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{{Short description|Extrasolar planet}}
{{Planetbox begin
{{Infobox planet
| name=51 Eri b
| name = 51 Eri b
| symbol =
| image = 51 Eridani b orbit animated (2014-2018).gif
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Direct imaging of 51 Eri b
| background =
| bgcolour =
| label_width =
<!-- DISCOVERY -->
| discoverer = [[Bruce Macintosh|Macintosh]] et al.
| discovery_site =
| discovered = Dec 2014
| discovery_method = Imaged
| discovery_ref =
<!-- DESIGNATIONS -->
| exosolar planets =
| minorplanet =
| extrasolarplanet =
| mpc_name =
| pronounced =
| named_after =
| alt_names =
| mp_category =
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<!-- ORBITAL -->
| orbit_ref =
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| epoch =
| uncertainty =
| observation_arc =
| earliest_precovery_date =
| apsis = astron
| aphelion =
| perihelion =
| semimajor = {{val|11.1|+4.2|-1.3}} [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| mean_orbit_radius =
| eccentricity = 0.49 (± 0.15) <ref name="exoplanet.eu">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Planet 51 Eri b |url=https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/51_eri_b--2428/ |encyclopedia=[[Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia]] |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
| period = {{val|10260|6300|1800}} [[day|d]]
| synodic_period =
| avg_speed =
| mean_anomaly =
| mean_motion =
| inclination = 136.0 (± 11.0) <ref name=exoplanet.eu /> [[Degree (angle)|deg]]
| angular_dist =
| asc_node =
| long_periastron =
| time_periastron = 2452014.79 (± 12.0) <ref name=exoplanet.eu /> [[Julian day|JD]]
| arg_peri = 84.0 (± 58.0) <ref name=exoplanet.eu /> [[Degree (angle)|deg]]
| semi-amplitude =
| satellite_of =
| satellites =
| star =[[51 Eridani]]
| allsatellites =
| tisserand =
<!-- PHYS CHARS -->
| physical_ref =
| dimensions =
| mean_diameter =
| mean_radius = {{val|1.11|0.16|0.13}} {{Jupiter radius|link=y}}
| equatorial_radius =
| polar_radius =
| flattening =
| circumference =
| surface_area =
| volume =
| mass = 2.6 (± 0.3) {{Jupiter mass|link=y}}
| density =
| surface_grav = 3.5 [[g-force|g]]
| moment_of_inertia_factor =
| escape_velocity =
| rotation =
| sidereal_day =
| rot_velocity =
| axial_tilt =
| right_asc_north_pole =
| declination =
| pole_ecliptic_lat =
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| albedo =
| single_temperature = 700 K<ref name=macintosh15 />
| spectral_type =
| magnitude =
| abs_magnitude =
| angular_size =
| family =
<!-- ATMOSPHERE -->
| atmosphere_ref =
| atmosphere =
| scale_height =
| surface_pressure =
| atmosphere_composition =
<!-- NOTES -->
| note =
}}
}}
'''51 Eridani b''' is a "Jupiter-like" planet that orbits the young [[Stellar Classification|F0 V]] star [[51 Eridani]], in the constellation [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles |date = August 13, 2015 |title=Found! 'Young Jupiter,' the Smallest Exoplanet Directly Seen by Telescope |website=[[Space.com]] |url = http://www.space.com/30248-young-jupiter-smallest-directly-imaged-exoplanet.html |access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref> It is 96 light years away from the solar system, and it is approximately 20 million years old.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hadhazy |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2015 |title='Young Jupiter' 51 Eridani b: Why Directly Imaging an Exoplanet Is Big |work=space.com |url=http://www.space.com/30238-young-jupiter-exoplanet-51-eridani-b-explained.html |access-date=August 15, 2015}}</ref>
{{Planetbox image
| image = Goi-2-version-2csmall.png
| caption = Artist's conception of 51 Eridani b
}}
{{Planetbox star
| star = [[51 Eridani]]
| constell = [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
| RA = {{RA|04|37|36.13234}}
| DEC = {{DEC|-02|28|24.7749}}
| dist_ly = 96 ± 1
| dist_pc = 29.4 ± 0.3
}}
{{Planetbox separation
| separation=13.2 ± 0.2 <ref name=macintosh15 />
| separation_mas = 449 ± 7<ref name=macintosh15 />
| epoch = 2014 <ref name=macintosh15 />
| position_angle = 171.1 ± 0.9<ref name=macintosh15 />
}}
{{Planetbox character
| mass= 2 <ref name=macintosh15 />
| radius=1 <ref name=macintosh15 />
| temperature=700 K<ref name=macintosh15 />
}}
{{Planetbox discovery
| discoverers=[[Bruce Macintosh|Macintosh]] et al.
| discovery_method=Imaged
| discovery_location=[[Gemini South Observatory]], [[Chile]]
| discovery_date=Dec 2014
| discovery_status=Published<ref name=macintosh15 />
}}
{{Planetbox reference
| star = 51 Eridanus
| planet = b
| simbad = 51+eri+b
}}
{{Planetbox end}}
'''51 Eridani b''' is a "Jupiter-like" planet that orbits the young star [[51 Eridani]], in the constellation [[Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choi |first=Charles |date = August 13, 2015 |title=Found! 'Young Jupiter,' the Smallest Exoplanet Directly Seen by Telescope |url = http://www.space.com/30248-young-jupiter-smallest-directly-imaged-exoplanet.html |accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref> Its location is approximately 100 light years away, and it is approximately 20 million years old.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hadhazy |first=Adam |date=August 13, 2015 |title='Young Jupiter' 51 Eridani b: Why Directly Imaging an Exoplanet Is Big |work=space.com |url=http://www.space.com/30238-young-jupiter-exoplanet-51-eridani-b-explained.html |accessdate=August 15, 2015}}</ref>


