Jump to content

Thiruvarutchelvar: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
m Added {{No plot}} tag
m External links: Sorted categories alphabetically via script.
 
(47 intermediate revisions by 14 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{No plot|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
Line 5: Line 4:
| name = Thiruvarutchelvar
| name = Thiruvarutchelvar
| image = Thiruvarutchelvar poster.jpg
| image = Thiruvarutchelvar poster.jpg
| border = no
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| director = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| screenplay = A. P. Nagarajan
| based_on = {{based on|[[Periya Puranam]]|[[Sekkizhar]]}}
| producer = A. P. Nagarajan
| producer = A. P. Nagarajan
| writer = A. P. Nagarajan
| based_on = [[Periya Puranam]] by [[Sekkizhar]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
* [[Gemini Ganesan]]
* [[Gemini Ganesan]]
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
* [[R. Muthuraman]]
* [[R. Muthuraman]]
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
* [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
}}
}}
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| cinematography = K. S. Prasad
| editing = Rajan<br />T. R. Natarajan
| editing = Rajan<br />T. R. Natarajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| studio = Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 1967 |title=Thiruvarutselvar |page=10 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19670728&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 1967 |title=Thiruvarutselvar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19670721&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1967|July|28|df=y}}
| released = {{film date|1967|7|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| language = Tamil
}}
}}


'''''Thiruvarutchelvar''''' is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, directed and produced by [[A. P. Nagarajan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cowie |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=ap+nagarajan&pg=PA282 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |last2=Elley |first2=Derek |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6}}</ref> The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]. The film had musical score by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=111-120 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp12.htm |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 1967 |title=Thiruvarutselvar |page=3 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19670721&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref>
'''''Thiruvarutchelvar''''' is a 1967 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], directed and produced by [[A. P. Nagarajan]].{{sfn|Cowie|Elley|1977|p=282}} The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]. It was released on 28 July 1967,<ref>{{Cite web |title=111-120 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp12.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212108/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp12.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 1967 |title=Thiruvarutselvar |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19670728&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and ran for 100 days successfully in theatres.

== Plot ==
This movie chronicles the various "[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam|adventures]]" of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] where he played with his devotees, especially, the key Nayanmars of [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]], [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandhar]], [[Tiru Kurippu Thonda Nayanar|Tiru Kurippu Thondar]] and [[Sekkilhar|Sekkizhar]] woven into a intricate narration. Taken largely from [[Periya Puranam]], the movie is episodic and includes tales of how Sekkizhar works to compose it as he narrates the tale of how the Lord tested Tiru Kurippu Thondar, stopped the marriage of Sundarar while showing the world the power of verses of Appar and Sambandar by making them open the gates of temples, that had been locked for centuries, through their songs while also guide Appar to revive a dead child through his songs.


== Cast ==
== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as King, [[Sekkizhar]], [[Tiru Kurippu Thonda Nayanar]], [[Sundaramoorthy Nayanar]], [[Thirunavukarasar]] ([[Appar]]) Eny Sivanadigalar Gateup
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as King, [[Sekkilhar|Sekkizhar]], [[Tiru Kurippu Thonda Nayanar]], [[Sundaramoorthy Nayanar]], [[Thirunavukarasar]] ([[Appar]])
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as [[Shiva]]
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Arulmozhi
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as [[Apputhi Adigal]]
*[[R. Muthuraman]] as [[Apputhi Adigal]]
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Arulmozhi (Apputhi Adigal's Wife)
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as the dancer who corrects and diverts the King into Spiritual world
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Suguna Paravai Nachiyar
*[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as (Dancer who corrects and diverts the King into Spiritual world)
*[[Srividya]] as Sivashakthi Nadanam (credited as Vidhya Moorthy)
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Suguna Paravai Nachiyar (Sundaramoorthy Naiyanar to be wedded bride)
*[[Srividya]] as (SivaSakthi Nadanam)
*[[Nagesh]] as Ponnan
*[[Nagesh]] as Ponnan (Washerman)
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Ponnan's wife
*[[V. Nagayya]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as (Ponnan Wife)
*[[V. Nagaiah]]
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Chola king
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Chola king
*[[G. Sakunthala]] as (Suguna paravai Nachiyar Friend)
*[[G. Sakunthala]] as
*[[Kutty Padmini]]
*[[Kutty Padmini]]
*[[K. Sarangkapani]]
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[P. D. Sambandam]] as Dobi (Ponna Group's)
*[[P. D. Sambandam]]
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as [[Kulothunga Chola II]] (Sekkizhar Head of King)
*[[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as [[Kulothunga II|Kulothunga Chola II]] (Sekkizhar Head of King)
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]]
}}


