Garavice: Difference between revisions

Garavice
Garavice
Ustaše extermination site
	The Garavice Memorial Park to the Victims of Fascist Terror by Bogdan Bogdanović commemorates the Serbs, Jews and Roma massacred at Garavice
	Location of Garavice in the Independent State of Croatia
Coordinates	44°49′27″N 15°50′27″E / 44.82417°N 15.84083°E
Location	near Bihać, Independent State of Croatia
Operated by	Independent State of Croatia and Ustashas
Operational	July 1941 – September 1941
Inmates	primarily Serbs, Jews and Roma
Killed	7,000-12,000
Liberated by	Yugoslav Partisans

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Garavice (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаравице) was an extermination location established by the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II in Yugoslavia near Bihać, in the Independent State of Croatia. Between 7,000 and 12,000 people, mostly Serbs and Jews were murdered at Garavice by the Ustasha in 1941.^[1]

The killings in Garavice were part of a widespread genocide of Serbs, that included expulsions, forced religious conversions, and massacres of ethnic Serbs by the Ustasha regime in the Independent State of Croatia. These atrocities were carried out by Croat collaborators and Axis occupying forces during World War II.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Background

The Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was founded on 10 April 1941 by the Axis powers (after the invasion of Yugoslavia), who installed the fascist Ustasha organization as the puppet government. The Independent State of Croatia consisted of most of modern-day Croatia and all of modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina, together with some parts of modern-day Serbia and Slovenia.^[6] NDH was the only nation beside Germany to operate extermination camps during World War II.^[7]^{[better source needed]}

Some of the first decrees issued by the Poglavnik of the Independent State of Croatia, Ante Pavelić, reflected the NDH's adoption of the racist ideology of Nazi Germany towards Jews and Serbs.^[8]

Mass murders

Arrests of Serb and Jewish civilians in and around Bihać were ordered by Ljubomir Kvaternik, a county prefect, in June 1941. Arrestees were transported and executed at Garavice, near Bihać. In July 1941, the Ustashas murdered between 7,000-12,000 Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Garavice.^[9] The largest number of victims were Serbs. Corpses were thrown in mass graves at Garavice or tossed into the nearby Klokot and Una rivers.^[10]^[11] A large amount of blood contaminated the local water supply.^[12]

Memorial Park

In 1981, the Yugoslav government established a memorial park in Garavice, designed by renowned architect Bogdan Bogdanović and opened 39 years after the massacre. In 2011, the memorial park was declared a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[13] Since then, however, the park has reportedly been neglected by the Bosnian government, and is overgrown with weeds and bushes, and desecrated with Nazi and Ustasha graffiti.

References

^ "Spomenik Database | Garavice Memorial at Bihać". spomenikdatabase. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
^ "Serbian Genocide". combatgenocide.org. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ MacDonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia (1.udg. ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-7190-6467-8.
^ Mylonas, Christos (2003). Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals: The Quest for an Eternal Identity. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-963-9241-61-9.
^ Jonsson, David J. (2006). Islamic economics and the final jihad: the Muslim brotherhood to Leftist/Marxist - Islamist alliance. Xulon Press. p. 504. ISBN 978-1-59781-980-0.
^ "Garavice kod Bihaća: Pomen za 14.500 stradalih Srba, Jevreja i Roma". glassrpske.com. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
^ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1-85065-895-1.
^ Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 9781584779018.
^ "Spomenik Database | Garavice Memorial at Bihać". spomenikdatabase. Retrieved 2023-08-06.
^ The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, Vladimir Dedijer, Gottfried Niemietz, Harvey L. Kendall, 1992, Prometheus Books; ISBN 0-87975-752-3, page 34.
^ "ПРВИ ОКРУГЛИ СТО "ГАРАВИЦЕ 1941" | Јадовно 1941". jadovno.com. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
^ Bergholz, Max (2012). "None of us Dared Say Anything: Mass Killing in a Bosnian Community during World War Two and the Postwar Culture of Silence" (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 76.
^ "Commission to preserve national monuments". 2014-10-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2021-07-17.

