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==Incumbents==
==Incumbents==
{{For|United Kingdom incumbents|1932 in the United Kingdom#Incumbents}}
*[[Prince of Wales]] – [[Edward VIII|Edward]]
*[[Archbishop of Wales]] – [[Alfred George Edwards]], [[Bishop of St Asaph]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-EDWA-GEO-1848|title=Edwards, Alfred George (1848-1937), first archbishop of Wales|author=Thomas Iorwerth Ellis|website=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|publisher=National Library of Wales|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
*[[Princess of Wales]] – ''vacant''
*[[Archbishop of Wales]] – [[Alfred George Edwards]], [[Bishop of St Asaph]]
*[[Archdruid]] of the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]]
*[[Archdruid]] of the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]]
**[[John Owen Williams (Pedrog)|Pedrog]] (outgoing)<ref name="Stephens1998">{{cite book|author=Meic Stephens|title=The New Companion to the Literature of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoMYAAAAIAAJ|year=1998|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1383-1|page=362}}</ref>
**[[John Owen Williams (Pedrog)|Pedrog]] (outgoing)
**[[John Jenkins (Gwili)|Gwili]] (incoming)
**[[John Jenkins (Gwili)|Gwili]] (incoming)<ref name="Stephens1998"/>


==Events==
==Events==
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===Music===
===Music===
*[[William Arthur Jones|W. Bradwen]] – ''Mab yr ystorm''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biography.wales/article/s2-JONE-ART-1892|title=Jones, William Arthur (W. Bradwen; 1892-1970), musician|author=Huw Williams|website=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|publisher=National Library of Wales|access-date=15 April 2021}}</ref>
*[[William Arthur Jones|W. Bradwen]] – ''Mab yr ystorm''
*[[Grace Williams]]
*[[Grace Williams]]
**''Suite for orchestra''
**''Suite for orchestra''
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*[[13 June]] – Port Talbot-born English actress [[Peg Entwistle]] signs a contract with [[RKO]] in the United States.
*[[13 June]] – Port Talbot-born English actress [[Peg Entwistle]] signs a contract with [[RKO]] in the United States.
*[[16 September]] – Peg Entwistle commits suicide by jumping from the letter "H" of the giant [[Hollywood Sign|Hollywoodland sign]].
*[[16 September]] – Peg Entwistle commits suicide by jumping from the letter "H" of the giant [[Hollywood Sign|Hollywoodland sign]].
*[[20 October]] – Release of comedy horror ''[[The Old Dark House (1932 film)|The Old Dark House]]'', set entirely in Wales but filmed wholly in Hollywood.
*[[Edmund Gwenn]] appears in ''Tell Me Tonight'', ''Money for Nothing'', ''Condemned to Death'', ''Love on Wheels'', ''Lord Babs'' and ''Frail Women''.
*[[Edmund Gwenn]] appears in ''Tell Me Tonight'', ''Money for Nothing'', ''Condemned to Death'', ''Love on Wheels'', ''Lord Babs'' and ''Frail Women''.


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==Sport==
==Sport==
*[[Boxing]]
*[[Boxing]]
**[[3 February]] – [[Jack Petersen (boxer)|Jack Petersen]] beats [[Dick Power]] to take the Welsh heavyweight title.
**[[3 February]] – [[Jack Petersen (boxer)|Jack Petersen]] beats [[Dick Power]] to take the Welsh heavyweight title.<ref name="Boxing">{{cite DWB|id=s10-PETE-CHA-1911|title=Peterson, John Charles (Jack Petersen) (1911-1990), boxer|author=Mel Williams|year=2016|access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>
**[[23 May]] – Jack Petersen wins the British light-heavyweight title.
**[[23 May]] – Jack Petersen wins the British light-heavyweight title against [[Harry Crossley]].<ref name="Boxing"/>
**[[12 July]] – Jack Petersen wins the British heavyweight title.
**[[12 July]] – Jack Petersen wins the British heavyweight title against [[Reggie Meen]].<ref name="Boxing"/>


