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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
|image = Premna serratifolia.jpg
| image = Premna serratifolia.jpg
|image_alt = Green leaves with tiny green fruit
| image_alt = Green leaves with tiny green fruit
|image_caption = Leaves and young fruit of ''P. serratifolia''
| image_caption = Leaves and young fruit
|genus = Premna
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
|species = serratifolia
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Razafiniary, V. |date=2021 |title=''Premna serratifolia'' |volume=2021 |page=e.T66295794A68121996 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T66295794A68121996.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
|authority = [[L.]]
| genus = Premna
|synonyms=
| species = serratifolia
*''Premna integrifolia'' <small>[[L.]]</small>
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
*''Premna obtusifolia'' <small>[[R.Br.]]</small>
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' f. ''serratifolia'' <small>(L.) Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''serratifolia'' <small>(L.) Moldenke</small>
* ''Cornutia corymbosa'' <small>Burm.f.</small>
* ''Gumira abbreviata'' <small>(Miq.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira attenuata'' <small>(R.Br.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira ceramensis'' <small>(Miq.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira cyclophylla'' <small>(Miq.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira dallachyana'' <small>(Benth.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira divaricata'' <small>(Wall. ex Schauer) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira domestica'' <small>Hassk.</small>
* ''Gumira foetida'' <small>(Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.</small>
* ''Gumira integrifolia'' <small>Hassk.</small>
* ''Gumira laevigata'' <small>(Miq.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira limbata'' <small>(Benth.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira nauseosa'' <small>(Blanco) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira nitida'' <small>(K.Schum.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira opulifolia'' <small>(Miq.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira punctulata'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Kuntze</small>
* ''Gumira truncata'' <small>(Turcz.) Kuntze</small>
* ''Premna abbreviata'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Premna acuminatissima'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna angustior'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Ridl.</small>
* ''Premna arborea'' <small>Farw.</small>
* ''Premna atra'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna attenuata'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''Premna benguetensis'' <small>C.B.Rob.</small>
* ''Premna benthamiana'' <small>Domin</small>
* ''Premna borneensis'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>
* ''Premna brongersmae'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>
* ''Premna capitata'' <small>A.Meeuse</small>
* ''Premna ceramensis'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Premna congesta'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna corymbosa'' <small>(Burm.f.) Schauer</small>
* ''Premna corymbosa'' var. ''madagascariensis'' <small>Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna corymbosa'' var. ''minor'' <small>(Ridl.) H.R.Fletcher</small>
* ''Premna corymbosa'' var. ''obtusifolia'' <small>(R.Br.) H.R.Fletcher</small>
* ''Premna corymbosa'' var. ''sambucina'' <small>(Wall. ex Schauer) Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna cyclophylla'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Premna dallachyana'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Premna dallachyana'' var. ''obtusisepala'' <small>Domin</small>
* ''Premna dallachyana'' var. ''typica'' <small>Domin in Repert.</small>
* ''Premna dentatifolia'' <small>Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna divaricata'' <small>Wall. ex Schauer</small>
* ''Premna foetida'' <small>Reinw. ex Blume</small>
* ''Premna gaudichaudii'' <small>Schauer</small>
* ''Premna glabra'' <small>A.Gray ex Maxim.</small>
* ''Premna glandulifera'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna glandulosa'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna glycycocca'' <small>F.Muell.</small>
* ''Premna guillauminii'' var. ''serrata'' <small>Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna hircina'' <small>Wall.</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' var. ''angustior'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' subsp. ''dentatolabium'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' var. ''minor'' <small>Ridl.</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' var. ''obtusifolia'' <small>(R.Br.) C.Pei</small>
* ''Premna integrifolia'' subsp. ''truncatolabium'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>
* ''Premna kunstleri'' <small>King & Gamble</small>
* ''Premna laevigata'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Premna lamii'' <small>Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna leucostoma'' <small>Náves ex Fern.-Vill.</small>
* ''Premna leytensis'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna limbata'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Premna lucidula'' <small>Kurz</small>
* ''Premna macrophylla'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>
* ''Premna media'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''Premna membranifolia'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna nauseosa'' <small>Blanco</small>
* ''Premna nitida'' <small>K.Schum.</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''angustior'' <small>(C.B.Clarke) Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''gaudichaudii'' <small>(Schauer) Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''madagascariensis'' <small>(Moldenke) Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''minor'' <small>(Ridl.) Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''pubescens'' <small>Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna obtusifolia'' var. ''velutina'' <small>Benth.</small>
* ''Premna octonervia'' <small>Merr. & F.P.Metcalf</small>
* ''Premna opulifolia'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Premna ovata'' <small>R.Br.</small>
* ''Premna paniculata'' <small>H.R.Fletcher</small>
* ''Premna papuana'' <small>Wernham</small>
* ''Premna parviflora'' <small>H.J.Lam</small>
* ''Premna perrottetii'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
* ''Premna populifolia'' <small>Miq.</small>
* ''Premna punctulata'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
* ''Premna sambucina'' <small>Wall. ex Schauer</small>
* ''Premna serratifolia'' var. ''minor'' <small>(Ridl.) A.Rajendran & P.Daniel</small>
* ''Premna spinosa'' <small>Roxb.</small>
* ''Premna subcordata'' <small>Turcz.</small>
* ''Premna subglabra'' <small>Merr.</small>
* ''Premna sumatrana'' <small>Ridl.</small>
* ''Premna syringifolia'' <small>Zipp. ex H.J.Lam & Bakh.</small>
* ''Premna tahitensis'' var. ''rapensis'' <small>F.Br.</small>
* ''Premna tahitensis'' var. ''rimatarensis'' <small>F.Br.</small>
* ''Premna tateana'' <small>F.M.Bailey</small>
* ''Premna tiliifolia'' <small>Zipp. ex H.J.Lam & Bakh.</small>
* ''Premna timoriana'' <small>Decne.</small>
* ''Premna truncata'' <small>Turcz.</small>
* ''Premna woodii'' <small>Moldenke</small>
* ''Premna wrayi'' <small>King & Gamble</small>
* ''Scrophularioides arborea'' <small>G.Forst.</small>
* ''Citharexylum paniculatum'' <small>Poir.</small>
* ''Viburnum chinense'' <small>Hook. & Arn.</small>
{{hidden end}}
}}
}}


