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Coordinates: Sky map 05h 46.7m 00s, +00° 03′ 00″
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{{short description|Reflection nebula in Orion}}
{{short description|Reflection nebula in the constellation of Orion}}
{{other uses|M78 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox nebula
{{Infobox nebula
| name = Messier 78
| name = Messier 78
| image = Messier 78.jpg
| image = Messier 78.jpg
⚫
| caption = Image of Messier 78 captured using the Wide Field Imager camera on the MPG/[[ESO]] 2.2-metre telescope at the [[La Silla Observatory]].
| image_size = 300px
⚫
| caption = Image of Messier 78 captured using the Wide Field Imager camera on the MPG/[[ESO]] 2.2-metre telescope at the [[La Silla Observatory]].
| type = Reflection
| type = Reflection
| epoch = J2000.0
| epoch = J2000.0
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| dec = {{DEC|+00|00|50}}<ref name="simbad"/>
| dec = {{DEC|+00|00|50}}<ref name="simbad"/>
| dist_ly = {{Convert|415|pc|ly|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=Smith2013/>
| dist_ly = {{Convert|415|pc|ly|order=flip|abbr=on|lk=on}}<ref name=Smith2013/>
| appmag_v = 8.3<ref name="seds">{{cite web |url=https://messier.seds.org/m/m078.html |title=Messier 78 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=SEDS Messier Catalog}}</ref>
| appmag_v = 8.3
| size_v = 8′ × 6′
| size_v = 8′ × 6′<ref name="seds"/>
| constellation = [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
| constellation = [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
| radius_ly = 5
| radius_ly = 5
| absmag_v =
| absmag_v =
| notes = Part of the Orion Complex
| notes = Part of the Orion complex
| names = Ced 55u, DG 80, IRAS 05442-0000, [KPS2012] MWSC 0664, NGC 2068<ref name="simbad"/>
| names = Ced 55u, DG 80, IRAS 05442-0000, [KPS2012] MWSC 0664, NGC 2068<ref name="simbad"/>
}}
}}
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'''Messier 78''' or '''M78''', also known as '''NGC 2068''', is a [[reflection nebula]] in the [[constellation]] [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]. It was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1780 and included by [[Charles Messier]] in his catalog of [[comet]]-like objects that same year.<ref name=Frommert2018/>
'''Messier 78''' or '''M78''', also known as '''NGC 2068''', is a [[reflection nebula]] in the [[constellation]] [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]. It was discovered by [[Pierre Méchain]] in 1780 and included by [[Charles Messier]] in his catalog of [[comet]]-like objects that same year.<ref name=Frommert2018/>


M78 is the brightest diffuse reflection nebula of a group of nebulae that includes [[NGC 2064]], [[NGC 2067]] and [[NGC 2071]]. This group belongs to the [[Orion Molecular Cloud Complex|Orion B molecular cloud complex]] and is about {{Convert|415|pc|ly|order=flip|disp=out|lk=on}} distant from Earth.<ref name=Smith2013/> M78 is easily found in small [[telescope]]s as a hazy patch and involves two stars of 10th and 11th [[apparent magnitude|magnitude]]. These two [[B-type star]]s, {{nowrap|''HD 38563 A''}} and {{nowrap|''HD 38563 B''}}, are responsible for making the cloud of dust in M78 visible by reflecting their light.<ref name=Strom1974/>
M78 is the brightest diffuse reflection nebula of a group of nebulae that includes [[NGC 2064]], [[NGC 2067]] and [[NGC 2071]]. This group belongs to the [[Orion molecular cloud complex|Orion B molecular cloud complex]] and is about {{Convert|415|pc|ly|order=flip|disp=out|lk=on}} distant from Earth.<ref name=Smith2013/> M78 is easily found in small [[telescope]]s as a hazy patch and involves two stars of 10th and 11th [[apparent magnitude|magnitude]]. These two [[B-type star]]s, {{nowrap|''HD 38563 A''}} and {{nowrap|''HD 38563 B''}}, are responsible for making the cloud of dust in M78 visible by reflecting their light.<ref name=Strom1974/>


