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The relationship between education and technology has emerged as a pivotal aspect of contemporary development, propelled by rapid expansion. internet connectivity and mobile penetration.^[1] Our world is now interconnected, with approximately 40% of the global population using the internet, a figure that continues to rise at an astonishing pace.^[2] While internet connectivity varies across countries and regions, the prevalence of households with internet access global South has surpassed that in the global North. Additionally, over 70% of mobile telephone subscriptions worldwide are now found in the global South.^[3] It is projected that within the next twenty years, five billion people will transition from having no connectivity to enjoying full access.^[4]

Such technologies have expanded opportunities for freedom of expression and social, civic, and political mobilization, but they also raise important concerns. The availability of personal information in the cyber world, for example, raises significant issues of privacy and security. New spaces for communication and socialization are transforming the concept of 'social' and necessitate enforceable legal and other safeguards to prevent their overuse, abuse, and misuse.^[5] Examples of such misuse of the internet, mobile technology and social media range from cyber-bullying to criminal activities, including terrorism. In this new cyber world, educators need to better prepare new generations 'digital natives'^[6] to navigate the ethical and social dimensions of not only existing digital technologies but also those yet to be invented.^[7]

Education and technology in developing countries

The role of educational technology in enhancing access to education, particularly in impoverished areas and developing countries, is increasingly significant. However, it is important to recognise that educational technology is not solely about the integration of education and technology; it is also influenced by the societal culture in which it is implemented.^[8]

Various organizations, including charities like One Laptop per Child, are dedicated to providing infrastructures that enable disadvantaged individuals to access educational materials. The OLPC foundation, supported by major corporations and originating from MIT Media Lab, has a mission to develop a $100 laptop for delivering educational software. These laptops have been made widely available since 2008, either sold at cost or distributed through donations.

In developing countries, technology adoption may be limited, but some countries have made progress in implementing pro-technology policies and advancements in biotechnology. One positive outcome of improved technology in these countries is reduced dependence on developed nations. Strategies such as developing infrastructure, promoting entrepreneurship, and formulating open policies towards technology can be effective in enhancing education and economies in developing nations.^[9]

In Africa, the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) has launched an " e-school program" with the ambitious goal of providing computer equipment, learning materials, and internet access to all 600,000 primary and high schools within a decade.^[10] Another notable initiative, nabuur.com,^[11] supported by former US President Bill Clinton, utilises the internet to facilitate cooperation among individuals on social development issues.

India is also making advancements in educational technology by implementing initiatives that deliver learning materials directly to students. In 2004, the Indian Space Research Organisation launched EDUSAT, a communications satellite that provides cost-effective access to educational materials, reaching a larger portion of the country's population.^[12]

Educational tech (EdTech), encompasses information and communication technology (ICT) and has the potential to address various challenges, such as the absence of teachers, by providing improved lessons, teacher training, and student motivation. In recent years, the cost of educational technology has significantly decreased, making it more accessible even in economically disadvantaged countries. Tablets, for example, can now be purchased for as low as $28, and India offers the most affordable data plans worldwide. This affordability has given rise to new ventures like ExtraClass, which aims to provide affordable education to 260 million children.

Effects of Technology on Education

The role of innovation in education is crucial for ensuring equal access to essential tools that can have a significant impact on the lives of both educators and students. To develop effective strategies that cater to the specific needs of a developing society, several important themes can be identified. One such theme is the necessity to provide students with access to appropriate learning materials, particularly in their native languages, as this facilitates better comprehension of subjects. In this context, it is essential for education to adopt a humanistic approach, particularly in light of the increasing prominence of digital technologies.^[7]

An example of the application of innovative technology in education is the implementation of an AI-based tutoring system at an entry-level IT school in Pensacola by the U.S. Navy. This system incorporates a human tutor who closely monitors the progress of the students and provides individual assessments. According to the Navy, students who utilised the digital tutoring system consistently achieved higher test scores compared to those who did not use the digital tutor. The adaptive nature of the technology appears to have a positive impact on students, as it can assist individuals with diverse learning styles and better equip them to learn independently.^[13]

