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The Patriotic Leagues (Spanish: Ligas patrióticas) were nationalistic political groups in Argentina and Chile active from the 1910s to the 1930s. The Patriotic Leagues were characterized by actions against foreigners^{[note 1]} and opposition towards labour movements. They were often constituted as paramilitary groups or secret societies.

In Argentina

The Argentine Patriotic League (Liga Patriótica Argentina) was a Nacionalista paramilitary group, officially created in Buenos Aires on January 16, 1919, during the Tragic week events. Presided over by Manuel Carlés, a professor at the Military College and the Escuela Superior de Guerra, it also counted among its members the deputy Santiago G. O'Farrell (1861-1926). The League was merged into the Argentine Civic Legion in 1931.^[1]

In Chile

In Chile the Patriotic Leagues appeared in 1910. Even if they appeared in several Chilean cities they concentrated their activity in the provinces of Antofagasta, Tarapacá and Tacna, those that were annexed during the War of the Pacific (1879-1883). In these places the Patriotic Leagues launched attacks against Peruvian newspapers, societies and citizens contributing to the Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá. The passivity of the Chilean authorities of Iquique helped the Patriotic Leagues to achieve their principal goal: to frighten the Tarapacán families of Peruvian origin.^[2] The situation was particularly problematic in Arica and Tacna, where a plebiscite was to determine their national future as either under the rule of Chile or Peru. The plebiscite in the end was never held, and the solution between both South American countries was achieved through the Tacna–Arica compromise.

The Patriotic Leagues caused the expulsion of Peruvians with actions where violence was the principal instrument. Murder, robbery, discrimination and abuses of all kinds were everyday things. (...) It's clear that these were dramatic events in the Tarapacan lands
— Lautaro Núñez, in El Dios Cautivo^[3]

Notes

^ Peruvians of Tacna, Arica, and Tarapacá were technically not foreigners

References

^ Patrick Frank. Los Artistas del Pueblo: prints and workers' culture in Buenos Aires, 1917-1935. University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Pp. 206.
^ González, Maldonado y McGee 1993
^ Núñez Atencio, Lautaro y Maldonado Prieto, Carlos (2005). «Reseña bibliográfica: El Dios Cautivo. Las Ligas Patrióticas en la chilenización compulsiva de Tarapacá (1910-1922), Sergio González Miranda, LOM Ediciones, Santiago, 2004». Chungará (Arica), Universidad de Tarapacá 37 (1). ISSN 0717-7356.

External links

Media related to Patriotic Leagues (Southern Cone) at Wikimedia Commons

[1] Peruvians of Tacna, Arica, and Tarapacá were technically not foreigners

[2] Patrick Frank. Los Artistas del Pueblo: prints and workers' culture in Buenos Aires, 1917-1935. University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Pp. 206.

[ref_duplicada_1-3] González, Maldonado y McGee 1993

[4] Núñez Atencio, Lautaro y Maldonado Prieto, Carlos (2005). «Reseña bibliográfica: El Dios Cautivo. Las Ligas Patrióticas en la chilenización compulsiva de Tarapacá (1910-1922), Sergio González Miranda, LOM Ediciones, Santiago, 2004». Chungará (Arica), Universidad de Tarapacá 37 (1). ISSN 0717-7356.

