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{{Short description|Uru–Chipaya language of Bolivia}}
'''Chipaya''' is a native South American language of the [[Uru-Chipaya]] language family. The only other language in the grouping, [[Uru language|Uru]], is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. Some linguists have proposed connections to the [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] or even [[Mayan languages]], but so far neither of these arguments has much acceptance in the linguistic community. [[Ethnologue]] lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1200 speakers out of an ethnic population of around 1800. Chipaya has been influenced considerably by [[Aymara]], [[Quechua]], and more recently, [[Spanish language|Spanish]], to the extent that linguistists estimate only 67% of the Chipaya vocabulary is genuinely pure Chipayan.
{{Infobox language
| name = Chipaya
| nativename = ''Chipay taqu''
| region = [[Oruro Department]]
| speakers = 1,800
| date = 2012
| ref = e25
| familycolor = American
| fam1 = [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya]]
| iso3 = cap
| glotto = chip1262
| glottorefname = Chipaya
| notice = IPA
| states = [[Bolivia]]
}}


'''Chipaya'''{{refn|Also ''Achipaye''.<ref name="clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Patricia Roberts |title=Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced |date=21 October 2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5169-2 |page=11 |language=en}}</ref>}} (endolinguonym ''Chipay taqu'') is a native South American language of the [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya language family]]. The only other language in the grouping, [[Uru language|Uru]], is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1,800 speakers out of an ethnic population of around {{sigfig|2,130|2}}, although younger generations speak it progressively less.<ref name=e25/> Chipaya has been influenced considerably by [[Aymara language|Aymara]], the [[Quechuan languages]], and more recently, [[Spanish language|Spanish]], with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.
The Chipayan language is spoken in the area of [[Lake Titicaca]] in the mountains of [[Peru]], as well as along the [[Desaguadero River (Bolivia)|Desaguadero River]]. Native speakers generally refer to it as ''Puquina'' or ''Uchun Maa Taqu'' ("our mother language"). ''Uru-Chipaya'' (as the language is commonly referred to, at least when referencing an aspect the dialects/languages have in common) is an agglutinating language, but has features uncommon to most language of this type, according to preliminary research by the organization [[DOBES]].

The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of [[Lake Titicaca]] along the [[Desaguadero River (Bolivia)|Desaguadero River]] in the mountains of [[Bolivia]] and mainly in the town of [[Chipaya (village)|Chipaya]] located in the [[Sabaya Province]] of the Bolivian department of [[Oruro Department|Oruro]] north of [[Coipasa Lake|Coipasa Salt Flats]]. Native speakers generally refer to it as ''Chipay taqu'' or ''Puquina'' or ''Uchun Maa Taqu'' ("our mother language"), but is not the same as, nor in fact even related to, the extinct [[Puquina language]]. Chipaya is an [[agglutinative language]], though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization [[DOBES]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 8: Line 25:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| &nbsp;
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| &nbsp;
! rowspan=2 | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan=2 | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
Line 20: Line 37:
! <small>[[Labial consonant|labialized]]</small>
! <small>[[Labial consonant|labialized]]</small>
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| &nbsp; '''m''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/m/}}
| &nbsp; '''m''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/m/}}
| &nbsp; '''n''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/n/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''n''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/n/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''ň''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| &nbsp; '''ň''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''ŋ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| &nbsp; '''ŋ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 30: Line 47:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!<small> plain</small>
!<small> plain</small>
| &nbsp; '''p''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/p/}}
| &nbsp; '''p''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/p/}}
| &nbsp; '''t''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/t/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''t''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/t/}}
| &nbsp;
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''č''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/c/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''k''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/k/}}
| &nbsp; '''k''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/k/}}
| &nbsp; '''{{Unicode|kʷ}}''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''kʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''q''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/q/}}
| &nbsp; '''q''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/q/}}
| &nbsp; '''qʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/qʷ/}}
|- align="center"
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| &nbsp; '''ph ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''th''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''kh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''qh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/qʰ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| &nbsp; '''p' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/p’/}}
| &nbsp; '''p' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/pʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''t' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʼ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''t' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''č' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/c’/}}
| &nbsp; '''k' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''k' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''q' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/q’/}}
| &nbsp; '''q' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/qʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small> plain</small>
!<small> plain</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''¢''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʦ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''¢''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ts/}}
| &nbsp; '''ch''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʧ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ĉ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʂ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''č''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 62: Line 89:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''¢' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʦʼ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''¢h ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
| &nbsp; '''ch' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʧʼ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ĉh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʂʰ/}}
| &nbsp; '''čh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃʰ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''¢' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tsʼ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ĉ' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʂʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''č' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 74: Line 111:
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|&nbsp; '''z''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/s̪/}}
| &nbsp; '''s''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/s/}}
| &nbsp; '''s''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/s/}}
| &nbsp; '''sh''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ŝ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʂ/}}
| &nbsp; '''š''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ç/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''h''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/x/}}
| &nbsp; '''h''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/x/}}
| &nbsp; '''{{Unicode|hʷ}}''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/xʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''hʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/xʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''x''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χ/}}
| &nbsp; '''x''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χ/}}
| &nbsp; '''{{Unicode|xʷ}}''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''xʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χʷ/}}
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| &nbsp; '''w''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''r''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/r/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''y''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/j/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!<small>central</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''l''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/l/}}
| &nbsp; '''{{Unicode|lʲ}}''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/lʲ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''l''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/l/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''ll''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
!<small>[[Lateral fricative|fricative]]</small>
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''lj''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɬ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''y''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/j/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''w''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/enwiki/w/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
|}