Controversy

Technologies are being developed to address different challenges in topics such as education, health and global poverty, but there are cases in which this is not working or the results achieved are far away from the expectations. Kentaro Toyama, in his book Geek Heresy mentions examples in which this happen. He highlights the cases of computers in Bangalore that are locked away because teachers don't know what to do with them and mobile phone apps meant to spread hygiene practices and fail to improve health in Africa.^[14] Moreover, these past decades there have been huge improvements in technology which have done little to reduce rising poverty and inequalities, even in developed countries like United States. In addition to this, an interesting example is the one found by the economist Ana Santiago and her colleagues at the Inter-American Development Bank which conclude no educational advantage in a One Laptop per Child program in Peru.^[15] Another team of researchers found similar results in Uruguay, and concluded: "Our findings confirm that the technology alone cannot impact learning".

References

^ Trends in Telecommunication Reform: Transnational Aspects of Regulation in a Networked Society. ITU. 2013.
^ The world in 2014: Fact and Figures. ITU. 2013.
^ Trends in Telecommunication Reform, Special Edition: Fourth-generation regulation=ITU. 2014.
^ Cohen, J.; Schmidt, E. (2013). The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business. New York, Knopf. ISBN 9780307957139.
^ Hart, A.D.; Hart, Frejd S. (2013). The Digital Invasion: How Technology Is Shaping You and Your Relationships. Baker Books.
^ Prensky, M. (2001). "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants". On the Horizon. 9 (5).
^ ^a ^b Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good? (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-92-3-100088-1.
^ "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". doi:10.1177/0270467616644383. S2CID 147481824. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Katherin, Marton (1992). "New technologies and developing countries: Prospects and potential" (PDF). econstor.eu.
^ "African nations embrace e-learning, says new report". PC Advisor. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
^ "nabuur.com". nabuur.com tgnilqs,;dkwiuvf34crv. Archived from the original on 2002-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ "EDUSAT". ISRO. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
^ "Here's how technology is shaping the future of education". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
^ Toyama, Kentaro (26 May 2015). Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 979-8200007240.
^ Cristia, Julían; Cueto, Santiago; Ibarrarán, Pablo; Santiago, Ana; Severín, Eugenio (28 February 2013). "One Laptop per Child in Peru: Findings and the Road Forward". Inter-American Development Bank (in European Spanish). Inter-American Development Bank. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?, 27–28, UNESCO. UNESCO.

[1] Trends in Telecommunication Reform: Transnational Aspects of Regulation in a Networked Society. ITU. 2013.

[2] The world in 2014: Fact and Figures. ITU. 2013.

[3] Trends in Telecommunication Reform, Special Edition: Fourth-generation regulation=ITU. 2014.

[:0-4] Cohen, J.; Schmidt, E. (2013). The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business. New York, Knopf. ISBN 9780307957139.

[auto1-5] Hart, A.D.; Hart, Frejd S. (2013). The Digital Invasion: How Technology Is Shaping You and Your Relationships. Baker Books.

[auto-6] Prensky, M. (2001). "Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants". On the Horizon. 9 (5).

[:1-7] Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good? (PDF). UNESCO. 2015. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-92-3-100088-1.

[8] "SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research". doi:10.1177/0270467616644383. S2CID 147481824. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[9] Katherin, Marton (1992). "New technologies and developing countries: Prospects and potential" (PDF). econstor.eu.

[10] "African nations embrace e-learning, says new report". PC Advisor. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-24.

[11] "nabuur.com". nabuur.com tgnilqs,;dkwiuvf34crv. Archived from the original on 2002-10-11. Retrieved 2013-10-03.

[12] "EDUSAT". ISRO. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2013-01-01.

[Business_Insider-13] "Here's how technology is shaping the future of education". Business Insider. Retrieved 2018-11-11.