External links

[1] "Spomenik Database | Garavice Memorial at Bihać". spomenikdatabase. Retrieved 2023-08-06.

[2] "Serbian Genocide". combatgenocide.org. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

[MacDonald-3] MacDonald, David Bruce (2002). Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia (1.udg. ed.). Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-7190-6467-8.

[4] Mylonas, Christos (2003). Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals: The Quest for an Eternal Identity. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-963-9241-61-9.

[5] Jonsson, David J. (2006). Islamic economics and the final jihad: the Muslim brotherhood to Leftist/Marxist - Islamist alliance. Xulon Press. p. 504. ISBN 978-1-59781-980-0.

[glassrpske-6] "Garavice kod Bihaća: Pomen za 14.500 stradalih Srba, Jevreja i Roma". glassrpske.com. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2017.

[7] Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1-85065-895-1.

[8] Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 9781584779018.

[9] "Spomenik Database | Garavice Memorial at Bihać". spomenikdatabase. Retrieved 2023-08-06.

[10] The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican, Vladimir Dedijer, Gottfried Niemietz, Harvey L. Kendall, 1992, Prometheus Books; ISBN 0-87975-752-3, page 34.

[prvi-okrugli-sto-garavice-1941-11] "ПРВИ ОКРУГЛИ СТО "ГАРАВИЦЕ 1941" | Јадовно 1941". jadovno.com. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2017.

[12] Bergholz, Max (2012). "None of us Dared Say Anything: Mass Killing in a Bosnian Community during World War Two and the Postwar Culture of Silence" (PDF). University of Toronto. p. 76.