== General information ==
== Discovery ==
51 Eridani b was announced in August 2015, but was discovered in December 2014 using the [[Gemini Planet Imager]], an international project led by the [[Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology]]. 51 Eridani b is the first exoplanet discovered by the Gemini Planet Imager.<ref name="news.stanford.edu">http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/august/exoplanet-macintosh-eridani-081315.html</ref> The Gemini Planet Imager was specifically created to discern and evaluate dim, newer planets orbiting bright stars through “direct imaging.”<ref name="nasa.gov">http://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/nasa-scientists-help-understand-newly-discovered-planet</ref> Direct imaging allows astronomers to use adaptive optics to sharpen the resolution of the image of a target star, then obstruct its starlight.<ref name="nasa.gov"/> Any residual incoming light is then scrutinized, and the brightest spots suggest a possible planet.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
51 Eridani b was announced in August 2015, but was discovered in December 2014 using the [[Gemini Planet Imager]], an international project led by the [[Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology]]. 51 Eridani b is the first exoplanet discovered by the Gemini Planet Imager.<ref name="news.stanford.edu">{{cite web|url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2015/august/exoplanet-macintosh-eridani-081315.html|title=Astronomers discover 'young Jupiter' exoplanet|first=Stanford|last=University|date=13 August 2015}}</ref> The Gemini Planet Imager was specifically created to discern and evaluate dim, newer planets orbiting bright stars through “direct imaging.”<ref name="nasa.gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/nasa-scientists-help-understand-newly-discovered-planet|title=NASA Scientists Help Understand Newly Discovered Planet|first=Jessica|last=Culler|date=14 August 2015}}</ref> Direct imaging allows astronomers to use adaptive optics to sharpen the resolution of the image of a target star, then obstruct its starlight.<ref name="nasa.gov"/> Any residual incoming light is then scrutinized, and the brightest spots suggest a possible planet.<ref name="nasa.gov"/> Prior to the discovery of 51 Eridani b, each of the directly imaged worlds previously discovered had been gas giants many times the mass of Jupiter.<ref name="scientificamerican.com"/>


