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{{Short description|Uru–Chipaya language of Bolivia}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Chipaya
| name = Chipaya
|nativename=Puquina
| nativename = ''Chipay taqu''
| region = [[Oruro Department]]
|region=Bolivian Andes
|speakers=1,200
| speakers = 1,800
|date=1995
| date = 2012
|ref=e18
| ref = e25
|familycolor=American
| familycolor = American
|fam1=[[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya]]
| fam1 = [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya]]
|iso3=cap
| iso3 = cap
|glotto=chip1262
| glotto = chip1262
|glottorefname=Chipaya
| glottorefname = Chipaya
|notice=IPA
| notice = IPA
| states = [[Bolivia]]
}}
}}


'''Chipaya''' is a native South American language of the [[Uru–Chipaya]] language family. The only other language in the grouping, [[Uru language|Uru]], is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. [[Ethnologue]] lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1200 speakers out of an ethnic population of around 1800. Chipaya has been influenced considerably by [[Aymara language|Aymara]], [[Quechua languages|Quechua]], and more recently, [[Spanish language|Spanish]], with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.
'''Chipaya'''{{refn|Also ''Achipaye''.<ref name="clark">{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Patricia Roberts |title=Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced |date=21 October 2009 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-5169-2 |page=11 |language=en}}</ref>}} (endolinguonym ''Chipay taqu'') is a native South American language of the [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya language family]]. The only other language in the grouping, [[Uru language|Uru]], is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1,800 speakers out of an ethnic population of around {{sigfig|2,130|2}}, although younger generations speak it progressively less.<ref name=e25/> Chipaya has been influenced considerably by [[Aymara language|Aymara]], the [[Quechuan languages]], and more recently, [[Spanish language|Spanish]], with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.


The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of [[Lake Titicaca]] along the [[Desaguadero River (Bolivia)|Desaguadero River]] in the mountains of [[Bolivia]] and mainly in the town of [[Chipaya]] located in the [[Sabaya Province]] of the Bolivian department of [[Oruro Department|Oruro]] north of [[Lago Coipasa|Coipasa Salt Flats]]. Native speakers generally refer to it as ''Puquina'' or ''Uchun Maa Taqu'' ("our mother language"), but is not the same as the extinct [[Puquina language]]. Chipaya is an [[agglutinative language]], though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization [[DOBES]].
The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of [[Lake Titicaca]] along the [[Desaguadero River (Bolivia)|Desaguadero River]] in the mountains of [[Bolivia]] and mainly in the town of [[Chipaya (village)|Chipaya]] located in the [[Sabaya Province]] of the Bolivian department of [[Oruro Department|Oruro]] north of [[Coipasa Lake|Coipasa Salt Flats]]. Native speakers generally refer to it as ''Chipay taqu'' or ''Puquina'' or ''Uchun Maa Taqu'' ("our mother language"), but is not the same as, nor in fact even related to, the extinct [[Puquina language]]. Chipaya is an [[agglutinative language]], though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization [[DOBES]].