==Births==
==Births==
*[[12 March]] – [[John Harris (priest)|John Harris]], dean of Brecon (died [[2019 in Wales|2019]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2019/27-september/gazette/deaths/deaths|title=Deaths|date=27 September 2019|website=Church Times|access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[20 March]] – [[Garfield Owen]], Wales dual-code rugby international
*[[20 March]] – [[Garfield Owen]], Wales dual-code rugby international
*[[6 April]] – [[Leon Eagles]], actor (died [[1997 in England|1997]])
*[[6 April]] – [[Leon Eagles]], actor (died [[1997 in England|1997]])
*[[28 May]] – [[John Savage (Nova Scotia politician)|John Savage]], prime minister of [[Nova Scotia]] (died [[2003 in Wales|2003]])<ref>{{cite news|title=John Savage|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1430857/John-Savage.html|accessdate=14 January 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=23 May 2003|author=Staff|location=London, UK}}</ref>
*[[28 May]] – [[John Savage (Nova Scotia politician)|John Savage]], prime minister of [[Nova Scotia]] (died [[2003 in Wales|2003]])<ref>{{cite news|title=John Savage|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1430857/John-Savage.html|accessdate=14 January 2018|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=23 May 2003|author=Staff|location=London, UK}}</ref>
*[[30 May]] – [[Ivor Richard, Baron Richard]], politician (died [[2018 in Wales|2018]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-03-19/former-labour-cabinet-minister-lord-richard-dies-aged-85/|title=Former Labour Cabinet Minister Lord Richard dies aged 85|publisher=ITV|date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[30 May]] – [[Ivor Richard, Baron Richard]], politician (died [[2018 in Wales|2018]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/wales/2018-03-19/former-labour-cabinet-minister-lord-richard-dies-aged-85/|title=Former Labour Cabinet Minister Lord Richard dies aged 85|publisher=ITV|date=19 March 2018}}</ref>
*[[31 May]] – [[Glyn Davies (footballer, born 1932)|Glyn Davies]], footballer (died [[2013 in Wales|2013]])
*[[22 June]] – [[Mary Wynne Warner]], mathematician (died 1998)<ref>I. M. James and A. R. Pears, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=128991 "Obituary: Mary Wynne Warner (1932–1998)"] ''Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society'' 34(6)(December 2001): 745–752. DOI: 10.1112/S0024609302001467</ref>
*[[22 June]] – [[Mary Wynne Warner]], mathematician (died 1998)<ref>I. M. James and A. R. Pears, [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=128991 "Obituary: Mary Wynne Warner (1932–1998)"] ''Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society'' 34(6)(December 2001): 745–752. DOI: 10.1112/S0024609302001467</ref>
*[[30 June]] – [[Derek Tapscott]], footballer (died [[2008 in Wales|2008]])
*[[30 June]] – [[Derek Tapscott]], footballer (died [[2008 in Wales|2008]])
*[[10 July]] – [[Maureen Guy]], mezzo-soprano (died [[2015 in Wales|2015]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Maureen Guy, opera singer – obituary|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11432589/Maureen-Guy-opera-singer-obituary.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=24 February 2015|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824201203/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11432589/Maureen-Guy-opera-singer-obituary.html|archivedate=24 August 2017}}</ref>
*[[10 July]] – [[Maureen Guy]], mezzo-soprano (died [[2015 in Wales|2015]])
*[[27 July]] – [[Dennis Callan]], footballer (died [[2006 in Wales|2006]])
*[[27 July]] – [[Dennis Callan]], footballer (died [[2006 in Wales|2006]])
*[[2 August]] – [[Kenneth Bowen (tenor)|Kenneth Bowen]], concert tenor (died [[2018 in Wales|2018]])<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2018/09/04/kenneth-bowen-singer-teacher-obituary/| title= Kenneth Bowen, singer and teacher – obituary| work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]| url-access=subscription| date= 4 September 2018| accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref>
*[[12 August]] – [[Gwilym Jenkins]], statistician and systems engineer (died [[1982 in Wales|1982]])
*[[12 August]] – [[Gwilym Jenkins]], statistician and systems engineer (died [[1982 in Wales|1982]])
*[[31 August]] – [[Colin Gale]], footballer (died [[2008 in Wales|2008]])
*[[31 August]] – [[Colin Gale]], footballer (died [[2008 in Wales|2008]])