The M78 cloud contains a cluster of stars that is visible in the [[infrared]].<ref name=Smith2013/> Due to gravity, the molecular gas in the nebula has fragmented into a hierarchy of clumps,<ref name=Smith2013/> whose cores have masses ranging from {{Val|0.3|ul=solar mass}} to {{Val|5|u=solar mass}}.<ref name=Motte2001/> About 45 [[variable star]]s of the [[T Tauri star|''T Tauri'' type]],<ref name=Herbig1963/> young stars still in the process of formation, are members as well. Similarly, 17 [[Herbig–Haro object]]s are known in M78.<ref name=Zhao1999/>
The M78 cloud contains a cluster of stars that is visible in the [[infrared]].<ref name=Smith2013/> Due to gravity, the molecular gas in the nebula has fragmented into a hierarchy of clumps,<ref name=Smith2013/> whose cores have masses ranging from {{Val|0.3|ul=solar mass}} to {{Val|5|u=solar mass}}.<ref name=Motte2001/> About 45 [[variable star]]s of the [[T Tauri star|''T Tauri'' type]],<ref name=Herbig1963/> young stars still in the process of formation, are members as well. Similarly, 17 [[Herbig–Haro object]]s are known in M78.<ref name=Zhao1999/>

On May 23, 2024, the [[European Space Agency]] released an initial set of images from their [[Euclid (spacecraft)|Euclid mission]]. This included an unprecedented image of the region including M78.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2024/05/Euclid_s_new_image_of_star-forming_region_Messier_78
| title = Euclid's new image of star-forming region Messier 78
| author = <!--Not stated-->
| date = 23 May 2024
| website = The European Space Agency
| publisher = ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA
| access-date = 27 May 2024
}} </ref>
It showed hundreds of thousands of new objects including sub-stellar sized ones for the first time.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
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VISTA views Messier 78.jpg|[[VISTA (telescope)|VISTA]] image of Messier 78.
VISTA views Messier 78.jpg|[[VISTA (telescope)|VISTA]] image of Messier 78.
Making a Spectacle of Star Formation in Orion.jpg|[[Spitzer Space Telescope|Spitzer]] image of Messier 78.
Making a Spectacle of Star Formation in Orion.jpg|[[Spitzer Space Telescope|Spitzer]] image of Messier 78.
Euclid’s new image of star-forming region Messier 78 ESA497237.jpg|[[Euclid (spacecraft)|Euclid]] image of star-forming region Messier 78

</gallery>
</gallery>


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| journal=The Astronomical Journal | postscript=.
| journal=The Astronomical Journal | postscript=.
| volume=118 | issue=3 | pages=1347–1353 | date=September 1999
| volume=118 | issue=3 | pages=1347–1353 | date=September 1999
| doi=10.1086/301002 | bibcode=1999AJ....118.1347Z | doi-access=free }}</ref>
| doi=10.1086/301002 | bibcode=1999AJ....118.1347Z | doi-access=free}}</ref>


<ref name=Strom1974>{{citation
<ref name=Strom1974>{{citation
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| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | postscript=.
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | postscript=.
| volume=191 | pages=111–142 | date=July 1974
| volume=191 | pages=111–142 | date=July 1974
| doi=10.1086/152948 | bibcode=1974ApJ...191..111S }}</ref>
| doi=10.1086/152948 | bibcode=1974ApJ...191..111S | doi-access=free }}</ref>


<ref name=Motte2001>{{citation
<ref name=Motte2001>{{citation
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| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| volume=429 | issue=4 | pages=3252–3265 | date=March 2013
| volume=429 | issue=4 | pages=3252–3265 | date=March 2013
| doi=10.1093/mnras/sts582 | arxiv=1212.2018
| doi=10.1093/mnras/sts582 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1212.2018
| bibcode=2013MNRAS.429.3252W | postscript=. }}</ref>
| bibcode=2013MNRAS.429.3252W | postscript=. }}</ref>


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[[Category:Reflection nebulae|Messier 078]]
[[Category:Reflection nebulae|Messier 078]]
[[Category:Orion Molecular Cloud Complex|Messier 078]]
[[Category:Orion molecular cloud complex|Messier 078]]
[[Category:Orion–Cygnus Arm]]
[[Category:Orion–Cygnus Arm]]
[[Category:Orion (constellation)|Messier 078]]
[[Category:Orion (constellation)|Messier 078]]