== Physical characteristics ==
Scientists estimate the mass to be twice that of Jupiter,<ref name="scientificamerican.com"/> and has the 2nd strongest methane signature of any [[exoplanet]], after GJ504b.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/51-eridani-b-astronomers-discover-young-planet-that-looks-like-jupiter-100-light-years-away-10454531.html&#124;date|title = Astronomers Discover Young Planet That Looks Like Jupiter 100 Light Years Away}}</ref> This methane signature, along with the low luminosity of the object, should produce additional clues as to how 51 Eridani b was formed.<ref name="news.stanford.edu"/> The average temperature is 700°K, which is substantially hotter than the minus 130°K average temperature of [[Jupiter]], the planet in the Solar System of closest size.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.space.com/30239-young-jupiter-exoplanet-51-eridani-b.html|title = Exoplanet 51 Eridani b: A Red-Hot Young Jupiter Around Distant Star (Infographic)}}</ref> Astromers also detected the presence of water in the planet's spectrum.<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33922503</ref> It orbits the star 51 Eridani in the constellation Eridanus. Atmospheric modeling favors a low surface gravity partly cloudy atmosphere.<ref name="scientificamerican.com">http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-glimpse-a-young-jupiter-51-eridani-b/</ref> Prior to the discovery of 51 Eridani b, each of the directly-imaged worlds previously discovered have been gas giants many times the mass of Jupiter.<ref name="scientificamerican.com"/>
The planet has a mass at least 2.6{{Jupiter_mass}}, but not more than 11{{Jupiter_mass}}.<ref>{{citation|title=Limits on the mass and initial entropy of 51 Eri b from Gaia EDR3 astrometry|year=2022|doi=10.1093/mnras/stab3148 |arxiv=2110.13173|last1=Dupuy |first1=Trent J. |last2=Brandt |first2=G Mirek |last3=Brandt |first3=Timothy D. |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=509 |issue=3 |pages=4411–4419 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Its radius is about 1.11 times the radius of Jupiter. It orbits 11.1 AU from its host star, and has an orbital period of roughly 10,000 days.<ref name="exoplanet.eu"/> The average temperature is 807{{±|45}} K, which is substantially hotter than the 130 K average temperature of [[Jupiter]], the planet in the Solar System of closest size.<ref name=Brown-Sevilla2022>{{citation|arxiv=2211.14330|year=2023|title=Revisiting the atmosphere of the exoplanet 51 Eridani b with VLT/SPHERE|last1=Brown-Sevilla |first1=S. B. |last2=Maire |first2=A. -L. |last3=Mollière |first3=P. |last4=Samland |first4=M. |last5=Feldt |first5=M. |last6=Brandner |first6=W. |last7=Henning |first7=Th. |last8=Gratton |first8=R. |last9=Janson |first9=M. |last10=Stolker |first10=T. |last11=Hagelberg |first11=J. |last12=Zurlo |first12=A. |last13=Cantalloube |first13=F. |last14=Boccaletti |first14=A. |last15=Bonnefoy |first15=M. |last16=Chauvin |first16=G. |last17=Desidera |first17=S. |last18=D'Orazi |first18=V. |last19=Lagrange |first19=A. -M. |last20=Langlois |first20=M. |last21=Menard |first21=F. |last22=Mesa |first22=D. |last23=Meyer |first23=M. |last24=Pavlov |first24=A. |last25=Petit |first25=C. |last26=Rochat |first26=S. |last27=Rouan |first27=D. |last28=Schmidt |first28=T. |last29=Vigan |first29=A. |last30=Weber |first30=L. |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=673 |pages=A98 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202244826 |bibcode=2023A&A...673A..98B |s2cid=254043688 }}</ref>
===Atmosphere===
51 Eridani b has relatively low C/O molar ratio of 0.38{{±|0.09}}.<ref name=Brown-Sevilla2022/> The planet has the second strongest methane signature of any [[exoplanet]], after [[Gliese 504 b|GJ 504 b]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/51-eridani-b-astronomers-discover-young-planet-that-looks-like-jupiter-100-light-years-away-10454531.html&#124;date|title = Astronomers Discover Young Planet That Looks Like Jupiter 100 Light Years Away| website=[[Independent.co.uk]] | date=13 August 2015 }}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> This methane signature, along with the low luminosity of the object, should produce additional clues as to how 51 Eridani b was formed.<ref name="news.stanford.edu"/> Astronomers also detected the presence of water<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-33922503|title=Young 'alien Jupiter' discovered|work=BBC News |date=14 August 2015}}</ref> and ammonia<ref>{{citation|arxiv=2302.07939|year=2023|title=Retrieval study of cool directly imaged exoplanet 51 Eri B|last1=Whiteford |first1=Niall |last2=Glasse |first2=Alistair |last3=Chubb |first3=Katy L. |last4=Kitzmann |first4=Daniel |last5=Ray |first5=Shrishmoy |last6=Phillips |first6=Mark W. |last7=Biller |first7=Beth A. |last8=Palmer |first8=Paul I. |last9=Rice |first9=Ken |last10=Waldmann |first10=Ingo P. |last11=Changeat |first11=Quentin |last12=Skaf |first12=Nour |last13=Wang |first13=Jason |last14=Edwards |first14=Billy |last15=Al-Refaie |first15=Ahmed |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=525 |pages=1375–1400 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stad670 |doi-access=free }}</ref> in the planet's spectrum. Atmospheric modeling favors a low surface gravity and a partly cloudy atmosphere.<ref name="scientificamerican.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-glimpse-a-young-jupiter-51-eridani-b/|title=Astronomers Glimpse a Young Jupiter, 51 Eridani b|first=Lee|last=Billings|website=[[Scientific American]] }}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=macintosh15>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/08/12/science.aac5891 Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager], B. Macintosh, and the GPIES team, [[Science (journal)|Science]] Published Online August 13, 2015 {{Doi|10.1126/science.aac5891}}.</ref>
<ref name=macintosh15>[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aac5891 Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager], B. Macintosh, and the GPIES team, [[Science (journal)|Science]] Published Online August 13, 2015 {{doi|10.1126/science.aac5891}}.</ref>
}}
}}