*[[9 September]] – [[Alice Thomas Ellis]], born Ann Margaret Lindholm in Liverpool, novelist (died [[2005 in Wales|2005]])<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/mar/10/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries Alice Thomas Ellis: obituary by Clare Colvin] at [[The Guardian]], 10 March 2005</ref>
*[[9 September]] – [[Alice Thomas Ellis]], born Ann Margaret Lindholm in Liverpool, novelist (died [[2005 in Wales|2005]])<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/mar/10/guardianobituaries.booksobituaries Alice Thomas Ellis: obituary by Clare Colvin] at [[The Guardian]], 10 March 2005</ref>
*[[8 October]] – [[Ray Reardon]], snooker player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://welsh-sports-hall-of-fame.wales/az/ray-reardon/|title=Ray Reardon|website=Welsh Sports Hall of Fame|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
*[[8 October]] – [[Ray Reardon]], snooker player<ref>{{cite web|url=https://welsh-sports-hall-of-fame.wales/az/ray-reardon/|title=Ray Reardon|website=Welsh Sports Hall of Fame|access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> (died [[2024 in Wales|2024]])
*[[18 October]] – [[Don Devereux]], dual-code rugby player (died 1995)
*[[18 October]] – [[Don Devereux]], dual-code rugby player (died [[1995 in Wales|1995]])
*[[24 October]] – [[Allan Rogers]], politician<ref>{{cite book|title=Dod's Parliamentary Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To2IAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited|isbn=978-0-905702-30-8|page=207}}</ref>
*[[24 October]] – [[Allan Rogers]], politician
*[[16 November]] – [[Onllwyn Brace]], Wales rugby union captain (died [[2013 in Wales|2013]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/10530312.Former_Newport_scrum_half_Onllwyn_Brace_mourned/|title=Former Newport scrum half Onllwyn Brace mourned|date=5 July 2013|website=South Wales Argus|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[16 November]] – [[Onllwyn Brace]], Wales rugby union captain (died [[2013 in Wales|2013]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southwalesargus.co.uk/sport/10530312.Former_Newport_scrum_half_Onllwyn_Brace_mourned/|title=Former Newport scrum half Onllwyn Brace mourned|date=5 July 2013|website=South Wales Argus|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[21 November]] – [[Alvan Williams]], footballer (died [[2003 in Wales|2003]])
*[[21 November]] – [[Alvan Williams]], footballer (died [[2003 in Wales|2003]])
*[[1 December]] – [[Cissy Davies]], Olympic gymnast
*[[7 December]] – [[Elystan Morgan]], politician<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Roger Dod|author2=Vacher Dod Publishing, Limited|author3=Robert Phipps Dod|title=Dod's Parliamentary Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbiIAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited|page=569}}</ref>
*[[15 December]] – [[John Meurig Thomas]], chemist<ref>{{cite book|author1=Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain)|author2=Kenneth D. M. Harris|author3=Peter P. Edwards|title=Turning Points in Solid-state, Materials and Surface State: A Book in Celebration of the Life and Work of Sir John Meurig Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1SnUVwgmn0C&pg=PR20|year=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-114-5|pages=20}}</ref>
*[[7 December]] – [[Elystan Morgan]], politician<ref>{{cite book|author1=Charles Roger Dod|author2=Vacher Dod Publishing, Limited|author3=Robert Phipps Dod|title=Dod's Parliamentary Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbiIAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited|page=569|isbn=9780905702513 }}</ref>
*[[15 December]] – [[John Meurig Thomas]], chemist (died [[2020 in the United Kingdom|2020]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain)|author2=Kenneth D. M. Harris|author3=Peter P. Edwards|title=Turning Points in Solid-state, Materials and Surface State: A Book in Celebration of the Life and Work of Sir John Meurig Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1SnUVwgmn0C&pg=PR20|year=2008|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85404-114-5|pages=20}}</ref>
*''date unknown''
**[[Richard Cyril Hughes]], historian<ref>{{cite book|author=Meic Stephens|title=The new companion to the literature of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoMYAAAAIAAJ|date=23 September 1998|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1383-1|page=333}}</ref>
*''date unknown'' – [[Richard Cyril Hughes]], historian<ref>{{cite book|author=Meic Stephens|title=The new companion to the literature of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoMYAAAAIAAJ|date=23 September 1998|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=978-0-7083-1383-1|page=333}}</ref>


