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{{Short description|Indian agency for mapping and surveying}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
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| native_name_a =
| native_name_a =
| native_name_r =
| native_name_r =
| type = Surveying and mapping agency
| type = Survey and mapping agency
| seal =
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| seal_width =
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| formed = {{Start date and age|1767}}<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/view/10-about-us|website=Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
| formed = {{Start date and age|1767}}<ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/view/10-about-us|website=Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526230609/http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/view/10-about-us|url-status=live}}</ref>
| superseding1 =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= -->
| superseding2 = <!-- up to |superseding6= -->
| jurisdiction = [[East India Company]] <small>(1767&ndash;1858)</small><br>[[British Raj]] <small>(1858&ndash;1947)</small><br>[[Government of India]] <small>(from 1947)</small>
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Hathibarkala Estate, New Cantt Road, [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact us|url=http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/display/192-contact-us|website=Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref>
| headquarters = Hathibarkala Estate, New Cantt Road, [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], India<ref>{{cite web|title=Contact us|url=http://www.surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/display/192-contact-us|website=Survey of India|access-date=27 May 2018|archive-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515053914/http://surveyofindia.gov.in/pages/display/192-contact-us|url-status=live}}</ref>
| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LATITUDE|LONGITUDE|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}} -->
| coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LATITUDE|LONGITUDE|type:landmark_region:US|display=inline,title}} -->
| motto =
| motto =
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| minister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Dr Jitendra Singh]]
| minister1_name = [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|Dr Jitendra Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Science and Technology (India)|Minister of Science and Technology]]
| chief1_name = Sunil Kumar IFS
| chief1_name = Hitesh Kumar S Makwana
| chief1_position = [[Surveyor General of India]]
| chief1_position = [[Surveyor General of India]]
| chief2_name = [[Brig.]] B Sareen Chander
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position = Addl. Surveyor General
| chief2_position =
| deputy =
| deputy =
| parent_department = [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
| parent_department = [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]
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| embed =
| embed =
}}
}}
[[File:1870_Index_Chart_to_GTS_India-1.jpg|thumb|right|A map showing the triangles and transects used in the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] (1802-1852), produced in 1870.]]
[[File:Index_chart_of_the_Great_Trigonometrical_Survey_of_India.jpg|thumb|right|A map showing the triangles and transects used in the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] (1802–1852), produced in 1870.]]
[[File:GeorgeEverest.jpeg|thumb|200px|Surveyor-General of India [[George Everest]] (b.1790-d.1866) under whom [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|GTS]] was completed and [[Mount Everest]] was named in his honour.]]
[[File:GeorgeEverest.jpeg|thumb|200px|Surveyor-General of India [[George Everest]] (b.1790-d.1866) under whom [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|GTS]] was completed and [[Mount Everest]] was named in his honour.]]


The '''Survey of India''' is [[India]]'s National Mapping Agency in charge of [[Cartography|mapping]] and [[surveying]].<ref name=si1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/on-250th-birthday-survey-of-india-wants-to-shed-its-cloak-of-secrecy/ On 250th birthday, Survey of India wants to shed its cloak of secrecy], [[Indian Express]].</ref> Set up in 1767<ref name=si2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA63&dq=St.+Peter%27s+Church+allahabad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=irMpUu_CN-XsiAfesIHgDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=St.%20Peter's%20Church%20allahabad&f=false St. Peter Church Allahabad].</ref> to help consolidate the territories of the [[British East India Company]], it is one of the oldest Engineering Departments of the [[Government of India]]. Its members are from [[Survey of India Service]] cadre of [[Engg.Services of India]] and Army Officers from the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]. It is headed by the [[Surveyor General of India]]. At present, Survey of India is headed by Sunil Kumar IFS.
The '''Survey of India''' is [[India]]'s central engineering agency in charge of [[Cartography|mapping]] and [[surveying]].<ref name=si1>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/on-250th-birthday-survey-of-india-wants-to-shed-its-cloak-of-secrecy/ On 250th birthday, Survey of India wants to shed its cloak of secrecy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129065938/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/on-250th-birthday-survey-of-india-wants-to-shed-its-cloak-of-secrecy/ |date=29 January 2017 }}, [[Indian Express]].</ref> Set up in 1767<ref name=si2>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&dq=St.+Peter%27s+Church+allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63 St. Peter Church Allahabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217145607/https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&pg=SL1-PA63&dq=St.+Peter%27s+Church+allahabad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=irMpUu_CN-XsiAfesIHgDg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=St.%20Peter's%20Church%20allahabad&f=false |date=17 February 2023 }}.</ref> to help consolidate the territories of the [[British East India Company]], it is one of the oldest Engineering Departments of the [[Government of India]]. Its members are from [[Survey of India Service]] cadre of [[Civil Services of India]]. It is headed by the [[Surveyor General of India]]. At present, the Surveyor General is Hitesh Kumar S. Makwana.