===Consonant Clusters===
===Consonant clusters===
Multiple possibilities are separated by slashes, and optional elements are enclosed in parentheses.
Multiple possibilities are separated by slashes, and optional elements are enclosed in parentheses.


Possible syllable onsets are:
Possible syllable onsets are:
*('''s'''/'''š''') + '''p''' + ('''h''')
*('''s'''/'''ŝ''') + '''p''' + ('''h''')
*('''s'''/'''š'''/'''sh''') + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ''')
*('''s'''/'''ŝ'''/'''sh''') + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ''')
*'''s'''/'''š''' + '''p'''/'''k'''/'''kʷ'''/'''q'''/'''qʷ'''/'''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''m'''/'''n'''
*'''s'''/'''ŝ''' + '''p'''/'''k'''/'''kʷ'''/'''q'''/'''qʷ'''/'''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''m'''/'''n'''
*'''t''' + '''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ'''
*'''t''' + '''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ'''
*'''¢'''/'''č'''/'''ch'''/'''l''' + '''h'''
*'''¢'''/'''ĉ'''/'''č'''/'''l''' + '''h'''


Possible syllable codas are:
Possible syllable codas are:
*'''h'''/'''x''' + '''p'''/'''t'''/'''k'''/'''q'''/'''l'''/'''lʲ'''/'''r''' + ('''t''')
*'''h'''/'''x''' + '''p'''/'''t'''/'''k'''/'''q'''/'''l'''/'''ll'''/'''r''' + ('''t''')
*'''hʷ'''/'''xʷ''' + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''t''')
*'''hʷ'''/'''xʷ''' + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''t''')
*'''Consonant''' + '''t'''
*'''Consonant''' + '''t'''


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
*Vowels have continental values for '''a''', {{IPA|[a]}}, '''e''' {{IPA|[e]}}, '''i''' {{IPA|[i]}}, '''o''', {{IPA|[o]}}, and '''u''' {{IPA|[u]}}. Each vowel can be short, e.g., '''a''' {{IPA|[a]}}, or long, e.g., '''a•''' {{IPA|[aː]}}.
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|'''i''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/i/}}
|&nbsp;
|'''u''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/u/}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|'''e''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/e/}}
|&nbsp;
|'''o''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/o/}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|&nbsp;
|'''a''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/a/}}
|&nbsp;
|}
*Each vowel can be short, e.g., '''a''' {{IPA|[a]}}, or long, e.g., '''a•''' {{IPA|[aː]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cerrón-Palomino |first=Rodolfo |title=El Chipaya o Lengua de los Hombres del Agua |publisher=Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú |year=2006}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{ethnologue|code=cap}}


