.<ref name="pabulletin">{{cite journal|title=Reader's Guide to the Pennsylvania Bulletin and Pennsylvania Code|work=Pennsylvania Bulletin|volume=31|issue=7|page=919|publisher=[[Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau]]|date=17 February 2001|url=http://www.pabulletin.com/secure/data/vol31/31-7/31-7.pdf}}</ref> Changes in the ''Pennsylvania Code'' are made via the ''Pennsylvania Code Reporter'', a monthly loose-leaf supplement.<ref name="pabulletin"/> They are compiled, edited and supplemented by the Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau.<ref name="papara177"/>


===Case law===
===Case law===
{{See also|Judiciary of Pennsylvania}}

The legal system of Pennsylvania is based on the [[common law]] of England, and{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Pennsylvania has a [[reception statute]] providing for the "reception" of [[English law]].{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} All statutes, regulations, and ordinances are subject to [[judicial review]].{{citation needed|date = September 2014}} Pursuant to common law tradition, the courts of Pennsylvania have developed a large body of [[case law]] through the [[legal opinion|decisions]] of the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania|Supreme Court]], [[Superior Court of Pennsylvania|Superior Court]], and [[Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania|Commonwealth Court]].{{citation needed|date = September 2014}}
[[File:Judgment_of_Debt,_Greene_County,_Pennsylvania,_1815.jpg|left|thumb|Judicial judgment of debt, Greene County, Pennsylvania, 1815]]
The official [[law report|reporter]] for the Supreme Court is the ''[[Pennsylvania State Reports]]'' since 1845. There are no official reporters for either the Superior Court or the Commonwealth Court, but the ''Pennsylvania Reporter'' (a Pennsylvania-specific version of the ''[[Atlantic Reporter]]'') is an unofficial reporter. There is no official reporting of decisions of trial courts, but County Court (Common Pleas Court) opinions are selectively published in the ''Pennsylvania District and County Reports'' (Pa. D.&C.). Many counties also publish their own reporters which contain select trial court opinions for that county.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pennsylvania Legal Research - Getting Started|publisher=[[Jenkins Law Library]]|access-date=11 November 2013|url=http://www.jenkinslaw.org/research/resource-guides/pennsylvania-legal-research-getting-started?active_tab=298926|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111093426/http://www.jenkinslaw.org/research/resource-guides/pennsylvania-legal-research-getting-started?active_tab=298926|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> Estate and trusts trial cases are published in the ''Fiduciary Reporter'', and local government cases (both trial and appellate) are published in ''Chrostwaite's Pennsylvania Municipal Law Reporter''.<ref name="zimmerman"/> The [[Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts]] also posts opinions from the Supreme Court (from November 1996), Superior Court (from December 1997), and Commonwealth Court (from January 1997) on its website.<ref name="zimmerman">{{cite web|title=Zimmerman's Research Guide|first=Andrew|last=Zimmerman|publisher=[[LexisNexis]]|access-date=11 November 2013|url=https://law.lexisnexis.com/infopro/zimmermans/disp.aspx?z=1819}}</ref>

Superior Court opinions were published in the ''[[Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports]]'' from 1895 to 1997, and Commonwealth Court opinions were published in the ''[[Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Reports]]'' from 1970 to 1995.<ref name="drexel-cases">{{cite web|title=Cases - General Legal Research - Research Guides at Earle Mack School of Law Legal Research Center at Drexel University|access-date=11 November 2013|publisher=[[Earle Mack School of Law]]|url=http://earlemacklaw.drexel.libguides.com/content.php?pid=297896&sid=2451835}}</ref>


===Local ordinances===
===Local ordinances===
{{see also|Local government in Pennsylvania}}
{{See also|Local government in Pennsylvania}}
{{see also|Government of Philadelphia|Government of Pittsburgh}}
{{See also|Government of Philadelphia|Government of Pittsburgh}}
[[File:Pittsburgh Code of Ordinances title page.jpg|thumb|Title page of the 2001 ''[[Pittsburgh Code of Ordinances]]'']]
[[File:Pittsburgh Code of Ordinances title page.jpg|thumb|Title page of the 2001 ''[[Pittsburgh Code of Ordinances]]'']]