[13] "Commission to preserve national monuments". 2014-10-19. Archived from the original on 2014-10-19. Retrieved 2021-07-17.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Infobox concentration camp
-| type          = [[extermination camp|Nazi extermination site]]
+| type          = [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|Ustaše extermination site]]
 | name          = Garavice
-| image         =
+| image         =File:Garavice_Spomenik_08.jpg
 | image size    =
+| caption       =The Garavice Memorial Park to the Victims of Fascist Terror by Bogdan Bogdanović commemorates the Serbs, Jews and Roma massacred at Garavice
-| caption       =
 | alt           =
-| location map  = Yugoslavia
+| location map  = NDH
 | map alt       =
-| map caption   = Location of Garavice in Bosnia and Hercegovina
+| map caption   = Location of Garavice in the [[Independent State of Croatia]]
 | coordinates   = {{coord|44|49|27|N|15|50|27|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
-| location      = Near [[Bihać]], [[Bosnia and Hercegovina]]
+| location      = near [[Bihać]], [[Independent State of Croatia]]
 | built by      =
-| operated by   = [[Independent State of Croatia]] and [[Ustaše]]
+| operated by   = [[Independent State of Croatia]] and [[Ustaše|Ustashas]]
 | in operation  = July 1941 – September 1941
 | gas chambers  =
 | inmates       =
-| prisoner type = primarily Serbs, Jews and Roma
+| prisoner type = primarily [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]], [[Jews in Croatia|Jews]] and [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]]
-| killed        = est. around 15,000
+| killed        = 7,000-12,000
 | liberated by  = [[Yugoslav Partisans]]}}
-'''Garavice''' ({{lang-sh|Garavice}}/Гаравице) was an [[extermination camps|extermination location]] established by the [[Independent State of Croatia]] during [[World War II]] near [[Bihać]], northwest [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Between 12,000 to 15,000 people, mostly [[Serbs|Serb]] civilians, were murdered at Garavice by the [[Ustaše]] regime in 1941.
+'''Garavice''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Гаравице}}) was an [[Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia|extermination location]] established by the [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) during [[World War II in Yugoslavia]] near [[Bihać]], in the [[Independent State of Croatia]]. Between 7,000 and 12,000 people, mostly [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]] and [[History of the Jews in Croatia|Jews]] were murdered at Garavice by the [[Ustaše|Ustasha]] in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spomenik Database {{!}} Garavice Memorial at Bihać |url=https://www.spomenikdatabase.org/bihac |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=spomenikdatabase |language=en}}</ref>
-Garavice massacre is a part of widespread [[World War II persecution of Serbs|persecution of Serbs]], genocide that included extermination, expulsions and forced religious conversions of large numbers of ethnic Serbs by the Ustaše regime in the Independent State of Croatia. These atrocities were carried out by [[Croat]] collaborators and Axis occupying forces during World War II.<ref>{{cite web|title= Serbian Genocide|url=http://combatgenocide.org/?page_id=86 |work=combatgenocide.org|accessdate=5 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=MacDonald>{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=David Bruce|title=Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia|year=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8|page=261|edition=1.udg.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mylonas|first=Christos|title=Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals: The Quest for an Eternal Identity|year=2003|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-9241-61-9|page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=Islamic economics and the final jihad: the Muslim brotherhood to Leftist/Marxist - Islamist alliance|year=2006|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59781-980-0|page=504}}</ref>
+The killings in Garavice were part of a widespread [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|genocide of Serbs]], that included expulsions, forced religious conversions, and massacres of ethnic Serbs by the Ustasha regime in the Independent State of Croatia. These atrocities were carried out by [[Croats|Croat]] [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|collaborators]] and [[Axis powers|Axis]] [[Invasion of Yugoslavia|occupying forces]] during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Serbian Genocide|url=http://combatgenocide.org/?page_id=86 |work=combatgenocide.org|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref><ref name=MacDonald>{{cite book|last=MacDonald|first=David Bruce|title=Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia|year=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|location=Manchester|isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8|page=261|edition=1.udg.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mylonas|first=Christos|title=Serbian Orthodox Fundamentals: The Quest for an Eternal Identity|year=2003|publisher=Central European University Press|location=Budapest|isbn=978-963-9241-61-9|page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jonsson|first=David J.|title=Islamic economics and the final jihad: the Muslim brotherhood to Leftist/Marxist - Islamist alliance|year=2006|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59781-980-0|page=504}}</ref>
 ==Background==
-The [[Independent State of Croatia]] was founded by the [[Ustaše]] on 10 April 1941, after the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] by the [[Axis powers]]. The [[Independent State of Croatia]] consisted of most of modern-day [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], together with some parts of modern-day [[Serbia]].<ref>http://www.glassrpske.com/novosti/vijesti_dana/Garavice-kod-Bihaca-Pomen-za-14500-stradalih-Srba-Jevreja-i-Roma/lat/215086.html</ref> Croatia was the only nation beside Germany to operate extermination camps during World War II.<ref>Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). ''Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|1-85065-895-1}}.<!-- pages? --></ref>