==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.rosettaproject.org/archive/cap Entry for Chipaya at Rosetta Project]
*[http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/chipaya DOBES - Chipaya Language]
*[http://www.mpi.nl/DOBES/projects/chipaya DoBeS - Chipaya Language]
*[http://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/uru-chipaya DOBES - Uru-Chipaya]
*[http://celia.cnrs.fr/FichExt/Fonds_Liliane/pres_fonds.htm Lilian Porterie Etudes, Audios and Transcriptions of the Chipaya Language]
*[https://ids.clld.org/contributions/270 Chipaya] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])


{{Languages of Bolivia}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chipaya Language}}
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the Andes]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Languages of Peru]]
[[Category:Uru–Chipaya languages]]

[[br:Tchipayeg]]
[[cs:Chipaya]]
[[de:Chipaya (Sprache)]]
[[es:Idioma chipaya]]
[[gl:Lingua chipaia]]
[[qu:Chipaya simi]]

Latest revision as of 01:05, 21 July 2024

Chipaya
Chipay taqu
Native toBolivia
RegionOruro Department
Native speakers
1,800 (2012)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3cap
Glottologchip1262
ELPChipaya
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Chipaya[3] (endolinguonym Chipay taqu) is a native South American language of the Uru–Chipaya language family. The only other language in the grouping, Uru, is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. Ethnologue lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1,800 speakers out of an ethnic population of around 2,100, although younger generations speak it progressively less.[1] Chipaya has been influenced considerably by Aymara, the Quechuan languages, and more recently, Spanish, with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.

The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of Lake Titicaca along the Desaguadero River in the mountains of Bolivia and mainly in the town of Chipaya located in the Sabaya Province of the Bolivian department of Oruro north of Coipasa Salt Flats. Native speakers generally refer to it as Chipay taqu or Puquina or Uchun Maa Taqu ("our mother language"), but is not the same as, nor in fact even related to, the extinct Puquina language. Chipaya is an agglutinative language, though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization DOBES.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
  Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Uvular
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal   m  /m/   n  /n/     ň  /ɲ/   ŋ  /ŋ/      
Plosive plain   p  /p/   t  /t/       k  /k/   kʷ  /kʷ/   q  /q/   qʷ  /qʷ/
aspirated   ph  /pʰ/   th  /tʰ/       kh  /kʰ/     qh  /qʰ/  
ejective   p'  /pʼ/   t'  /tʼ/       k'  /kʼ/     q'  /qʼ/  
Affricate plain     ¢  /ts/   ĉ  /tʂ/   č  /tʃ/        
aspirated     ¢h  /tsʰ/   ĉh  /tʂʰ/   čh  /tʃʰ/        
ejective     ¢'  /tsʼ/   ĉ'  /tʂʼ/   č'  /tʃʼ/        
Fricative     z  /s̪/   s  /s/   ŝ  /ʂ/     h  /x/   hʷ  /xʷ/   x  /χ/   xʷ  /χʷ/
Rhotic     r  /r/            
Lateral central     l  /l/     ll  /ʎ/        
fricative     lj  /ɬ/            
Approximant         y  /j/     w  /enwiki/w/    

Consonant clusters

[edit]

Multiple possibilities are separated by slashes, and optional elements are enclosed in parentheses.

Possible syllable onsets are:

  • (s/ŝ) + p + (h)
  • (s/ŝ/sh) + k/q + (h/hʷ/x/xʷ)
  • s/ŝ + p/k/kʷ/q/qʷ/h/hʷ/m/n
  • t + h/hʷ/x/xʷ
  • ¢/ĉ/č/l + h

Possible syllable codas are:

  • h/x + p/t/k/q/l/ll/r + (t)
  • hʷ/xʷ + k/q + (t)
  • Consonant + t

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
High i  /i/   u  /u/
Mid e  /e/   o  /o/
Low   a  /a/  
  • Each vowel can be short, e.g., a [a], or long, e.g., a• [aː].[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Chipaya at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.
  3. ^ Also Achipaye.[2]
  4. ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2006). El Chipaya o Lengua de los Hombres del Agua. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
[edit]
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