Line 35: Line 47:
* [[Gun laws in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Gun laws in Pennsylvania]]
* [[LGBT rights in Pennsylvania]]
* [[LGBT rights in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Renewable energy law in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Search and seizure law in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Search and seizure law in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Pennsylvania Anatomy Act of 1883]]


===Other===
===Other===
* [[Politics of Pennsylvania]]
* [[Politics of Pennsylvania]]
* [[List of state and county courthouses in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Law enforcement in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Law enforcement in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Crime in Pennsylvania]]
* [[Crime in Pennsylvania]]
Line 45: Line 58:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
Line 57: Line 70:
* [http://www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/court-opinions/ Commonwealth Court opinions] from the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts
* [http://www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/court-opinions/ Commonwealth Court opinions] from the Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts
* [https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/city/pa/ Local ordinance codes] from [[Public.Resource.Org]]
* [https://law.resource.org/pub/us/code/city/pa/ Local ordinance codes] from [[Public.Resource.Org]]
* Case law: {{citation |url=https://cite.case.law |title= Pennsylvania |work= Caselaw Access Project |publisher= Harvard Law School |oclc=1078785565 |quote= Court decisions freely available to the public online, in a consistent format, digitized from the collection of the [[Harvard Law Library]] }}



{{Pennsylvania}}
{{Pennsylvania}}
{{Laws of the United States by U.S. state}}
{{Laws of the United States by U.S. state}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Pennsylvania law| ]]
[[Category:Pennsylvania law| ]]

Latest revision as of 05:24, 16 July 2024

The law of Pennsylvania consists of several levels, including constitutional, statutory, regulatory and case law. The Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes form the general statutory law.

Sources

[edit]
See also: Government of Pennsylvania
Title page of the 1853 Laws of Pennsylvania

The Constitution of Pennsylvania is the foremost source of state law.[citation needed] Legislation is enacted by the Pennsylvania General Assembly, published in the Laws of Pennsylvania, and codified in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes. State agency regulations (sometimes called administrative law) are published in the Pennsylvania Bulletin and codified in the Pennsylvania Code.

Pennsylvania's legal system is based on common law, which is interpreted by case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court, Superior Court, and Commonwealth Court, which are published in the Pennsylvania State Reports and the Pennsylvania Reporter.[citation needed] Municipalities may also promulgate local ordinances. In addition, there are also several sources of persuasive authority, which are not binding authority but are useful to lawyers and judges insofar as they help to clarify the current state of the law.[citation needed]

Constitution

[edit]

The organic source of state law is the Constitution of Pennsylvania. Although the original Constitution of Pennsylvania was ratified in 1776, more than ten years before the Constitution of the United States, the U.S. Constitution has legal supremacy in matters relating to (or, in pursuance thereof...) powers delegated to the federal government in the U.S. Constitution. The people of the States are supreme and sovereign in the constitutional U.S. system. The people of the States created the federal government and delegated to it a few enumerated powers to which it is properly limited. The current Pennsylvania Constitution dates from 1968.

Legislation

[edit]

Pursuant to the state constitution, the Pennsylvania General Assembly has enacted various laws, known as "slip laws".[1] These are published in the official Laws of Pennsylvania, also known as the "Pamphlet Laws" or generically as "session laws".[1] Pennsylvania is currently undertaking its first official codification process in the Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes.[2][3] They are published by the Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau (PALRB or LRB).[4]

There are also several unofficial sources for statutes. The old, unofficial codification is Purdon's Pennsylvania Statutes, which is also being updated in line with the new codification as Purdon's Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes Annotated.[2][3] In addition, there are several historic sources of session laws. The Pennsylvania Statutes at Large contain charters, laws in force and obsolete laws from 1682 through 1809; publication began in 1896 and are being digitized by the LRB.[3][5] Smith's Laws contain public laws in force from 1700 through 1829, and were published prior to the Statutes at Large, beginning in 1810.[3]