== Production ==
== Production ==
Srividya, who went on to become a popular actress made her debut in this film. Her name was shown as Vidhya Moorthy in the introductory credits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2006 |title=Veteran actor Srividya passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/veteran-actor-srividya-passes-away/article18501313.ece |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>
Srividya, who went on to become a popular actress made her debut in this film. Her name was shown as Vidhya Moorthy in the introductory credits.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2006 |title=Veteran actor Srividya passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/veteran-actor-srividya-passes-away/article18501313.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045510/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/veteran-actor-srividya-passes-away/article18501313.ece |archive-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> Sivaji Ganesan's performance as [[Appar]] was inspired by [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Kanchi Paramacharya]] of [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]].{{sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|pp=155-156}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2021 |title="எதுக்கு என் படத்தை ஒட்டியிருக்காங்க?"... சிவாஜி பட போஸ்டரைப் பார்த்துக் குழம்பிய காஞ்சி பெரியவர்! |language=ta |work=[[Nakkheeran]] |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/writer-sura-about-sivaji-ganesan-thiruvarutchelvar-movie |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819100944/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/writer-sura-about-sivaji-ganesan-thiruvarutchelvar-movie |archive-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>


== Soundtrack ==
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtracks were composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 1967 |title=Thiruvarutselvar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thiruvarutselvar/6TdQbqTcNCQ_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010190738/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thiruvarutselvar/6TdQbqTcNCQ_ |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Nadarmudi" is set in [[Punnagavarali]] raga,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=21 June 2013 |title=The tale of two varalis |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-tale-of-two-varalis/article4837318.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727014559/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-tale-of-two-varalis/article4837318.ece |archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> and "Mannavan Vanthanadi" is set in [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=14 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey: Kinetic Kalyani |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020184028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2003 |title=A fusion of sorts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-fusion-of-sorts/article28572769.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045508/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-fusion-of-sorts/article28572769.ece |archive-date=21 June 2021}}</ref> [[P. Susheela]] who sang the song recalled that she was initially nervous to sing this song because of Ganesan's presence at the studio. Noticing it, Ganesan walked out of the studio and Susheela recorded the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=1 April 2015 |title=When songbirds speak |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-songbirds-speak/article7057238.ece |url-status=live |access-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621045442/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-songbirds-speak/article7057238.ece |archive-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Track listing
The soundtracks were composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]]. The song "Nadarmudi" is based on Punnagavarali raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=21 June 2013 |title=The tale of two varalis |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/the-tale-of-two-varalis/article4837318.ece |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> The song "Mannavan Vanthanadi" is based on Kalyani raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |date=14 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey: Kinetic Kalyani |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2003 |title=A fusion of sorts |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-fusion-of-sorts/article28572769.ece |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> P. Susheela who sang the song recalled that she was initially nervous to sing this song because of Sivaji's presence at the studio. Noticing it, Sivaji Ganesan walked out of the studio and P. Susheela recorded the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=1 April 2015 |title=When songbirds speak |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/when-songbirds-speak/article7057238.ece |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>{{Tracklist
| headline = Tamil track list
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mannavan Vandhaanadi
| title1 = Mannavan Vanthaanadi
| extra1 =[[P. Susheela]]
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title2 = Aadhi Sivan
| title2 = Aadhi Sivan
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| title3 = Irukkum Idatthai Vittu
| title3 = Irukkum Idatthai Vittu
| extra3 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| extra3 = [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
| title4 = Sadhuram Marainthaal
| title4 = Sadhuram Marainthaal
| extra4 = [[T. L. Maharajan|Master Maharajan]]
| extra4 = [[T. L. Maharajan|Master Maharajan]]
| title5 = Sitthamellaam Enakku Sivamayame (Pittha Piraisoodi)
| title5 = Sitthamellaam Enakku Sivamayame (Pittha Piraisoodi)
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan
| title6 = Om Namasivaya
| title6 = Om Namasivaya
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[Choir|Chorus]]
| extra6 = T. M. Soundararajan, [[Choir|Chorus]]
| title7 = Ulagellam
| title7 = Ulagellam
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| extra7 = T. M. Soundararajan
| title8 = Panniner Mozhiyaal
| title8 = Panniner Mozhiyaal
| extra8 = T. M. Soundararajan, Master Maharajan
| extra8 = T. M. Soundararajan, Master Maharajan
| title9 = Aathu Vellam
| title9 = Aathu Vellam
| extra9 = [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| extra9 = [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| title10 = Kadhalaagi
| title10 = Kadhalaagi
| extra10 = T. M. Soundararajan, Master Maharajan
| extra10 = T. M. Soundararajan, Master Maharajan
Line 80: Line 83:
| extra11 = T. M. Soundararajan
| extra11 = T. M. Soundararajan
}}
}}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=April 2024}}
<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=20 August 1967 |title=திருவருட்ச்செல்வர் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1967-08-20/page/26/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231108095540/https://archive.org/details/kalki1967-08-20/page/26/mode/2up? |archive-date=8 November 2023 |access-date=8 November 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page= |pages=26–27 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&q=ap+nagarajan&pg=PA282 |title=World Filmography: 1967 |last2=Elley |first2=Derek |publisher=[[Fairleigh Dickinson University Press]] |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-498-01565-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928&nbsp;– July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |orig-date=2002}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
Line 88: Line 99:


