Marionberry: Difference between revisions
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The '''marionberry''' (''Rubus L.'' subgenus ''Rubus'') is a [[cultivar]] of [[blackberry]] |
The '''marionberry''' (''Rubus L.'' subgenus ''Rubus'') is a [[cultivar]] of [[blackberry]] released in 1956 by the [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] breeding program in cooperation with [[Oregon State University]].<ref name="finn">{{cite journal |author1=Finn, C |author2=Strik B |author3=Lawrence FJ |title='Marion' trailing blackberry |journal=Fruit Varieties Journal |date=1997 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=130–3 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282330076_Marion'_trailing_blackberry}}</ref><ref name=ORB/><ref name="npr">{{cite web |author1=Danovich T |title=What's behind Oregon's marionberry mania? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/10/05/496462024/what-s-behind-oregon-s-marionberry-mania |publisher=The Salt, NPR |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=5 October 2016}}</ref> It is named after [[Marion County, Oregon]], where the berry was bred and tested extensively in the mid-20th century.<ref name=finn/> |
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|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/politics/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/news/1235449509274880.xml&coll=7 |
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A cross between the '[[Chehalem blackberry|Chehalem]]' and '[[Olallieberry|Olallie]]' varieties,<ref name=finn/><ref name="ORB">{{cite web|url=https://oregon-berries.com/variety/marionberry/|title=Marionberry|publisher=The Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission|date=2023|accessdate=5 August 2023}}</ref> it is the most widely planted [[trailing blackberry]] in the world.<ref name="strik">{{cite web |author1=Bernadine Strik |title=Marionberry |url=https://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/marionberry/ |publisher=Oregon Encyclopedia, Oregon Historical Society |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=31 January 2019}}</ref> Oregon accounts for over 90% of the worldwide acreage of marionberries.<ref name=strik/> |
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|title=Push to name a state berry starts rhubarb |
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|author=Janie Har |
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|date=February 24, 2009 |
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|publisher=OregonLive |
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|location= |
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}}</ref> |
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== Description and flavor == |
== Description and flavor == |
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Marionberries may be called ''caneberries'' due to their typical extensive growth on long ''canes'' (vines) and [[bramble]]s.<ref name="varieties">{{cite web |title=Varieties |url=https://oregon-berries.com/variety/ |publisher=The Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=2023}}</ref> Marionberries are an [[aggregate fruit]] formed in a cluster of many juice filled sacks called [[drupe]]lets.<ref name=varieties/> |
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| ⚫ | The marionberry is a vigorously growing trailing vine, |
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| ⚫ | The marionberry plant is a vigorously growing trailing vine, with some canes up to {{convert|20|ft}} long.<ref name=finn/><ref name=npr/> The vines have many large spines, and the fruiting laterals are long and strong, producing many berries.<ref name="britann">{{cite web |title=Blackberry |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/blackberry-fruit |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=15 June 2023}}</ref> The berry is glossy and, as with many blackberries, appears black on the plant, but turns a deep, dark purple when frozen and thawed.<ref name=ORB/> It is medium in size and tends to be conical, longer than it is wide.<ref name=ORB /> The berry has a somewhat tart, earthy and sweet flavor.<ref name=ORB /> |
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The berry has a somewhat tart flavor, fairly earthy with traces of sweetness. It is larger, sweeter and juicier than the 'Evergreen' blackberry.{{cn|date=June 2020}} The relative complexity of its flavor has led to a marketing label as the "Cabernet of Blackberries".<ref name=ORB /> The more powerful flavor of the marionberry has led to it dominating current blackberry production.{{cn|date=June 2020}} |