Regulations

[edit]
Front page of volume 45 of the Pennsylvania Bulletin

Pursuant to certain statutes, state agencies have promulgated bodies of regulations (sometimes called administrative law). The regulations are codified in the Pennsylvania Code (Pa. Code).[6] The Pennsylvania Bulletin is the weekly gazette containing proposed, enacted and emergency rules and other notices and important documents.[7] Changes in the Pennsylvania Code are made via the Pennsylvania Code Reporter, a monthly loose-leaf supplement.[7] They are compiled, edited and supplemented by the Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau.[4]

Case law

[edit]
See also: Judiciary of Pennsylvania

The legal system of Pennsylvania is based on the common law of England, and[citation needed] Pennsylvania has a reception statute providing for the "reception" of English law.[citation needed] All statutes, regulations, and ordinances are subject to judicial review.[citation needed] Pursuant to common law tradition, the courts of Pennsylvania have developed a large body of case law through the decisions of the Supreme Court, Superior Court, and Commonwealth Court.[citation needed]

Judicial judgment of debt, Greene County, Pennsylvania, 1815

The official reporter for the Supreme Court is the Pennsylvania State Reports since 1845. There are no official reporters for either the Superior Court or the Commonwealth Court, but the Pennsylvania Reporter (a Pennsylvania-specific version of the Atlantic Reporter) is an unofficial reporter. There is no official reporting of decisions of trial courts, but County Court (Common Pleas Court) opinions are selectively published in the Pennsylvania District and County Reports (Pa. D.&C.). Many counties also publish their own reporters which contain select trial court opinions for that county.[8] Estate and trusts trial cases are published in the Fiduciary Reporter, and local government cases (both trial and appellate) are published in Chrostwaite's Pennsylvania Municipal Law Reporter.[9] The Administrative Office of Pennsylvania Courts also posts opinions from the Supreme Court (from November 1996), Superior Court (from December 1997), and Commonwealth Court (from January 1997) on its website.[9]

Superior Court opinions were published in the Pennsylvania Superior Court Reports from 1895 to 1997, and Commonwealth Court opinions were published in the Pennsylvania Commonwealth Court Reports from 1970 to 1995.[10]

Local ordinances

[edit]
See also: Local government in Pennsylvania
See also: Government of Philadelphia and Government of Pittsburgh
Title page of the 2001 Pittsburgh Code of Ordinances

Municipalities may enact and enforce local ordinances.[11]

See also

[edit]

Topics

[edit]

Other

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Pennsylvania Session Laws > Introduction to Pamphlet Laws". Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  2. ^ a b Prince, Mary Miles. Prince's Bieber Dictionary of Legal Citations (6th ed.). Wm. S. Hein Publishing. p. 343. ISBN 1-57588-669-3. LCCN 2001024375.
  3. ^ a b c d "Pennsylvania Session Laws > FAQ". Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  4. ^ a b Statsky, William P.; DeLeo, John D.; Geis, John F. (2010). The Pennsylvania Paralegal: Essential Rules, Documents, and Resources. Cengage Learning. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-4180-1300-4. LCCN 2009926421.
  5. ^ "Pennsylvania Session Laws > Introduction to Statutes at Large". Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  6. ^ "About the Pennsylvania Code". Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Reader's Guide to the Pennsylvania Bulletin and Pennsylvania Code" (PDF). Pennsylvania Bulletin. 31 (7). Pennsylvania Legislative Reference Bureau: 919. 17 February 2001.
  8. ^ "Pennsylvania Legal Research - Getting Started". Jenkins Law Library. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  9. ^ a b Zimmerman, Andrew. "Zimmerman's Research Guide". LexisNexis. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  10. ^ "Cases - General Legal Research - Research Guides at Earle Mack School of Law Legal Research Center at Drexel University". Earle Mack School of Law. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  11. ^ Solicitor's Handbook (3rd ed.). Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development. April 2003. pp. 1–4, 15–18.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Law_of_Pennsylvania&oldid=1234795410"