{{exoplanet |state=collapsed}}
{{exoplanet |state=collapsed}}
{{2014 in space}}{{Stars of Eridanus}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:51 Eridani b}}
[[Category:Eridanus (constellation)]]
[[Category:Eridanus (constellation)]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2014]]
[[Category:Exoplanets discovered in 2014]]
[[Category:Exoplanets detected by direct imaging]]
[[Category:Exoplanets detected by direct imaging]]
[[Category:Exoplanets detected by astrometry]]

Latest revision as of 12:05, 17 July 2024

51 Eri b
Direct imaging of 51 Eri b
Discovery
Discovered byMacintosh et al.
Discovery dateDec 2014
Imaged
Orbital characteristics
11.1+4.2
−1.3 AU
Eccentricity0.49 (± 0.15) [1]
10260+6300
−1800 d
Inclination136.0 (± 11.0) [1] deg
2452014.79 (± 12.0) [1] JD
84.0 (± 58.0) [1] deg
Star51 Eridani
Physical characteristics
1.11+0.16
−0.13 RJ
Mass2.6 (± 0.3) MJ
3.5 g
Temperature700 K[2]

51 Eridani b is a "Jupiter-like" planet that orbits the young F0 V star 51 Eridani, in the constellation Eridanus.[3] It is 96 light years away from the solar system, and it is approximately 20 million years old.[4]

Discovery

[edit]

51 Eridani b was announced in August 2015, but was discovered in December 2014 using the Gemini Planet Imager, an international project led by the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology. 51 Eridani b is the first exoplanet discovered by the Gemini Planet Imager.[5] The Gemini Planet Imager was specifically created to discern and evaluate dim, newer planets orbiting bright stars through “direct imaging.”[6] Direct imaging allows astronomers to use adaptive optics to sharpen the resolution of the image of a target star, then obstruct its starlight.[6] Any residual incoming light is then scrutinized, and the brightest spots suggest a possible planet.[6] Prior to the discovery of 51 Eridani b, each of the directly imaged worlds previously discovered had been gas giants many times the mass of Jupiter.[7]