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== Development and cultivation == |
== Development and cultivation == |
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The marionberry was developed by the |
The marionberry was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service at Oregon State University in [[Corvallis, Oregon|Corvallis]], Oregon. It was bred by George F. Waldo as a mix between the small, flavorful 'Chehalem' berry and the larger, better-producing 'Olallie' berry.<ref name=finn/> Both the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' berries are caneberry hybrids. Waldo made the initial cross in 1945, selected it as OSC 928 in 1948 in Corvallis, and tested it in Marion County and elsewhere in the [[Willamette Valley]].<ref name=finn/> The berry was released in 1956 under the name Marion {{ndash}} the county where it was first cultivated and tested.<ref name=finn/><ref name=whc/> It is considered to be a "trailing" blackberry vine suitable for management in cultivation.<ref name="es-osu">{{cite web |author1=Finn, Chad |author2=Strik, Bernadine |title=Blackberry cultivars for Oregon |url=https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/ec1617/html |publisher=Extension Service, Oregon State University |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=1 December 2021}}</ref> |
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Oregon produces 90% of the US grown, frozen blackberries found in US grocery stores,<ref name="why">{{cite web |title=Why Oregon |url=https://oregon-berries.com/oregon/ |publisher=The Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=2023}}</ref> with Marion County and the Willamette Valley collectively accounting for most of that production.<ref name=whc/><ref name=why/> The marionberry is well-adapted to the mild, maritime western Oregon climate, with its frequent rains and warm summers.<ref name=whc/><ref name=why/> |
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Oregon produces between 28 million and 33 million pounds annually, with Marion County and the Willamette Valley collectively accounting for over 90% of current production.<ref name=Oregon /><ref name=Salem>{{cite web|url=http://www.salemhistory.net/commerce/marionberries.htm|title=Salem (Oregon) Online History – Marionberries|work=salemhistory.net}}</ref> The marionberry is well adapted to the mild, maritime Oregon climate, with its mild rains and warm summers. The berries ripen throughout late spring and early summer. The harvesting season is typically between July 10 and August 10, with a single acre producing up to six tons in a harvest.<ref name=ORB /> |
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Marionberries ripen throughout spring and early summer, reaching their peak during July when they are hand-picked or machine-harvested.<ref name=strik/><ref name=whc/> Some 900 Oregon growers produced marionberries, as of the early 2000s.<ref name=whc/> The harvesting season is typically between July 10 and August 10, with a single acre producing up to {{convert|6|t}} in a harvest.<ref name=ORB /><ref name=whc/> |
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| ⚫ | There is a hybrid variety with [[boysenberry]] in Australia called ''Silvanberry''. Classed under the blackberry family, |
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| ⚫ | There is a hybrid variety with [[boysenberry]] in Australia called ''Silvanberry''. Classed under the blackberry family, Silvanberry plants have many characteristics commonly found among other blackberry varieties. These plants are long living (15 to 20 years) perennials, hardy and cold tolerant, easy to grow, and productive spreaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/blackberries/silvanberry-information.htm|author=Amy Grant|publisher= Gardening Know How|title=Silvanberry Planting – How To Grow Silvanberries|date=20 July 2022|accessdate=5 August 2023}}</ref> |
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===Not an invasive species=== |
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Although related to a blackberry species considered to be a [[noxious weed]] {{ndash}} the ''Himalaya'' blackberry (''R. armeniacus'') which is an aggressive [[invasive species]]<ref name=es-osu/> {{ndash}} marionberries are not invasive because they do not readily germinate to grow new canes from seed.<ref name="strik-es">{{cite web |author1=Strik, Bernadine |title=Are marionberries invasive? |url=https://extension.oregonstate.edu/ask-extension/featured/are-marionberries-invasive |publisher=Extension Service, Oregon State University |access-date=6 August 2023 |date=1 June 2015}}</ref> They are commonly pruned and trained on [[Trellis (architecture)|trellises]].<ref name=es-osu/><ref name=strik-es/> |