'''''Premna serratifolia''''' (Sanskrit : [[en:wiktionary:अरणि|अरणि]] ; Marathi and Malayalam :Arani, अरणी, Tagalog : Alagaw, Visayan: Kulawin, Palauan : Chosm, Ahgao: [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]])<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/pharmacographia03dymogoog#page/n83/mode/1up/search/pramantha Pharmacographia Indica]</ref> is a small tree/[[shrub]]<ref>Description given by G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram. Referred from indiabiodiversity portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230814</ref> in the family [[Lamiaceae]]. It flowers and fruits between May and November.<ref name=NS>Described by Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi in Indiabiodiversity portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230814</ref> During flowering season, it attracts a large number of butterflies and bees.<ref>The media files included gives the required verity.</ref> Synonyms of ''Premna serratifolia'' Linn. include ''P. corymbosa'' (Burm. f.) Merr., ''P. integrifolia'' L. and ''P. obtusifolia'' R. Br.).
'''''Premna serratifolia''''' is a species of small tree or [[shrub]]<ref>Description given by G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram. Referred from indiabiodiversity portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230814</ref> in the family [[Lamiaceae]]. It blooms and fruits between May and November.<ref name=NS>Described by Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi in India biodiversity portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230814</ref> During flowering season, it attracts a large number of butterflies and bees.<ref>The media files included gives the required verity.</ref>


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
It mostly grow in moist sandy soil and scrub jungles along seacoasts and mangrove forests.<ref name=NS /> In the Philippines, particularly in Cebu Island, it is usually found in the interior, watery forests of Southern Cebu. It is commonly called "'''Kulawin'''" in the Cebuano Local Dialect.
It mostly grow in moist sandy soil and scrub jungles along seacoasts and [[mangrove forest]]s.<ref name=NS /> In the Philippines, particularly in [[Cebu island|Cebu Island]], it is usually found in the interior, watery forests of Southern Cebu.