==History==
==History==
The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia|publisher=Casemate (UK)|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61200-814-1|location=Oxford|pages=72–83}}</ref> "First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by W. Mather in 1793&ndash;96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col. Alexander Read. The present [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Krishnagiri district]] and [[North Arcot]] in western [[Tamil Nadu]] were then called Baramahal.<ref name=si3>Baramahal records Vol.I P.220, In Letter Dated 04.10.1797 The British Government appreciated Col. Alexander Read.</ref>
The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia|publisher=Casemate (UK)|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61200-814-1|location=Oxford|pages=72–83}}</ref> "First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by John Mather in 1793&ndash;96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col. Alexander Read. The present [[Dharmapuri district]], [[Krishnagiri district]] and [[North Arcot]] in western [[Tamil Nadu]] were then called Baramahal.<ref name=si3>Baramahal records Vol.I P.220, In Letter Dated 04.10.1797 The British Government appreciated Col. Alexander Read.</ref>


[[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] (1802&ndash;1852) was started by British surveyor Col. [[William Lambton]] on 10 April 1802 from [[St. Thomas Mount]] in [[Chennai]] to [[Indian Himalayan Region|foothills of Himalayas]]. 36 inch huge half ton weight [[Theodolite]] was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line. This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General [[George Everest|Lt. George Everest]] in the year 1852. Pioneering mathematician and Surveyor [[Radhanath Sikdar]] measured [[Mount Everest]] in 1852, with a height of 29,002&nbsp;feet. Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037&nbsp;feet. This is regarded as the beginning of a new age of systematic topographical mapping in India succeeding the classical age, and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.
The [[Great Trigonometrical Survey]] (1802&ndash;1852) was started by British surveyor Col. [[William Lambton]] on 10 April 1802, heading from [[St. Thomas Mount]] in [[Chennai]] to the [[Indian Himalayan Region|foothills of the Himalayas]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}} 36 inch huge half ton weight [[Theodolite]] was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line. This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General [[George Everest|Lt. George Everest]] in the year 1852. Pioneering mathematician and Surveyor [[Radhanath Sikdar]] measured [[Mount Everest]] in 1852, with a height of 29,002&nbsp;feet. Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037&nbsp;feet. This is regarded as the beginning of a new age of systematic topographical mapping in India succeeding the classical age, and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.


==Organisation==
==Organisation==
The Survey of India, headquartered at [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]] has 18 Geo Spatial divisions ranging from the prediction of [[tide]]s to [[aerial survey]]. It has 23 Geo-spatial Data Centers spread across India, each catering to the respective administrative area. Surveyors are the back bone of Survey of India.
The Survey of India, headquartered at [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], has 18 geospatial divisions ranging from the prediction of [[tide]]s to [[aerial survey]]. It has 23 Geo-spatial Data Centers spread across India, each catering to the respective administrative area. Surveyors are the backbone of Survey of India.
Appointments to Group 'A' Civil Stream posts in the Junior Time Scale (Dy Supdtg Surveyor) in Survey of India are made on the basis of competitive [[Indian Engineering Services]] examination conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] and also through permanent secondment of Army Officers [[Defence Stream]] by the [[Union Public Service Commission]].
Appointments to Group 'A' Civil Stream posts in the Junior Time Scale (Dy Supdtg Surveyor) in Survey of India are made on the basis of competitive [[Indian Engineering Services]] examination conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] .
The important posts/ grades in Survey of India are in the following order of seniority: [[Draftsman]], [[Plane Tabler]], [[Survey Assistant]], [[Surveying|Surveyor]], [[Officer Surveyor]], [[Deputy Superintending Surveyor]], [[Superintending Surveyor]], [[Superintending Surveyor]] (Non-Functional Second Grade)/Deputy Director, Director/Deputy Surveyor General, Additional Surveyor General, [[Surveyor General]].
The important posts/ grades in Survey of India are in the following order of seniority: [[Draftsman]], Plane Tabler, Survey Assistant, [[Surveying|Surveyor]], Officer Surveyor, Deputy Superintending Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor (Non-Functional Second Grade)/Deputy Director, Director/Deputy Surveyor General, Additional Surveyor General, [[Surveyor General]].