[14] Toyama, Kentaro (26 May 2015). Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology (1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 979-8200007240.

[15] Cristia, Julían; Cueto, Santiago; Ibarrarán, Pablo; Santiago, Ana; Severín, Eugenio (28 February 2013). "One Laptop per Child in Peru: Findings and the Road Forward". Inter-American Development Bank (in European Spanish). Inter-American Development Bank. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

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+{{Short description|none}}
-{{essay-like|date=March 2017}}
+The relationship between education and technology has emerged as a pivotal aspect of contemporary development, propelled by rapid expansion. [[Internet access|internet connectivity]] and [[Mobile phone|mobile]] penetration.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trends in Telecommunication Reform: Transnational Aspects of Regulation in a Networked Society.|publisher=ITU|year=2013}}</ref> Our world is now interconnected, with approximately 40% of the global population using the internet, a figure that continues to rise at an astonishing pace.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world in 2014: Fact and Figures|publisher=ITU|year=2013}}</ref> While internet connectivity varies across countries and regions, the prevalence of households with internet access [[North–South divide in the World|global South]] has surpassed that in the global North. Additionally, over 70% of mobile telephone subscriptions worldwide are now found in the global South.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trends in Telecommunication Reform, Special Edition: Fourth-generation regulation=ITU|year=2014}}</ref> It is projected that within the next twenty years, five billion people will transition from having no connectivity to enjoying full access.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business|url=https://archive.org/details/newdigitalageres0000schm|url-access=registration|last1=Cohen|first1=J.|last2=Schmidt|first2=E.|publisher=New York, Knopf|year=2013|isbn=9780307957139 }}</ref>
+Such technologies have expanded opportunities for freedom of expression and social, civic, and political mobilization, but they also raise important concerns. The availability of personal information in the cyber world, for example, raises significant issues of [[privacy]] and [[Computer security|security]]. New spaces for communication and socialization are transforming the concept of 'social' and necessitate enforceable legal and other safeguards to prevent their overuse, abuse, and misuse.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|title=The Digital Invasion: How Technology Is Shaping You and Your Relationships|last1=Hart|first1=A.D.|last2=Hart|first2=Frejd S.|publisher=Baker Books|year=2013}}</ref> Examples of such misuse of the internet, mobile technology and [[social media]] range from cyber-bullying to criminal activities, including terrorism. In this new cyber world, educators need to better prepare new generations '[[digital native]]s'<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Prensky|first=M.|year=2001|title=Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants|journal=On the Horizon|volume=9| issue =  5}}</ref> to navigate the ethical and social dimensions of not only existing digital technologies but also those yet to be invented.<ref name=":1" />
-One of the defining features of development today is the relationship between '''education and technology''', stimulated by the spectacular growth in [[Internet access|internet connectivity]] and [[Mobile phone|mobile]] penetration.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trends in Telecommunication Reform: Transnational aspects of regulation in a networked society.|last=|first=|publisher=ITU|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> We live in a connected world. An estimated 40% of the world’s population now uses the internet and this number is growing at a remarkable rate.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The world in 2014: Fact and Figures|last=|first=|publisher=ITU|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> While there are significant variations in internet connectivity among countries and regions, the number of households with such links in the [[North–South divide|global South]] has now overtaken those in the [[North–South divide|global North]]. Moreover, over 70% of mobile telephone subscriptions worldwide are now in the global South.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Trends in Telecommunication Reform, Special Edition. Fourth-generation regulation|last=|first=|publisher=ITU|year=2014|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Five billion people are expected to go from no to full connectivity within the next twenty years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business|last=Cohen|first=J.|last2=Schmidt|first2=E.|publisher=New York, Knopf|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> However, there are still significant gaps among countries and regions, for example between [[Urban area|urban]] and [[Rural area|rural]] areas. Limited [[broadband]] speed and lack of connectivity hamper access to knowledge, participation in society and economic development.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf|title=Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?|last=|first=|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100088-1|location=|pages=27–28}}</ref>