==Description==
==Description==
Trees, to 7 m high. Leaves simple, opposite, estipulate; petiole 4–14&nbsp;mm, slender, pubescent, grooved above; lamina 2.5-8.5 x 2-7.2&nbsp;cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, base acute, obtuse, subcordate or rounded, apex acuminate, mucronate, obtuse, margin entire or subserrate, glabrous above except along the appressed midrib, chartaceous; lateral nerves 3-5 pair, pinnate, prominent, puberulous beneath; intercostae reticulate, obscure. Flowers bisexual, greenish-white, in terminal corymbose panicled cymes; bracts small; calyx small campanulate, 2 lipped, 5 lobed; corolla tube short, villous inside, lobes 5; stamens 4, didynamous, inserted below the throat of the corolla tube; anther ovate; ovary superior, 2-4-celled, ovules 4; style linear; stigma shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, seated on the calyx, globose, purple; seeds oblong.<ref name=NS />
Trees, to 7 m high. Leaves simple, opposite, estipulate; petiole 4–14&nbsp;mm, slender, pubescent, grooved above; lamina 2.5-8.5 x 2–7.2&nbsp;cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, base acute, obtuse, subcordate or rounded, apex acuminate, mucronate, obtuse, margin entire or subserrate, glabrous above except along the appressed midrib, chartaceous; lateral nerves 3-5 pair, pinnate, prominent, puberulous beneath; intercostae reticulate, obscure. Flowers bisexual, greenish-white, in terminal corymbose panicled cymes; bracts small; calyx small campanulate, 2 lipped, 5 lobed; corolla tube short, villous inside, lobes 5; stamens 4, didynamous, inserted below the throat of the corolla tube; anther ovate; ovary superior, 2-4-celled, ovules 4; style linear; stigma shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, seated on the calyx, globose, purple; seeds oblong.<ref name=NS />


==Medicinal uses==
==Medicinal uses==


The plant is extensively used in Indian traditional medicine. Studies on the root wood of ''P. serattifolia'' led to the isolation of [[acteoside]], a glucoside derivative.<ref>Bose LV, Varghese GK, Habtemariam S. 2013. Identification of acteoside as the active antioxidant principle of ''Premna serratifolia'' root wood tissues. ''Phytopharmacology'' '''4''': 228–236</ref> The root bark of the plant which showed biological activities have also shown to contain a potent cytotoxic and antioxidant diterpene, 11,12,16-trihydroxy-2-oxo-5-methyl-10-demethyl-abieta-1[10],6, 8,11,13-pentene.<ref>Habtemariam, S., Varghese, G.K. (2015). A Novel Diterpene Skeleton: Identification of a highly aromatic, cytotoxic and antioxidant 5-methyl-10-demethyl-abietane-typediterpene from ''Premna serratifolia'' ''Phytotherapy Research'' '''29(1)''''','' 80-85.</ref>
The plant is extensively used in Indian traditional medicine. Studies on the root wood of ''P. serattifolia'' led to the isolation of [[acteoside]], a glucoside derivative.<ref>Bose LV, Varghese GK, Habtemariam S. 2013. Identification of acteoside as the active antioxidant principle of ''Premna serratifolia'' root wood tissues. ''Phytopharmacology'' '''4''': 228–236</ref> The root bark of the plant which showed biological activities have also shown to contain a potent cytotoxic and antioxidant [[diterpene]], 11,12,16-trihydroxy-2-oxo-5-methyl-10-demethyl-abieta-1[10],6, 8,11,13-pentene.<ref>Habtemariam, S., Varghese, G.K. (2015). A Novel Diterpene Skeleton: Identification of a highly aromatic, cytotoxic and antioxidant 5-methyl-10-demethyl-abietane-typediterpene from ''Premna serratifolia'' ''Phytotherapy Research'' '''29(1)''''','' 80-85.</ref>

==Culinary uses==

In Vietnam, the aromatic leaves of ''P. serratifolia'' are used to cook in some braise or stir fry dishes with chicken, eels or frogs.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Flora of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Flora of the Pacific]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Grass jelly plants]]