==Deaths==
==Deaths==
Line 85: Line 88:
*[[3 March]] – [[Ernest Howard Griffiths]], physicist, 80<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33582| title=Griffiths, Ernest Howard (1851–1932) |first= Ezer |last=Griffiths |author2=Falconer, Isobel |work= [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] (online edition, subscription access)| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| year=2004 |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref>
*[[3 March]] – [[Ernest Howard Griffiths]], physicist, 80<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33582| title=Griffiths, Ernest Howard (1851–1932) |first= Ezer |last=Griffiths |author2=Falconer, Isobel |work= [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] (online edition, subscription access)| publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]| year=2004 |accessdate=2008-04-09}}</ref>
*[[10 April]] – [[Gwyn Thomas (cricketer)|Gwyn Thomas]], cricketer, 41
*[[10 April]] – [[Gwyn Thomas (cricketer)|Gwyn Thomas]], cricketer, 41
*[[14 May]] – [[John Hughes (1873–1932)|John Hughes]], composer of ''[[Cwm Rhondda]]'', 58<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biography.wales/article/s1-HUGH-JOH-1873|title=HUGHES, JOHN (1873–1932), composer of the hymn-tune ‘Cwm Rhondda’|author=Robert Thomas Jenkins|website=Welsh Biography Online|publisher=[[National Library of Wales]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[14 May]] – [[John Hughes (1873–1932)|John Hughes]], composer of ''[[Cwm Rhondda]]'', 58<ref>{{cite web|url=https://biography.wales/article/s1-HUGH-JOH-1873|title=HUGHES, JOHN (1873–1932), composer of the hymn-tune 'Cwm Rhondda'|author=Robert Thomas Jenkins|website=Welsh Biography Online|publisher=[[National Library of Wales]]|access-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[27 May]] – [[M. C. Jones]], racing driver, 37 (killed during qualification for Indianapolis 500 in the United States)
*[[8 June]] – [[Margaret Nevinson]], suffrage campaigner, 74<ref>John, Angela V. "Nevinson [née Jones], Margaret Wynne (1858–1932), women's rights activist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004-09-23. Oxford University Press. Date of access 9 Mar. 2018. </ref>
*[[8 June]] – [[Margaret Nevinson]], suffrage campaigner, 74<ref>John, Angela V. "Nevinson [née Jones], Margaret Wynne (1858–1932), women's rights activist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004-09-23. Oxford University Press. Date of access 9 Mar. 2018. </ref>
*[[28 June]] – [[Thomas Phillips Price]], landowner, industrialist and politician, 88
*[[28 June]] – [[Thomas Phillips Price]], landowner, industrialist and politician, 88
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[[Category:1932 by country|Wales]]
[[Category:1932 by country|Wales]]
[[Category:1932 in Europe]]
[[Category:1930s in Wales]]