{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}
[[Category:1960s Indian films]]

[[Category:1960s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1960s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
Line 96: Line 107:
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Latest revision as of 10:39, 18 July 2024

Thiruvarutchelvar
Theatrical release poster
Directed byA. P. Nagarajan
Screenplay byA. P. Nagarajan
Based onPeriya Puranam
by Sekkizhar
Produced byA. P. Nagarajan
Starring
CinematographyK. S. Prasad
Edited byRajan
T. R. Natarajan
Music byK. V. Mahadevan
Production
company
Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures
Distributed bySivaji Films[1]
Release date
  • 28 July 1967 (1967-07-28)
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Thiruvarutchelvar is a 1967 Indian Tamil-language Hindu mythological film, directed and produced by A. P. Nagarajan.[2] The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Gemini Ganesan, Savitri and Padmini. It was released on 28 July 1967,[3][4] and ran for 100 days successfully in theatres.

Plot

[edit]

This movie chronicles the various "adventures" of Lord Shiva where he played with his devotees, especially, the key Nayanmars of Appar, Sundarar, Thirugnanasambandhar, Tiru Kurippu Thondar and Sekkizhar woven into a intricate narration. Taken largely from Periya Puranam, the movie is episodic and includes tales of how Sekkizhar works to compose it as he narrates the tale of how the Lord tested Tiru Kurippu Thondar, stopped the marriage of Sundarar while showing the world the power of verses of Appar and Sambandar by making them open the gates of temples, that had been locked for centuries, through their songs while also guide Appar to revive a dead child through his songs.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Srividya, who went on to become a popular actress made her debut in this film. Her name was shown as Vidhya Moorthy in the introductory credits.[5] Sivaji Ganesan's performance as Appar was inspired by Kanchi Paramacharya of Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham.[6][7]

Soundtrack

[edit]

The soundtracks were composed by K. V. Mahadevan and lyrics were by Kannadasan.[8] The song "Nadarmudi" is set in Punnagavarali raga,[9] and "Mannavan Vanthanadi" is set in Kalyani.[10][11] P. Susheela who sang the song recalled that she was initially nervous to sing this song because of Ganesan's presence at the studio. Noticing it, Ganesan walked out of the studio and Susheela recorded the song.[12]

Track listing
No.TitleSinger(s)Length
1."Mannavan Vanthaanadi"P. Susheela 
2."Aadhi Sivan"P. Susheela, T. M. Soundararajan 
3."Irukkum Idatthai Vittu"Sirkazhi Govindarajan 
4."Sadhuram Marainthaal"Master Maharajan 
5."Sitthamellaam Enakku Sivamayame (Pittha Piraisoodi)"T. M. Soundararajan 
6."Om Namasivaya"T. M. Soundararajan, Chorus 
7."Ulagellam"T. M. Soundararajan 
8."Panniner Mozhiyaal"T. M. Soundararajan, Master Maharajan 
9."Aathu Vellam"A. L. Raghavan, L. R. Eswari 
10."Kadhalaagi"T. M. Soundararajan, Master Maharajan 
11."Naadhar Mudi Melirukkum"T. M. Soundararajan 

Reception

[edit]

[13]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Thiruvarutselvar". The Indian Express. 21 July 1967. p. 3. Retrieved 10 February 2021 – via Google News Archive.
  2. ^ Cowie & Elley 1977, p. 282.
  3. ^ "111-120". nadigarthilagam.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  4. ^ "Thiruvarutselvar". The Indian Express. 28 July 1967. p. 10. Retrieved 10 February 2021 – via Google News Archive.
  5. ^ "Veteran actor Srividya passes away". The Hindu. 20 October 2006. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  6. ^ Ganesan & Narayana Swamy 2007, pp. 155–156.
  7. ^ ""எதுக்கு என் படத்தை ஒட்டியிருக்காங்க?"... சிவாஜி பட போஸ்டரைப் பார்த்துக் குழம்பிய காஞ்சி பெரியவர்!". Nakkheeran (in Tamil). 31 May 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  8. ^ "Thiruvarutselvar". JioSaavn. 28 July 1967. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  9. ^ Mani, Charulatha (21 June 2013). "The tale of two varalis". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  10. ^ Mani, Charulatha (14 October 2011). "A Raga's Journey: Kinetic Kalyani". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  11. ^ "A fusion of sorts". The Hindu. 21 March 2003. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  12. ^ Rao, Subha J. (1 April 2015). "When songbirds speak". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  13. ^ காந்தன் (20 August 1967). "திருவருட்ச்செல்வர்". Kalki (in Tamil). pp. 26–27. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023 – via Internet Archive.

Bibliography

[edit]
[edit]