Latest revision as of 20:24, 20 July 2024

Premna serratifolia
Green leaves with tiny green fruit
Leaves and young fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Premna
Species:
P. serratifolia
Binomial name
Premna serratifolia
Synonyms
List
  • Premna obtusifolia f. serratifolia (L.) Moldenke
  • Premna obtusifolia var. serratifolia (L.) Moldenke
  • Cornutia corymbosa Burm.f.
  • Gumira abbreviata (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Gumira attenuata (R.Br.) Kuntze
  • Gumira ceramensis (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Gumira cyclophylla (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Gumira dallachyana (Benth.) Kuntze
  • Gumira divaricata (Wall. ex Schauer) Kuntze
  • Gumira domestica Hassk.
  • Gumira foetida (Reinw. ex Blume) Hassk.
  • Gumira integrifolia Hassk.
  • Gumira laevigata (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Gumira limbata (Benth.) Kuntze
  • Gumira nauseosa (Blanco) Kuntze
  • Gumira nitida (K.Schum.) Kuntze
  • Gumira opulifolia (Miq.) Kuntze
  • Gumira punctulata (C.B.Clarke) Kuntze
  • Gumira truncata (Turcz.) Kuntze
  • Premna abbreviata Miq.
  • Premna acuminatissima Merr.
  • Premna angustior (C.B.Clarke) Ridl.
  • Premna arborea Farw.
  • Premna atra Merr.
  • Premna attenuata R.Br.
  • Premna benguetensis C.B.Rob.
  • Premna benthamiana Domin
  • Premna borneensis H.J.Lam
  • Premna brongersmae H.J.Lam
  • Premna capitata A.Meeuse
  • Premna ceramensis Miq.
  • Premna congesta Merr.
  • Premna corymbosa (Burm.f.) Schauer
  • Premna corymbosa var. madagascariensis Moldenke
  • Premna corymbosa var. minor (Ridl.) H.R.Fletcher
  • Premna corymbosa var. obtusifolia (R.Br.) H.R.Fletcher
  • Premna corymbosa var. sambucina (Wall. ex Schauer) Moldenke
  • Premna cyclophylla Miq.
  • Premna dallachyana Benth.
  • Premna dallachyana var. obtusisepala Domin
  • Premna dallachyana var. typica Domin in Repert.
  • Premna dentatifolia Moldenke
  • Premna divaricata Wall. ex Schauer
  • Premna foetida Reinw. ex Blume
  • Premna gaudichaudii Schauer
  • Premna glabra A.Gray ex Maxim.
  • Premna glandulifera Merr.
  • Premna glandulosa Merr.
  • Premna glycycocca F.Muell.
  • Premna guillauminii var. serrata Moldenke
  • Premna hircina Wall.
  • Premna integrifolia L.
  • Premna integrifolia Willd.
  • Premna integrifolia var. angustior C.B.Clarke
  • Premna integrifolia subsp. dentatolabium H.J.Lam
  • Premna integrifolia var. minor Ridl.
  • Premna integrifolia var. obtusifolia (R.Br.) C.Pei
  • Premna integrifolia subsp. truncatolabium H.J.Lam
  • Premna kunstleri King & Gamble
  • Premna laevigata Miq.
  • Premna lamii Moldenke
  • Premna leucostoma Náves ex Fern.-Vill.
  • Premna leytensis Merr.
  • Premna limbata Benth.
  • Premna lucidula Kurz
  • Premna macrophylla H.J.Lam
  • Premna media R.Br.
  • Premna membranifolia Merr.
  • Premna nauseosa Blanco
  • Premna nitida K.Schum.
  • Premna obtusifolia R.Br.
  • Premna obtusifolia var. angustior (C.B.Clarke) Moldenke
  • Premna obtusifolia var. gaudichaudii (Schauer) Moldenke
  • Premna obtusifolia var. madagascariensis (Moldenke) Moldenke
  • Premna obtusifolia var. minor (Ridl.) Moldenke
  • Premna obtusifolia var. pubescens Moldenke
  • Premna obtusifolia var. velutina Benth.
  • Premna octonervia Merr. & F.P.Metcalf
  • Premna opulifolia Miq.
  • Premna ovata R.Br.
  • Premna paniculata H.R.Fletcher
  • Premna papuana Wernham
  • Premna parviflora H.J.Lam
  • Premna perrottetii C.B.Clarke
  • Premna populifolia Miq.
  • Premna punctulata C.B.Clarke
  • Premna sambucina Wall. ex Schauer
  • Premna serratifolia var. minor (Ridl.) A.Rajendran & P.Daniel
  • Premna spinosa Roxb.
  • Premna subcordata Turcz.
  • Premna subglabra Merr.
  • Premna sumatrana Ridl.
  • Premna syringifolia Zipp. ex H.J.Lam & Bakh.
  • Premna tahitensis var. rapensis F.Br.
  • Premna tahitensis var. rimatarensis F.Br.
  • Premna tateana F.M.Bailey
  • Premna tiliifolia Zipp. ex H.J.Lam & Bakh.
  • Premna timoriana Decne.
  • Premna truncata Turcz.
  • Premna woodii Moldenke
  • Premna wrayi King & Gamble
  • Scrophularioides arborea G.Forst.
  • Citharexylum paniculatum Poir.
  • Viburnum chinense Hook. & Arn.