==Responsibilities==
==Responsibilities==
* '''Advisor to Govt:''' Survey of India acts as adviser to the Government of India on all [[cartography of India]] related matters, such as [[geodesy]], [[photogrammetry]], [[Cartography|mapping]] and [[Cartography#Map symbology|map reproduction]].
* '''Advisor to the Indian Government:''' The Survey of India acts as an adviser to the Government of India on all [[cartography of India|cartography]]-related matters, such as [[geodesy]], [[photogrammetry]], [[Cartography|mapping]] and [[Cartography#Map symbology|map reproduction]].
* '''Geo names:''' Survey of India is responsible for the [[naming convention]] and spellings of names of [[Geography of India|geographical features of India]].
* '''Geo names:''' Survey of India is responsible for the [[naming convention]] and spellings of names of [[Geography of India|geographical features of India]].
* '''Certification and publication:''' Scrutiny and certification of external boundaries of India and Coastline on maps published by the other agencies including private publishers. Publication of [[tide table]]s (one year in advance) and maps of India.
* '''Certification and publication:''' Scrutiny and certification of external boundaries of India and Coastline on maps published by the other agencies including private publishers. Publication of [[tide table]]s (one year in advance) and maps of India.
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==Maps==
==Maps==
Survey of India publishes maps and the unrestricted category maps can be obtained at very affordable prices from its several Geo-spatial data centers. Restricted category maps require due approval from government authorities. Many other rules govern the sale and use of Survey of India maps. Only an Indian citizen may purchase [[topographic map]]s and these may not be exported from India for any reason.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restriction on maps in India|date=3 December 2010|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/restriction-on-maps-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 February 2021, the Government of India announced changes to the country's mapping policy which frees up lot of earlier restrictions related to mapping.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhary|first=Swapnil|date=2021-02-17|title=New mapping policy|url=https://www.policycode.com/analysis/new-mapping-policy-to-be-promising-and-growth-ridden-step-for-india/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Policy Code|language=en}}</ref> A list of restrictions proposed is published by DST for comments by 30 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tentative List of Features/Installations and their sensitive attributes with reference to para 8(iii)(a) of the “Guidelines for acquiring and producing Geospatial Data and Geospatial Data Services including Maps” issued on 15.02.2021 |url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/Tentative%20%20List%20of%20Combined%20Negative%20Atrributes.pdf |url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Policy Code|language=en}}</ref>
The Survey of India publishes maps and the unrestricted category maps can be obtained from its several Geo-spatial data centers. Restricted category maps require due approval from government authorities. Many other rules govern the sale and use of Survey of India maps. Only an Indian citizen may purchase [[topographic map]]s and these may not be exported from India for any reason.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Restriction on maps in India|date=3 December 2010|url=https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/restriction-on-maps-in-india/|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130035246/https://www.geospatialworld.net/article/restriction-on-maps-in-india/}}</ref> On 15 February 2021, the Government of India announced changes to the country's mapping policy which frees up lot of earlier restrictions related to mapping.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhary|first=Swapnil|date=2021-02-17|title=New mapping policy|url=https://www.policycode.com/analysis/new-mapping-policy-to-be-promising-and-growth-ridden-step-for-india/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-05|website=Policy Code|language=en|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420214629/https://www.policycode.com/analysis/new-mapping-policy-to-be-promising-and-growth-ridden-step-for-india/}}</ref> A list of restrictions proposed is published by DST for comments by 30 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tentative List of Features/Installations and their sensitive attributes with reference to para 8(iii)(a) of the "Guidelines for acquiring and producing Geospatial Data and Geospatial Data Services including Maps" issued on 15.02.2021|url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/Tentative%20%20List%20of%20Combined%20Negative%20Atrributes.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Policy Code|language=en|archive-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001212539/https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/Tentative%20%20List%20of%20Combined%20Negative%20Atrributes.pdf}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Edney|first=Matthew H.|title=Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_FBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-18486-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Stacey's Adventure|first=Stacey V.|title=Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765-1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LF_FBgAAQBAJ|year=2009|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-18486-9}}
* [[John Keay]]. 2000. ''[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JgsgAQAAIAAJ The Great Arc]'', London: Harper Collins. {{ISBN|0-00-257062-9}}.
* [[John Keay]]. 2000. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JgsgAQAAIAAJ The Great Arc]'', London: HarperCollins. {{ISBN|0-00-257062-9}}.
* {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia|publisher=Casemate (UK)|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61200-814-1|location=Oxford|pages=67–123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3JDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dean|first=Riaz|title=Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia|publisher=Casemate (UK)|year=2019|isbn=978-1-61200-814-1|location=Oxford|pages=67–123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WF3JDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation |title=The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in a Historical Perspective |first=Rama |last=Deb Roy |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=21 |number=1 |pages=22–32 |date=1986 |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125140928/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}
* {{citation |title=The Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in a Historical Perspective |first=Rama |last=Deb Roy |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=21 |number=1 |pages=22–32 |date=1986 |url=http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125140928/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5b_22.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 }}
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*{{official}}
*{{official website}}
* {{Cite web|title=Online maps portal of Survey of India|url=https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in/|access-date=2022-01-06}}
* {{Cite web|title=Online maps portal of Survey of India|url=https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in/|access-date=2022-01-06}}
* [https://deeppradhan.heliohost.org/gis/indian-grid/ India Grid System]: the [[coordinate system]] used by Survey of India.
* [https://deeppradhan.heliohost.org/gis/indian-grid/ India Grid System]: the [[coordinate system]] used by Survey of India.