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== Marionberry pedigree == |
== Marionberry pedigree == |
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The [[Pedigree chart|pedigree]] of marionberries involves 44% of ''Rubus ursinus'', 25% of ''R. armeniacus'', and 6% of ''R. idaeus'' (the red raspberry).<ref name=strik/> |
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{{chart/start}} |
{{chart/start}} |
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{{chart | | | |
{{chart | | | Ant |y|~|~|~|~|~|~|~| Aug ||Cra=[[Dewberry|''Crandall''<br>Eastern Blackberry]]| Ant=[[Rubus idaeus|''Red Antwerp''<br>Raspberry]]|Aug=[[Rubus ursinus|''Aughinbaugh''<br>Pacific Blackberry]]|Pacf=[[Rubus ursinus|Pacific<br>Blackberry]]|Ras=[[Rubus idaeus|''Cuthbert''<br>Red Raspberry]]}} |
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{{chart | | | | | |!| | | Cra |y|~|J| |L|~|y| Ras|Cra=[[Dewberry|''Crandall''<br>Eastern Blackberry]]| Ant=[[Rubus idaeus|''Red Antwerp''<br>Raspberry]]|Aug=[[Rubus ursinus|''Aughinbaugh''<br>Pacific Blackberry]]|Pacf=[[Rubus ursinus|Pacific<br>Blackberry]]|Ras=[[Rubus idaeus|''Cuthbert''<br>Red Raspberry]]}} |
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{{chart | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | }} |
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{{chart | | |
{{chart | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | |!| | }} |
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{{chart | Pacf|y| Log | | | | |!| Dew |y|phnml| phnml=Phenomenal|Dew=[[Dewberry|''Mayes''<br>Dewberry]]| Pacf=[[Rubus ursinus|Pacific<br>Blackberry]]|Log=[[Loganberry]]|YON=[[Youngberry]]}} |
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{{chart | | | | | |!| | | | | |!| }} |
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{{chart | |
{{chart | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | }} |
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{{chart | | | | |
{{chart | | | San |y| Him | | Log |y| Yng |Yng=[[Youngberry]]|Log=[[Loganberry|Black Logan]]|Him =[[Rubus armeniacus|Himalayan<br>Blackberry]]|San =Santiam}} |
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{{chart | | | |
{{chart | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| }} |
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{{chart | | | | | |
{{chart | | | | | Che |~|~|y|~|~| Ola |Che =[[Chehalem blackberry|Chehalem<br>Blackberry]]|Ola =[[Olallieberry]]}} |
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{{chart | | | | | | | |
{{chart | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }} |
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{{chart | | | | | | | | | |
{{chart | | | | | | | | | MAR |MAR=Marionberry}} |
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{{chart | | | | | | | | | | |SIL| |SIL=[[Silvanberry]] }} |
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{{chart/end}} |
{{chart/end}} |
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==In popular culture== |
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Marionberries {{ndash}} as fresh or frozen fruit or in various products, such as jam, syrup or ice cream {{ndash}} are widely consumed and prized by visitors to the Willamette Valley as a [[souvenir]].<ref name=strik/><ref name="whc">{{cite web |author1=Monica Mersinger |title=Marionberries: A delicious part of Salem’s past |url=https://www.willametteheritage.org/marionberries/ |publisher=Willamette Heritage Center |access-date=5 August 2023 |date=19 August 2005}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Latest revision as of 04:24, 17 July 2024
| Marionberry | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Genus | Rubus |
| Hybrid parentage | 'Chehalem' × 'Olallie' |
| Cultivar | 'Marion' |
| Origin | Marion County, Oregon, 1956 |
The marionberry (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus) is a cultivar of blackberry released in 1956 by the USDA Agricultural Research Service breeding program in cooperation with Oregon State University.[1][2][3] It is named after Marion County, Oregon, where the berry was bred and tested extensively in the mid-20th century.[1]
A cross between the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' varieties,[1][2] it is the most widely planted trailing blackberry in the world.[4] Oregon accounts for over 90% of the worldwide acreage of marionberries.[4]
Description and flavor