-The internet has transformed how people access information and knowledge, how they interact, and the direction of public management and business. Digital connectivity holds promise for gains in [[health]], [[education]], [[communication]], [[leisure]] and [[well-being]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Artificial intelligence]] advances, [[3D printing|3D printers]], [[Holography|holographic]] recreation, instant transcription, voice-recognition and gesture-recognition software are only some examples of what is being tested. Digital technologies are reshaping human activity from daily life to international relations, from work to leisure, redefining multiple aspects of our private and public life.<ref name=":1" />
-Such technologies have expanded opportunities for freedom of expression and for social, civic and political mobilization, but they also raise important concerns. The availability of personal information in the cyber world, for example, brings up significant issues of [[privacy]] and [[Computer security|security]]. New spaces for communication and socialization are transforming what constitutes the idea of ‘social’ and they require enforceable legal and other safeguards to prevent their overuse, abuse and misuse.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Digital Invasion: How Technology Is Shaping You and Your Relationships|last=Hart|first=A.D.|last2=Hart|first2=Frejd S.|publisher=Baker Books|year=2013|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> Examples of such misuse of the internet, mobile technology and [[social media]] range from cyber-bullying to criminal activity, even to terrorism. In this new cyber world, educators need to better prepare new generations of ‘[[digital native]]s’<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prensky|first=M.|year=2001|title=Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants|url=|journal=On the Horizon|volume=9| issue =  5|pages=|via=}}</ref> to deal with the ethical and social dimensions of not only existing digital technologies but also those yet to be invented.<ref name=":1" />
 ==Education and technology in developing countries==
 [[File:OLPC Haiti.jpg|thumb|right|The OLPC laptop being introduced to children in [[Haiti]]]]
-Technology plays an increasingly significant role in improving access to education for people living in impoverished areas and [[developing countries]]. Educational technology is not merely a matter of education and technology alone but is also about the societal culture wherein that educational technology is implemented.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research|language=en|doi=10.1177/0270467616644383}}</ref> Charities like [[One Laptop per Child]] are dedicated to providing infrastructures through which the disadvantaged may access educational materials.
+The role of educational technology in enhancing access to education, particularly in impoverished areas and [[developing countries]], is increasingly significant. However, it is important to recognise that educational technology is not solely about the integration of education and technology; it is also influenced by the societal culture in which it is implemented.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=SAGE Journals: Your gateway to world-class journal research|language=en|doi=10.1177/0270467616644383|s2cid=147481824 }}</ref>
-The [[One Laptop per Child|OLPC foundation]], a group out of [[MIT Media Lab]] and supported by several major corporations, has a stated mission to develop a [[$100 laptop]] for delivering [[educational software]]. The laptops were widely available as of 2008. They are sold at cost or given away based on donations.
+Various organizations, including charities like [[One Laptop per Child]], are dedicated to providing infrastructures that enable disadvantaged individuals to access educational materials. The OLPC foundation, supported by major corporations and originating from [[MIT Media Lab]], has a mission to develop a [[$100 laptop]] for delivering [[educational software]]. These laptops have been made widely available since 2008, either sold at cost or distributed through donations.
+In developing countries, technology adoption may be limited, but some countries have made progress in implementing pro-technology policies and advancements in biotechnology. One positive outcome of improved technology in these countries is reduced dependence on developed nations. Strategies such as developing infrastructure, promoting entrepreneurship, and formulating open policies towards technology can be effective in enhancing education and economies in developing nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/140350/1/v27-i03-a07-BF02926323.pdf|title=New technologies and developing countries: Prospects and potential|last=Katherin|first=Marton|date=1992|website=econstor.eu}}</ref>
-In Africa, the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] (NEPAD) has launched an "[[New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program|e-school program]]" to provide all 600,000 primary and high schools with computer equipment, learning materials and [[internet access]] within 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/network-wifi/3361705/african-nations-embrace-e-learning-says-new-report/ |title=African nations embrace e-learning, says new report |publisher=PC Advisor |date=16 October 2012 |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> An International Development Agency project called nabuur.com,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nabuur.com/ |title=nabuur.com |publisher=nabuur.com |date= |accessdate=2013-10-03}}</ref> started with the support of former American President [[Bill Clinton]], uses the [[Internet]] to allow co-operation by individuals on issues of social development.