+The [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was founded on 10 April 1941 by the [[Axis powers]] (after the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]]), who installed the [[Fascism|fascist]] [[Ustaše|Ustasha]] organization as the puppet government. The Independent State of Croatia consisted of most of modern-day [[Croatia]] and all of modern-day [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], together with some parts of modern-day [[Serbia]] and [[Slovenia]].<ref name="glassrpske">{{cite web|url=http://www.glassrpske.com/novosti/vijesti_dana/Garavice-kod-Bihaca-Pomen-za-14500-stradalih-Srba-Jevreja-i-Roma/lat/215086.html|publisher=glassrpske.com|title=Garavice kod Bihaća: Pomen za 14.500 stradalih Srba, Jevreja i Roma|date=6 August 2016 |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> NDH was the only nation beside [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] to operate [[extermination camp]]s during [[World War II]].<ref>Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). ''Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia''. New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|1-85065-895-1}}.<!-- pages? --></ref>{{Better source needed|date=July 2021}}
-Some of the first decrees issued by the leader of the [[Independent State of Croatia]] Ante Pavelić reflected the Croatian adoption of the racist ideology of Nazi Germany towards Jews and Serbs.<ref>{{cite book|first=Raphael|last=Lemkin|title=Axis Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd|year=2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=Lemkin_2008}}</ref>
+Some of the first decrees issued by the ''[[Poglavnik]]'' of the Independent State of Croatia, [[Ante Pavelić]], reflected the NDH's adoption of the [[Racial policy of Nazi Germany|racist ideology of Nazi Germany]] towards [[Jews of Croatia|Jews]] and [[Serbs of Croatia|Serbs]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Raphael|last=Lemkin|title=Axis Rule in Occupied Europe|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd|year=2008|isbn=9781584779018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C|ref=Lemkin_2008}}</ref>
 ==Mass murders==
-Arrests of Serb and Jewish civilians in and around [[Bihać]] were ordered by Ljubomir Kvaternik, a county prefect, in June 1941. Arrestees were transported and executed at Garavice, near Bihać. In July 1941, the Ustaše murdered between 12,000 and 15,000 Serbs, Jews, and Roma in Garavice.<ref>[http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/region/Istinu-otrgnuti-od-zaborava.sr.html/rubrike/region/Istinu-otrgnuti-od-zaborava.sr.html WWII history of Garavice]; accessed 28 May 2014.</ref> The largest number of victims were Serbs. Corpses were thrown in mass graves at Garavice or tossed into the neabry [[Klokot]] and [[Una (Sava)|Una]] rivers.<ref>''The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican'', Vladimir Dedijer, Gottfried Niemietz, Harvey L. Kendall, 1992, Prometheus Books; {{ISBN|0-87975-752-3}}, page 34.</ref><ref name="prvi-okrugli-sto-garavice-1941">[http://www.jadovno.com/garavice/articles/prvi-okrugli-sto-garavice-1941.html], jadovno.com; accessed 28 May 2014.</ref>
+Arrests of Serb and Jewish civilians in and around [[Bihać]] were ordered by Ljubomir Kvaternik, a county prefect, in June 1941. Arrestees were transported and executed at Garavice, near Bihać. In July 1941, the Ustashas murdered between 7,000-12,000 Serbs, Jews, and [[Romani people in Croatia|Roma]] in Garavice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spomenik Database {{!}} Garavice Memorial at Bihać |url=https://www.spomenikdatabase.org/bihac |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=spomenikdatabase |language=en}}</ref> The largest number of victims were Serbs. Corpses were thrown in mass graves at Garavice or tossed into the nearby Klokot and [[Una (Sava)|Una]] rivers.<ref>''The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican'', Vladimir Dedijer, Gottfried Niemietz, Harvey L. Kendall, 1992, Prometheus Books; {{ISBN|0-87975-752-3}}, page 34.</ref><ref name="prvi-okrugli-sto-garavice-1941">{{cite web|url=http://www.jadovno.com/garavice/articles/prvi-okrugli-sto-garavice-1941.html|publisher=jadovno.com|title=ПРВИ ОКРУГЛИ СТО "ГАРАВИЦЕ 1941" &#124; Јадовно 1941. |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref> A large amount of blood contaminated the local water supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/33800/5/Bergholz_Max_A_201011_PhD_thesis.pdf|title=None of us Dared Say Anything: Mass Killing in a Bosnian Community during World War Two and the Postwar Culture of Silence|date=2012|publisher=University of Toronto|last=Bergholz|first=Max|page=76}}</ref>
-[[File:Garavice Vandalism.jpg|thumb|Vandalism and graffiti on one of the columns of the Memorial Park]]
 ==Memorial Park==
-In 1981, the Yugoslav government established a memorial park in Garavice, designed by renowned architect [[Bogdan Bogdanović]] and opened 39 years after the massacre. In 2011, the memorial park was declared a [http://www.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=3350 National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina]. Since then, however, the park has reportedly been neglected by the Bosnian government, and is overgrown with and bushes, and desecrated with Nazi and [[Ustaša]] graffiti.
+In 1981, the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia|Yugoslav government]] established a memorial park in Garavice, designed by renowned architect [[Bogdan Bogdanović (architect)|Bogdan Bogdanović]] and opened 39 years after the massacre. In 2011, the memorial park was declared a national monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-19|title=Commission to preserve national monuments|url=http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=3350|access-date=2021-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019142007/http://kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=3350|archive-date=2014-10-19}}</ref> Since then, however, the park has reportedly been neglected by the [[Bosnian government]], and is overgrown with weeds and bushes, and desecrated with [[Nazism|Nazi]] and Ustasha graffiti.
 ==See also==
-* [[World War II persecution of Serbs]]
+* [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia]]
 ==References==
 {{Reflist}}
+== External links ==
+{{Commons category|Garavice Memorial Park}}
+{{Genocide of Serbs}}
+[[Category:1941 in Yugoslavia]]
+[[Category:Antiziganism in Europe]]
 [[Category:Concentration camps of the Independent State of Croatia]]
 [[Category:History of the Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
 [[Category:History of the Serbs of Croatia]]
-[[Category:1941 in Yugoslavia]]
+[[Category:Holocaust massacres and pogroms]]
+[[Category:Massacres in the Independent State of Croatia]]
 [[Category:Persecution of Serbs]]
 [[Category:Massacres of Serbs]]
+[[Category:Bihać in World War II]]