Latest revision as of 13:52, 17 July 2024

Survey of India
Survey and mapping agency overview
Formed1767; 257 years ago (1767)[1]
JurisdictionGovernment of India
HeadquartersHathibarkala Estate, New Cantt Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India[2]
Minister responsible
Survey and mapping agency executive
Parent departmentDepartment of Science and Technology
Websitesurveyofindia.gov.in
A map showing the triangles and transects used in the Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1852), produced in 1870.
Surveyor-General of India George Everest (b.1790-d.1866) under whom GTS was completed and Mount Everest was named in his honour.

The Survey of India is India's central engineering agency in charge of mapping and surveying.[3] Set up in 1767[4] to help consolidate the territories of the British East India Company, it is one of the oldest Engineering Departments of the Government of India. Its members are from Survey of India Service cadre of Civil Services of India. It is headed by the Surveyor General of India. At present, the Surveyor General is Hitesh Kumar S. Makwana.

History

[edit]

The history of the Survey of India dates back to the 18th century.[5] "First modern scientific survey of India" was undertaken by John Mather in 1793–96 on instructions of Superintendent of Salem and Baramahal, Col. Alexander Read. The present Dharmapuri district, Krishnagiri district and North Arcot in western Tamil Nadu were then called Baramahal.[6]

The Great Trigonometrical Survey (1802–1852) was started by British surveyor Col. William Lambton on 10 April 1802, heading from St. Thomas Mount in Chennai to the foothills of the Himalayas.[citation needed] 36 inch huge half ton weight Theodolite was used, which took 57 days to measure the 12-km base line. This 5-decade project was completed under Survey General Lt. George Everest in the year 1852. Pioneering mathematician and Surveyor Radhanath Sikdar measured Mount Everest in 1852, with a height of 29,002 feet. Modern measurements indicate the height is 29,037 feet. This is regarded as the beginning of a new age of systematic topographical mapping in India succeeding the classical age, and the founding of one of the oldest survey and mapping agencies in the world.

Organisation

[edit]

The Survey of India, headquartered at Dehradun, Uttarakhand, has 18 geospatial divisions ranging from the prediction of tides to aerial survey. It has 23 Geo-spatial Data Centers spread across India, each catering to the respective administrative area. Surveyors are the backbone of Survey of India. Appointments to Group 'A' Civil Stream posts in the Junior Time Scale (Dy Supdtg Surveyor) in Survey of India are made on the basis of competitive Indian Engineering Services examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission . The important posts/ grades in Survey of India are in the following order of seniority: Draftsman, Plane Tabler, Survey Assistant, Surveyor, Officer Surveyor, Deputy Superintending Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor, Superintending Surveyor (Non-Functional Second Grade)/Deputy Director, Director/Deputy Surveyor General, Additional Surveyor General, Surveyor General.

Responsibilities

[edit]

Maps

[edit]

The Survey of India publishes maps and the unrestricted category maps can be obtained from its several Geo-spatial data centers. Restricted category maps require due approval from government authorities. Many other rules govern the sale and use of Survey of India maps. Only an Indian citizen may purchase topographic maps and these may not be exported from India for any reason.[7] On 15 February 2021, the Government of India announced changes to the country's mapping policy which frees up lot of earlier restrictions related to mapping.[8] A list of restrictions proposed is published by DST for comments by 30 July 2021.[9]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "About Us". Survey of India. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  2. ^ "Contact us". Survey of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
  3. ^ On 250th birthday, Survey of India wants to shed its cloak of secrecy Archived 29 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Indian Express.
  4. ^ St. Peter Church Allahabad Archived 17 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ^ Dean, Riaz (2019). Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia. Oxford: Casemate (UK). pp. 72–83. ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.
  6. ^ Baramahal records Vol.I P.220, In Letter Dated 04.10.1797 The British Government appreciated Col. Alexander Read.
  7. ^ "Restriction on maps in India". 3 December 2010. Archived from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  8. ^ Chaudhary, Swapnil (17 February 2021). "New mapping policy". Policy Code. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  9. ^ "Tentative List of Features/Installations and their sensitive attributes with reference to para 8(iii)(a) of the "Guidelines for acquiring and producing Geospatial Data and Geospatial Data Services including Maps" issued on 15.02.2021" (PDF). Policy Code. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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