+In Africa, the [[New Partnership for Africa's Development]] (NEPAD) has launched an " [[New Partnership for Africa's Development E-School Program|e-school program]]" with the ambitious goal of providing computer equipment, learning materials, and [[internet access]] to all 600,000 primary and high schools within a decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/network-wifi/3361705/african-nations-embrace-e-learning-says-new-report/ |title=African nations embrace e-learning, says new report |publisher=PC Advisor |date=16 October 2012 |access-date=2012-10-24}}</ref> Another notable initiative, nabuur.com,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nabuur.com/ |title=nabuur.com |publisher=nabuur.com tgnilqs,;dkwiuvf34crv |access-date=2013-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021011082942/http://www.nabuur.com/ |archive-date=2002-10-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> supported by former US President [[Bill Clinton]], utilises the internet to facilitate cooperation among individuals on social development issues.
-[[India]] is developing technologies that will bypass land-based [[telephone]] and Internet infrastructure to deliver [[distance learning]] directly to its students. In 2004, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] launched [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]], a communications satellite providing access to educational materials that can reach more of the country's population at a greatly reduced cost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/edusat.aspx |title=EDUSAT |publisher=[[ISRO]] |accessdate=2013-01-01}}</ref>
+[[India]] is also making advancements in educational technology by implementing initiatives that deliver learning materials directly to students. In 2004, the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] launched [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]], a communications satellite that provides cost-effective access to educational materials, reaching a larger portion of the country's population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.isro.org/satellites/edusat.aspx |title=EDUSAT |publisher=[[ISRO]] |access-date=2013-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227162328/http://isro.org/satellites/edusat.aspx |archive-date=2012-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
-[[Educational technology|Educational tech]] (EdTech), mostly, information and communication technology can address issues, such as, an absent school teacher by conveying better lessons, preparing instructors and motivating students. In this generation, the price of educational technology has fallen to the point where EdTech is easily accessible even in generally poor nations. Tablets cost as low as Rs. 2000 and India has the least expensive data plans on the planet.
+[[Educational technology|Educational tech]] (EdTech), encompasses information and communication technology (ICT) and has the potential to address various challenges, such as the absence of teachers, by providing improved lessons, teacher training, and student motivation. In recent years, the cost of educational technology has significantly decreased, making it more accessible even in economically disadvantaged countries. Tablets, for example, can now be purchased for as low as $28, and India offers the most affordable data plans worldwide. This affordability has given rise to new ventures like ExtraClass, which aims to provide affordable education to 260 million children.
-== Technology Effects on Education ==
-The key job that innovation needs to play in education is proportional access to a portion of the core tools that can make an important effect in the lives of both instructors and students. Some important themes can be identified to create worldwide techniques to help advancements that match the particular needs of a developing society. Some of the significant topics is to guarantee that students have access to the correct learning material, particularly in their own dialects since it guarantees a better comprehension of subjects.
+== Effects of Technology on Education ==
-An AI-based tutoring system, Education Dominance, was put into an entry-level IT school in Pensacola by the U.S. Navy. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-technology-is-shaping-the-future-of-education-2017-12|title=Here's how technology is shaping the future of education|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> This system relates to a human tutor in which the student's progress is monitored while providing individual assessments. According to the Navy, the students that worked with the digital tutoring system consistently performed better on the tests than did the students who did not use the digital tutor. The adaptive technology appears to affect students positively because it can assist individuals that have different learning skills than others and therefor better equipped to learn on their own. Technology programs that are already being used in education fields:  Tablets, such as google chrome book, where students can access a range of google's educational software. DreamBox, Zearn, and ST Math, are math software programs that adapt to students as they learn.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-technology-is-shaping-the-future-of-education-2017-12|title=Here's how technology is shaping the future of education|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>