Premna serratifolia is a species of small tree or shrub[2] in the family Lamiaceae. It blooms and fruits between May and November.[3] During flowering season, it attracts a large number of butterflies and bees.[4]

Habitat

[edit]

It mostly grow in moist sandy soil and scrub jungles along seacoasts and mangrove forests.[3] In the Philippines, particularly in Cebu Island, it is usually found in the interior, watery forests of Southern Cebu.

Description

[edit]

Trees, to 7 m high. Leaves simple, opposite, estipulate; petiole 4–14 mm, slender, pubescent, grooved above; lamina 2.5-8.5 x 2–7.2 cm, elliptic, elliptic-oblong, base acute, obtuse, subcordate or rounded, apex acuminate, mucronate, obtuse, margin entire or subserrate, glabrous above except along the appressed midrib, chartaceous; lateral nerves 3-5 pair, pinnate, prominent, puberulous beneath; intercostae reticulate, obscure. Flowers bisexual, greenish-white, in terminal corymbose panicled cymes; bracts small; calyx small campanulate, 2 lipped, 5 lobed; corolla tube short, villous inside, lobes 5; stamens 4, didynamous, inserted below the throat of the corolla tube; anther ovate; ovary superior, 2-4-celled, ovules 4; style linear; stigma shortly bifid. Fruit a drupe, seated on the calyx, globose, purple; seeds oblong.[3]

Medicinal uses

[edit]

The plant is extensively used in Indian traditional medicine. Studies on the root wood of P. serattifolia led to the isolation of acteoside, a glucoside derivative.[5] The root bark of the plant which showed biological activities have also shown to contain a potent cytotoxic and antioxidant diterpene, 11,12,16-trihydroxy-2-oxo-5-methyl-10-demethyl-abieta-1[10],6, 8,11,13-pentene.[6]

Culinary uses

[edit]

In Vietnam, the aromatic leaves of P. serratifolia are used to cook in some braise or stir fry dishes with chicken, eels or frogs.[citation needed]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Razafiniary, V. (2021). "Premna serratifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T66295794A68121996. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T66295794A68121996.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Description given by G. Renu, Sanjana Julias Thilakar, D. Narasimhan, Centre for Floristic Research, Department of Botany, Madras Christian College, Tambaram. Referred from indiabiodiversity portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230814
  3. ^ a b c Described by Dr. N Sasidharan (Dr. B P Pal Fellow), Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi in India biodiversity portal http://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/230814
  4. ^ The media files included gives the required verity.
  5. ^ Bose LV, Varghese GK, Habtemariam S. 2013. Identification of acteoside as the active antioxidant principle of Premna serratifolia root wood tissues. Phytopharmacology 4: 228–236
  6. ^ Habtemariam, S., Varghese, G.K. (2015). A Novel Diterpene Skeleton: Identification of a highly aromatic, cytotoxic and antioxidant 5-methyl-10-demethyl-abietane-typediterpene from Premna serratifolia Phytotherapy Research 29(1), 80-85.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Flora of Tamil Nadu, VOL. II, 1987
  • Premna serratifolia L., Mant. Pl. 2: 253. 1771; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 1096(767). 1924; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 357. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 318. 1989; Rajendran & Daniel, Indian Verbenaceae 284. 2002.
  • Premna integrifolia L., Mant. Pl. 2: 252. 1771, nom. illeg.; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 4: 574. 1885.
  • Premna obtusifolia R. Br., Prodr. 512. 1810; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 230. 1982; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 296. 1985
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