[edit]Marionberries may be called caneberries due to their typical extensive growth on long canes (vines) and brambles.[5] Marionberries are an aggregate fruit formed in a cluster of many juice filled sacks called drupelets.[5]
The marionberry plant is a vigorously growing trailing vine, with some canes up to 20 feet (6.1 m) long.[1][3] The vines have many large spines, and the fruiting laterals are long and strong, producing many berries.[6] The berry is glossy and, as with many blackberries, appears black on the plant, but turns a deep, dark purple when frozen and thawed.[2] It is medium in size and tends to be conical, longer than it is wide.[2] The berry has a somewhat tart, earthy and sweet flavor.[2]
Development and cultivation
[edit]The marionberry was developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service at Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon. It was bred by George F. Waldo as a mix between the small, flavorful 'Chehalem' berry and the larger, better-producing 'Olallie' berry.[1] Both the 'Chehalem' and 'Olallie' berries are caneberry hybrids. Waldo made the initial cross in 1945, selected it as OSC 928 in 1948 in Corvallis, and tested it in Marion County and elsewhere in the Willamette Valley.[1] The berry was released in 1956 under the name Marion – the county where it was first cultivated and tested.[1][7] It is considered to be a "trailing" blackberry vine suitable for management in cultivation.[8]
Oregon produces 90% of the US grown, frozen blackberries found in US grocery stores,[9] with Marion County and the Willamette Valley collectively accounting for most of that production.[7][9] The marionberry is well-adapted to the mild, maritime western Oregon climate, with its frequent rains and warm summers.[7][9]
Marionberries ripen throughout spring and early summer, reaching their peak during July when they are hand-picked or machine-harvested.[4][7] Some 900 Oregon growers produced marionberries, as of the early 2000s.[7] The harvesting season is typically between July 10 and August 10, with a single acre producing up to 6 tonnes (5.9 long tons; 6.6 short tons) in a harvest.[2][7]
There is a hybrid variety with boysenberry in Australia called Silvanberry. Classed under the blackberry family, Silvanberry plants have many characteristics commonly found among other blackberry varieties. These plants are long living (15 to 20 years) perennials, hardy and cold tolerant, easy to grow, and productive spreaders.[10]
Not an invasive species
[edit]Although related to a blackberry species considered to be a noxious weed – the Himalaya blackberry (R. armeniacus) which is an aggressive invasive species[8] – marionberries are not invasive because they do not readily germinate to grow new canes from seed.[11] They are commonly pruned and trained on trellises.[8][11]
Marionberry pedigree
[edit]The pedigree of marionberries involves 44% of Rubus ursinus, 25% of R. armeniacus, and 6% of R. idaeus (the red raspberry).[4]
In popular culture
[edit]Marionberries – as fresh or frozen fruit or in various products, such as jam, syrup or ice cream – are widely consumed and prized by visitors to the Willamette Valley as a souvenir.[4][7]
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marionberries.
- ^ a b c d e f g Finn, C; Strik B; Lawrence FJ (1997). "'Marion' trailing blackberry". Fruit Varieties Journal. 51 (3): 130–3.
- ^ a b c d e f "Marionberry". The Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b Danovich T (5 October 2016). "What's behind Oregon's marionberry mania?". The Salt, NPR. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e Bernadine Strik (31 January 2019). "Marionberry". Oregon Encyclopedia, Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b "Varieties". The Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ "Blackberry". Encyclopedia Britannica. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g Monica Mersinger (19 August 2005). "Marionberries: A delicious part of Salem's past". Willamette Heritage Center. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b c Finn, Chad; Strik, Bernadine (1 December 2021). "Blackberry cultivars for Oregon". Extension Service, Oregon State University. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b c "Why Oregon". The Oregon Raspberry and Blackberry Commission. 2023. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ Amy Grant (20 July 2022). "Silvanberry Planting – How To Grow Silvanberries". Gardening Know How. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
- ^ a b Strik, Bernadine (1 June 2015). "Are marionberries invasive?". Extension Service, Oregon State University. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
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