+The role of innovation in education is crucial for ensuring equal access to essential tools that can have a significant impact on the lives of both educators and students. To develop effective strategies that cater to the specific needs of a developing society, several important themes can be identified. One such theme is the necessity to provide students with access to appropriate learning materials, particularly in their native languages, as this facilitates better comprehension of subjects. In this context, it is essential for education to adopt a humanistic approach, particularly in light of the increasing prominence of digital technologies.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf|title=Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?|publisher=UNESCO|year=2015|isbn=978-92-3-100088-1|pages=27–28}}</ref>
+An example of the application of innovative technology in education is the implementation of an AI-based tutoring system at an entry-level IT school in Pensacola by the U.S. Navy. This system incorporates a human tutor who closely monitors the progress of the students and provides individual assessments. According to the Navy, students who utilised the digital tutoring system consistently achieved higher test scores compared to those who did not use the digital tutor. The adaptive nature of the technology appears to have a positive impact on students, as it can assist individuals with diverse learning styles and better equip them to learn independently.<ref name="Business Insider">{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-technology-is-shaping-the-future-of-education-2017-12|title=Here's how technology is shaping the future of education|work=Business Insider|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref>
-<br />
 == Controversy ==
-We are designing technologies to address different challenges in topics such as education, health and global poverty, But we can still identify cases in which this is not working or the results achieved are far away from the expectations. Kentaro Toyama, in his book Geek Heresy mentions examples in which this happen. He highlights the cases of computers in Bangalore that are locked away because teachers don't know what to do with them and mobile phone apps meant to spread hygiene practices and fail to improve health in Africa. Moreover, these past decades we experienced huge improvements in technology which have done little to turn rising poverty and inequalities, even in developed countries like United States. In addition to this, an interesting example is the one found by the economist Ana Santiago and her colleagues at the Inter-American Development Bank which conclude no educational advantage in a One Laptop per Child program in Peru. Another team of researchers found similar results in Uruguay, and concluded: "Our findings confirm that the technology alone cannot impact learning".
+Technologies are being developed to address different challenges in topics such as education, health and global poverty, but there are cases in which this is not working or the results achieved are far away from the expectations. Kentaro Toyama, in his book Geek Heresy mentions examples in which this happen. He highlights the cases of computers in Bangalore that are locked away because teachers don't know what to do with them and mobile phone apps meant to spread hygiene practices and fail to improve health in Africa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Toyama |first1=Kentaro |title=Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change from the Cult of Technology |date=26 May 2015 |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |isbn=979-8200007240 |edition=1st}}</ref> Moreover, these past decades there have been huge improvements in technology which have done little to reduce rising poverty and inequalities, even in developed countries like United States. In addition to this, an interesting example is the one found by the economist Ana Santiago and her colleagues at the Inter-American Development Bank which conclude no educational advantage in a One Laptop per Child program in Peru.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cristia |first1=Julían |last2=Cueto |first2=Santiago |last3=Ibarrarán |first3=Pablo |last4=Santiago |first4=Ana |last5=Severín |first5=Eugenio |title=One Laptop per Child in Peru: Findings and the Road Forward |url=https://blogs.iadb.org/educacion/es/one-laptop-per-child-in-peru-findings-and-the-road-forward/ |website=Inter-American Development Bank |publisher=Inter-American Development Bank |access-date=30 May 2023 |language=es-ES |date=28 February 2013}}</ref> Another team of researchers found similar results in Uruguay, and concluded: "Our findings confirm that the technology alone cannot impact learning".
 == References ==
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 {{Free-content attribution
 | title = Rethinking Education: Towards a global common good?
 | author =
 | publisher = UNESCO
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+| page numbers = 27–28
 | source = UNESCO
 | documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002325/232555e.pdf