[note 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Nationalistic groups in Argentina and Chile (1910s to 1930s)}}
 [[File:Liga Patriótica Argentina.jpg|thumb|Armed members of the [[Argentine Patriotic League]] roaming the streets of Buenos Aires.]]
-The '''Patriotic Leagues''' (Spanish: ''Ligas patrióticas'') were nationalistic political groups active in Argentina and Chile active from the 1910s to the 1930s. The Patriotic Leagues were characterized by actions [[xenophobe|against foreigners]]<ref group="note">[[Peruvians]] of [[Tacna]], [[Arica]], and [[Tarapacá]] were technically not foreigners</ref> and opposition towards [[Labour movement]]s. They were often constituted as [[paramilitary]] groups or [[secret societies]].
+The '''Patriotic Leagues''' (Spanish: ''Ligas patrióticas'') were nationalistic political groups in Argentina and Chile active from the 1910s to the 1930s. The Patriotic Leagues were characterized by actions [[Xenophobia|against foreigners]]<ref group="note">[[Peruvians]] of [[Tacna]], [[Arica]], and [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]] were technically not foreigners</ref> and opposition towards [[labour movement]]s. They were often constituted as [[paramilitary]] groups or [[secret societies]].
 ==In Argentina==
 {{main|Argentine Patriotic League}}
-The [[Argentine Patriotic League]] (''Liga Patriótica Argentina'') was a ''[[Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)|Nacionalista]]'' paramilitary group, officially created in [[Buenos Aires]] on January 16, 1919, during the [[Tragic week (Argentina)|Tragic week]] events. Presided over by [[Manuel Carlés]], a professor at the Military College and the ''[[Escuela Superior de Guerra]]'', it also counted among its members the deputy [[Santiago G. O'Farrell]] (1861-1926). The League was merged into the [[Argentine Civic Legion]] in 1931.<ref>Patrick Frank. ''Los Artistas del Pueblo: prints and workers' culture in Buenos Aires, 1917-1935''. University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Pp. 206.</ref>
+The [[Argentine Patriotic League]] (''Liga Patriótica Argentina'') was a ''[[Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)|Nacionalista]]'' paramilitary group, officially created in [[Buenos Aires]] on January 16, 1919, during the [[Tragic week (Argentina)|Tragic week]] events. Presided over by [[Manuel Carlés]], a professor at the Military College and the ''[[Escuela Superior de Guerra (Argentina)|Escuela Superior de Guerra]]'', it also counted among its members the deputy [[Santiago G. O'Farrell]] (1861-1926). The League was merged into the [[Argentine Civic Legion]] in 1931.<ref>Patrick Frank. ''Los Artistas del Pueblo: prints and workers' culture in Buenos Aires, 1917-1935''. University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Pp. 206.</ref>
+[[Image:TACNA 1926 CRUZ NEGRA.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá|Chilenization of Tacna]]. [[Peruvian]] household harassed by being marked with a black cross. In the background a [[Chilean flag]].]]
 ==In Chile==
+In Chile the Patriotic Leagues appeared in 1910. Even if they appeared in several Chilean cities they concentrated their activity in the provinces of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]] and [[Tacna Province (Chile)|Tacna]], those that were annexed during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879-1883). In these places the Patriotic Leagues launched attacks against [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] newspapers, societies and citizens contributing to the [[Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá]]. The passivity of the Chilean authorities of [[Iquique]] helped the Patriotic Leagues to achieve their principal goal: to frighten the Tarapacán families of Peruvian origin.<ref name=ref_duplicada_1>González, Maldonado y McGee 1993</ref> The situation was particularly problematic in [[Arica]] and [[Tacna]], where a plebiscite was to determine their national future as either under the rule of Chile or Peru. The plebiscite in the end was never held, and the solution between both South American countries was achieved through the [[Tacna–Arica compromise]].
-[[Image:TACNA 1926 CRUZ NEGRA.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá|Chilenization of Tacna]]. [[Peruvian]] household harassed by being marked with a black cross. In the background a [[Chilean flag]].]]
-In Chile the Patriotic Leagues appeared in 1910. Even if they appeared in several Chilean cities they concentrated their activity in the provinces of [[Antofagasta Region|Antofagasta]], [[Tarapacá Region|Tarapacá]] and [[Tacna Province|Tacna]], those that were annexed during the [[War of the Pacific]] (1879-1883). In that places the Patriotic Leagues launched attacks against [[Peruvians|Peruvian]] newspapers, societies and citizens contributing to the [[Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá]]. The pasivities of the Chilean authorities of [[Iquique]] helped the Patriotic Leagues to achieve their principal goal: to frighten the Tarapacán families of Peruvian origin.<ref name=ref_duplicada_1>González, Maldonado y McGee 1993</ref> The situation was particularly problematic in [[Arica]] and [[Tacna]], where a plebsicite was to determine their national future as either under the rule of Chile or Peru. The plebiscite in the end was never held, and the solution between both South American countries was achieved through the [[Tacna–Arica compromise]].
+{{
+centered pull quote|The Patriotic Leagues caused the expulsion of Peruvians with actions where violence was the principal instrument. Murder, robbery, discrimination and abuses of all kinds were everyday things. (...) It's clear that these were dramatic events in the Tarapacan lands
+|author=[[Lautaro Núñez Atencio|Lautaro Núñez]]
+|source=in ''El Dios Cautivo''<ref>Núñez Atencio, Lautaro y Maldonado Prieto, Carlos (2005). «[http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-73562005000100010&script=sci_arttext Reseña bibliográfica:] El Dios Cautivo. Las Ligas Patrióticas en la chilenización compulsiva de Tarapacá (1910-1922), Sergio González Miranda, [[LOM Ediciones]], Santiago, 2004». [[Chungara (journal)|Chungará]] (Arica), Universidad de Tarapacá 37 (1). {{ISSN|0717-7356}}.</ref>}}
+== See also ==
+* [[Expulsion of Chileans from Bolivia and Peru in 1879]]
-{{cquote|The Patriotic Leagues caused the expulsion of Peruvians with actions where violence was the principal instrument. Murder, robbery, discrimination and abuses of all kinds where everyday things. (...) It's clear that these were dramatic events in the tarapacan lands|author=[[Lautaro Núñez Atencio|Lautaro Núñez]]<ref>Núñez Atencio, Lautaro y Maldonado Prieto, Carlos (2005). «[http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-73562005000100010&script=sci_arttext Reseña bibliográfica:] El Dios Cautivo. Las Ligas Patrióticas en la chilenización compulsiva de Tarapacá (1910-1922), Sergio González Miranda, LOM Ediciones, Santiago, 2004». [[Chungara (journal)|Chungará]] (Arica), Universidad de Tarapacá 37 (1). ISSN 0717-7356.</ref>}}
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 16: / Line 24: @@
 ==References==
-{{reflist}}
+{{Reflist}}
+==External links==
-[[es:Ligas patrióticas]]
+*{{Commonscatinline|Patriotic Leagues (Southern Cone)}}
-[[Category:Paramilitary organizations]]
+[[Category:Far-right politics in Argentina]]
-[[Category:Terrorism in Argentina]]
+[[Category:Far-right politics in Chile]]
-[[Category:Terrorism in Chile]]
+[[Category:20th century in Argentina]]
-[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in the Americas]]
+[[Category:20th century in Chile]]
+[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Argentina]]
+[[Category:Ethnic cleansing in South America]]
+[[Category:Paramilitary organisations based in Chile]]
+[[Category:Racially motivated violence in South America]]
+[[Category:Xenophobia in South America]]