Latest revision as of 11:00, 18 July 2024

Messier 78
Reflection nebula
Image of Messier 78 captured using the Wide Field Imager camera on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory.
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension05h 46m 46.7s[1]
Declination+00° 00′ 50″[1]
Distance1,350 ly (415 pc)[2] ly
Apparent magnitude (V)8.3[3]
Apparent dimensions (V)8′ × 6′[3]
ConstellationOrion
Physical characteristics
Radius5 ly
Notable featuresPart of the Orion complex
DesignationsCed 55u, DG 80, IRAS 05442-0000, [KPS2012] MWSC 0664, NGC 2068[1]
See also: Lists of nebulae

Messier 78 or M78, also known as NGC 2068, is a reflection nebula in the constellation Orion. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and included by Charles Messier in his catalog of comet-like objects that same year.[4]

M78 is the brightest diffuse reflection nebula of a group of nebulae that includes NGC 2064, NGC 2067 and NGC 2071. This group belongs to the Orion B molecular cloud complex and is about 1,350 light-years distant from Earth.[2] M78 is easily found in small telescopes as a hazy patch and involves two stars of 10th and 11th magnitude. These two B-type stars, HD 38563 A and HD 38563 B, are responsible for making the cloud of dust in M78 visible by reflecting their light.[5]

The M78 cloud contains a cluster of stars that is visible in the infrared.[2] Due to gravity, the molecular gas in the nebula has fragmented into a hierarchy of clumps,[2] whose cores have masses ranging from 0.3 M☉ to 5 M☉.[6] About 45 variable stars of the T Tauri type,[7] young stars still in the process of formation, are members as well. Similarly, 17 Herbig–Haro objects are known in M78.[8]

On May 23, 2024, the European Space Agency released an initial set of images from their Euclid mission. This included an unprecedented image of the region including M78.[9] It showed hundreds of thousands of new objects including sub-stellar sized ones for the first time.

[edit]
  • VISTA image of Messier 78.
    VISTA image of Messier 78.
  • Spitzer image of Messier 78.
    Spitzer image of Messier 78.
  • Euclid image of star-forming region Messier 78
    Euclid image of star-forming region Messier 78

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "M 78". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d Walker-Smith, S. L.; Richer, J. S.; Buckle, J. V.; Smith, R. J.; Greaves, J. S.; Bonnell, I. A. (March 2013), "The structure and kinematics of dense gas in NGC 2068", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 429 (4): 3252–3265, arXiv:1212.2018, Bibcode:2013MNRAS.429.3252W, doi:10.1093/mnras/sts582.
  3. ^ a b "Messier 78". SEDS Messier Catalog. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  4. ^ Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (9 October 2018), "Messier 78", SEDS Messier pages, Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS), retrieved 5 December 2018.
  5. ^ Strom, S. E.; et al. (July 1974), "Infrared and optical observations of Herbig-Haro objects.", The Astrophysical Journal, 191: 111–142, Bibcode:1974ApJ...191..111S, doi:10.1086/152948.
  6. ^ Motte, F.; et al. (June 2001), "A SCUBA survey of the NGC 2068/2071 protoclusters", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 372 (3): L41–L44, arXiv:astro-ph/0105019, Bibcode:2001A&A...372L..41M, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010543, S2CID 7658059.
  7. ^ Herbig, G. H.; Kuhi, L. V. (February 1963), "Emission-Line Stars in the Region of NGC 2068", The Astrophysical Journal, 137: 398, Bibcode:1963ApJ...137..398H, doi:10.1086/147519.
  8. ^ Zhao, Bing; et al. (September 1999), "Newly Discovered Herbig-Haro Objects in the NGC 2068 and NGC 2071 Regions", The Astronomical Journal, 118 (3): 1347–1353, Bibcode:1999AJ....118.1347Z, doi:10.1086/301002.
  9. ^ "Euclid's new image of star-forming region Messier 78". The European Space Agency. ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA. 23 May 2024. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
[edit]
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