Physical characteristics

[edit]

The planet has a mass at least 2.6MJ, but not more than 11MJ.[8] Its radius is about 1.11 times the radius of Jupiter. It orbits 11.1 AU from its host star, and has an orbital period of roughly 10,000 days.[1] The average temperature is 807±45 K, which is substantially hotter than the 130 K average temperature of Jupiter, the planet in the Solar System of closest size.[9]

Atmosphere

[edit]

51 Eridani b has relatively low C/O molar ratio of 0.38±0.09.[9] The planet has the second strongest methane signature of any exoplanet, after GJ 504 b.[10] This methane signature, along with the low luminosity of the object, should produce additional clues as to how 51 Eridani b was formed.[5] Astronomers also detected the presence of water[11] and ammonia[12] in the planet's spectrum. Atmospheric modeling favors a low surface gravity and a partly cloudy atmosphere.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Planet 51 Eri b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  2. ^ Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager, B. Macintosh, and the GPIES team, Science Published Online August 13, 2015 doi:10.1126/science.aac5891.
  3. ^ Choi, Charles (August 13, 2015). "Found! 'Young Jupiter,' the Smallest Exoplanet Directly Seen by Telescope". Space.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  4. ^ Hadhazy, Adam (August 13, 2015). "'Young Jupiter' 51 Eridani b: Why Directly Imaging an Exoplanet Is Big". space.com. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
  5. ^ a b University, Stanford (13 August 2015). "Astronomers discover 'young Jupiter' exoplanet".
  6. ^ a b c Culler, Jessica (14 August 2015). "NASA Scientists Help Understand Newly Discovered Planet".
  7. ^ a b Billings, Lee. "Astronomers Glimpse a Young Jupiter, 51 Eridani b". Scientific American.
  8. ^ Dupuy, Trent J.; Brandt, G Mirek; Brandt, Timothy D. (2022), "Limits on the mass and initial entropy of 51 Eri b from Gaia EDR3 astrometry", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 509 (3): 4411–4419, arXiv:2110.13173, doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3148
  9. ^ a b Brown-Sevilla, S. B.; Maire, A. -L.; Mollière, P.; Samland, M.; Feldt, M.; Brandner, W.; Henning, Th.; Gratton, R.; Janson, M.; Stolker, T.; Hagelberg, J.; Zurlo, A.; Cantalloube, F.; Boccaletti, A.; Bonnefoy, M.; Chauvin, G.; Desidera, S.; D'Orazi, V.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Langlois, M.; Menard, F.; Mesa, D.; Meyer, M.; Pavlov, A.; Petit, C.; Rochat, S.; Rouan, D.; Schmidt, T.; Vigan, A.; Weber, L. (2023), "Revisiting the atmosphere of the exoplanet 51 Eridani b with VLT/SPHERE", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 673: A98, arXiv:2211.14330, Bibcode:2023A&A...673A..98B, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244826, S2CID 254043688
  10. ^ "Astronomers Discover Young Planet That Looks Like Jupiter 100 Light Years Away". Independent.co.uk. 13 August 2015.[dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Young 'alien Jupiter' discovered". BBC News. 14 August 2015.
  12. ^ Whiteford, Niall; Glasse, Alistair; Chubb, Katy L.; Kitzmann, Daniel; Ray, Shrishmoy; Phillips, Mark W.; Biller, Beth A.; Palmer, Paul I.; Rice, Ken; Waldmann, Ingo P.; Changeat, Quentin; Skaf, Nour; Wang, Jason; Edwards, Billy; Al-Refaie, Ahmed (2023), "Retrieval study of cool directly imaged exoplanet 51 Eri B", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 525: 1375–1400, arXiv:2302.07939, doi:10.1093/mnras/stad670
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