v t e Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
Background	Demographics of Croatia Serbs of Croatia Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbs in Vojvodina
Prelude	Anti-Serb sentiment Nazi racial policy Invasion of Yugoslavia Ustaše Ustaše Militia The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia Greater Croatia Croatisation Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše Croatian Orthodox Church
Concentration camps	Jasenovac list of prisoners Stara Gradiška Đakovo Sisak Gospić Jadovno Lepoglava Danica Lobor Kerestinec Jastrebarsko Slana Kruščica Sajmište Gornja Rijeka
Massacres	Banski Grabovac Banja Luka Garavice Glina Rašića Gaj Gudovac Blagaj Voćin Prebilovci Gacko Pridvorica Ivanci Voćin Sarajevo (Villa Luburić) Kozara Syrmia
Perpetrators	Ante Pavelić Mile Budak Julije Makanec Nikola Mandić Ademaga Mešić Džafer Kulenović Andrija Artuković Mladen Lorković Slavko Kvaternik Antun Najžer Petar Brzica Miroslav Filipović Vjekoslav Luburić Ivica Matković Ljubo Miloš Ante Vrban Ivo Rojnica Dinko Šakić Dido Kvaternik Jure Francetić Alija Šuljak Viktor Gutić Miroslav Matijević
Notable victims	Jovo Bećir Špiro Bocarić Đorđe Bogić Milan Butozan Nada Dimić Branko Dobrosavljević Vukašin Mandrapa Muhamed Mehmedbašić Rafailo Momčilović Platon of Banja Luka Sava Šumanović Sava Trlajić Dositej Vasić Petar Zimonjić
Armed resistance	Đurđevdan uprising Eastern Herzegovina uprising Drvar uprising Srb uprising
Humanitarianism	Diana Budisavljević
Trials	Trial of Mile Budak Operation Gvardijan Trial of Aloysius Stepinac
Bibliography	The Yugoslav Auschwitz and the Vatican Encyclopedia of Genocide The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 Hitler–Beneš–Tito Viktor Novak Jozo Tomasevich Smilja Avramov Enver Redžić Antun Miletić Vasilije Krestić Mark Biondich Rory Yeomans Paul Mojzes Veljko Đurić Mišina Dejan Jović Hrvoje Klasić Serbian historiography
Cultural depictions	Eagles Fly Early (book, film) Black Birds The End of the War The Dagger The Diary of Diana B. Dara of Jasenovac Zaveštanje
Aftermath	Bleiburg repatriations Stone Flower Terrorism in Yugoslavia
Denial	Jasenovac – istina Far-right politics in Croatia