Latest revision as of 14:37, 20 July 2024

1932
in
Wales
Centuries:
Decades:
See also:List of years in Wales
Timeline of Welsh history
1932 in
The United Kingdom
Scotland
Elsewhere

This article is about the particular significance of the year 1932 to Wales and its people.

Incumbents

[edit]

Events

[edit]

Arts and literature

[edit]
  • Frank Brangwyn completes the Empire Panels.
  • Welsh-language newspaper Y Cymro is launched.

Awards

[edit]

New books

[edit]

English language

[edit]

Welsh language

[edit]

Music

[edit]

Film

[edit]

Broadcasting

[edit]

The broadcasting committee of the Welsh Parliamentary Labour Party obtains agreement from the BBC to broadcast a fortnightly programme and religious content in the Welsh language.[10]

Sport

[edit]

Births

[edit]

Deaths

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Thomas Iorwerth Ellis. "Edwards, Alfred George (1848-1937), first archbishop of Wales". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  2. ^ a b Meic Stephens (1998). The New Companion to the Literature of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-7083-1383-1.
  3. ^ Hughes, T. Meirion (2014). "The Red Dragon Saga". Caernarfon Through the Eye of Time. Talybont: Y Lolfa. pp. 96–106. ISBN 978-1-847-71930-0.
  4. ^ "Winners of the Chair". National Eisteddfod of Wales. 3 February 2020.
  5. ^ "Winners of the Crown". National Eisteddfod of Wales. 3 February 2020.
  6. ^ "Crumbling Pageant". Honno. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  7. ^ Howard Spring (1932). Darkie and Co. Oxford University Press.
  8. ^ Huw Williams. "Jones, William Arthur (W. Bradwen; 1892-1970), musician". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  9. ^ Evans, John (2009). Journeying Boy: The Diaries of the Young Benjamin Britten 1928–1938. London: Faber & Faber. p. 174.
  10. ^ Mari A. Williams; Geraint H. Jenkins (2000). Let's Do Our Best for the Ancient Tongue: The Welsh Language in the Twentieth Century. University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-0-7083-1658-0.
  11. ^ a b c Mel Williams (2016). "Peterson, John Charles (Jack Petersen) (1911-1990), boxer". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  12. ^ "Deaths". Church Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  13. ^ Staff (23 May 2003). "John Savage". The Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  14. ^ "Former Labour Cabinet Minister Lord Richard dies aged 85". ITV. 19 March 2018.
  15. ^ I. M. James and A. R. Pears, "Obituary: Mary Wynne Warner (1932–1998)" Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society 34(6)(December 2001): 745–752. DOI: 10.1112/S0024609302001467
  16. ^ "Maureen Guy, opera singer – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 24 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  17. ^ "Kenneth Bowen, singer and teacher – obituary". The Daily Telegraph. 4 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  18. ^ Alice Thomas Ellis: obituary by Clare Colvin at The Guardian, 10 March 2005
  19. ^ "Ray Reardon". Welsh Sports Hall of Fame. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  20. ^ Dod's Parliamentary Companion. Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited. 2000. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-905702-30-8.
  21. ^ "Former Newport scrum half Onllwyn Brace mourned". South Wales Argus. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  22. ^ Charles Roger Dod; Vacher Dod Publishing, Limited; Robert Phipps Dod (2005). Dod's Parliamentary Companion. Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Limited. p. 569. ISBN 9780905702513.
  23. ^ Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain); Kenneth D. M. Harris; Peter P. Edwards (2008). Turning Points in Solid-state, Materials and Surface State: A Book in Celebration of the Life and Work of Sir John Meurig Thomas. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-85404-114-5.
  24. ^ Meic Stephens (23 September 1998). The new companion to the literature of Wales. University of Wales Press. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-7083-1383-1.
  25. ^ Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.
  26. ^ Griffiths, Ezer; Falconer, Isobel (2004). "Griffiths, Ernest Howard (1851–1932)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online edition, subscription access). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  27. ^ Robert Thomas Jenkins. "HUGHES, JOHN (1873–1932), composer of the hymn-tune 'Cwm Rhondda'". Welsh Biography Online. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  28. ^ John, Angela V. "Nevinson [née Jones], Margaret Wynne (1858–1932), women's rights activist." Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004-09-23. Oxford University Press. Date of access 9 Mar. 2018.
  29. ^ Idwal Lewis. "Williams, John Owen (Pedrog); 1853-1932), Congregational minister and poet". Dictionary of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  30. ^ Martha Hughes Cannon; Angus Munn Cannon (1989). Letters from Exile: The Correspondence of Martha Hughes Cannon and Angus M. Cannon, 1886-1888. Signature Books. p. xxv. ISBN 978-0-941214-77-3.
  31. ^ "Billy Beynon Hill in Bryn to honour boxer's achievement". BBC News. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  32. ^ "Young Actress Ends Life In Hollywood". The Lewiston Daily Sun. 20 September 1932. p. 11. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
  33. ^ W. G. Neale (1968). At the Port of Bristol: Members and problems, 1848-1890. 42. Port of Bristol Authority. p. 75.
  34. ^ "Grave of John Fielding VC at Llanfihangel Llantarnam Church". People's Collection Wales. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  35. ^ Joyce Bellamy, Dictionary of Labour Biography, vol.I, pp.191-192