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 23: Line 25:
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| &nbsp;
! rowspan=2 colspan=2| &nbsp;
! rowspan=2 | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2 | [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan=2 | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! colspan=2 | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
Line 37: Line 39:
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| &nbsp; '''m''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/m/}}
| &nbsp; '''m''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/m/}}
| &nbsp; '''n''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/n/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''n''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/n/}}
⚫
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''ň''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| &nbsp; '''ň''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɲ/}}
⚫
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''ŋ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| &nbsp; '''ŋ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 45: Line 47:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2| [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!<small> plain</small>
!<small> plain</small>
| &nbsp; '''p''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/p/}}
| &nbsp; '''p''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/p/}}
| &nbsp; '''t''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/t/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''t''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/t/}}
| &nbsp;
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''č''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/c/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''k''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/k/}}
| &nbsp; '''k''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/k/}}
| &nbsp; '''kʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''kʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''q''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/q/}}
| &nbsp; '''q''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/q/}}
⚫
| &nbsp; '''qʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/qʷ/}}
|- align="center"
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| &nbsp; '''ph ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''th''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʰ/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''kh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''qh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/qʰ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| &nbsp; '''p' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/pʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''p' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/pʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''t' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʼ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''t' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''č' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/cʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''k' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''k' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/kʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 66: Line 78:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! rowspan=2| [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan="3" | [[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small> plain</small>
!<small> plain</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''¢''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ts/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''¢''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ts/}}
| &nbsp; '''ch''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ĉ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʂ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''č''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 77: Line 89:
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
!<small>[[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]</small>
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''¢' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tsʼ/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''¢h ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tsʰ/}}
| &nbsp; '''ch' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃʼ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ĉh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʂʰ/}}
| &nbsp; '''čh ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃʰ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
!<small> [[Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''¢' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tsʼ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ĉ' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʂʼ/}}
| &nbsp; '''č' ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/tʃʼ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 89: Line 111:
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|&nbsp; '''z''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/s̪/}}
| &nbsp; '''s''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/s/}}
| &nbsp; '''s''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/s/}}
| &nbsp; '''sh''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|&nbsp; '''ŝ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʂ/}}
| &nbsp; '''š''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ç/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''h''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/x/}}
| &nbsp; '''h''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/x/}}
| &nbsp; '''hʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/xʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''hʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/xʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''x''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χ/}}
| &nbsp; '''x''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χ/}}
| &nbsp; '''xʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χʷ/}}
| &nbsp; '''xʷ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/χʷ/}}
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''r''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/r/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
! rowspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
!<small>central</small>
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''l''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/l/}}
|&nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''ll''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ʎ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
!<small>[[Lateral fricative|fricative]]</small>
| &nbsp;
| colspan="2" |&nbsp; '''lj''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/ɬ/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp; '''l''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/l/}}
| colspan="2" |&nbsp;
|&nbsp;
⚫
| &nbsp; '''lʲ''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/lʲ/}}
| &nbsp; '''y''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/j/}}
| &nbsp; '''y''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/j/}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
Line 112: Line 166:


Possible syllable onsets are:
Possible syllable onsets are:
*('''s'''/'''š''') + '''p''' + ('''h''')
*('''s'''/'''ŝ''') + '''p''' + ('''h''')
*('''s'''/'''š'''/'''sh''') + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ''')
*('''s'''/'''ŝ'''/'''sh''') + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ''')
*'''s'''/'''š''' + '''p'''/'''k'''/'''kʷ'''/'''q'''/'''qʷ'''/'''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''m'''/'''n'''
*'''s'''/'''ŝ''' + '''p'''/'''k'''/'''kʷ'''/'''q'''/'''qʷ'''/'''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''m'''/'''n'''
*'''t''' + '''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ'''
*'''t''' + '''h'''/'''hʷ'''/'''x'''/'''xʷ'''
*'''¢'''/'''č'''/'''ch'''/'''l''' + '''h'''
*'''¢'''/'''ĉ'''/'''č'''/'''l''' + '''h'''


Possible syllable codas are:
Possible syllable codas are:
*'''h'''/'''x''' + '''p'''/'''t'''/'''k'''/'''q'''/'''l'''/'''lʲ'''/'''r''' + ('''t''')
*'''h'''/'''x''' + '''p'''/'''t'''/'''k'''/'''q'''/'''l'''/'''ll'''/'''r''' + ('''t''')
*'''hʷ'''/'''xʷ''' + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''t''')
*'''hʷ'''/'''xʷ''' + '''k'''/'''q''' + ('''t''')
*'''Consonant''' + '''t'''
*'''Consonant''' + '''t'''


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
*Vowels have continental values for '''a''', {{IPA|[a]}}, '''e''' {{IPA|[e]}}, '''i''' {{IPA|[i]}}, '''o''', {{IPA|[o]}}, and '''u''' {{IPA|[u]}}. Each vowel can be short, e.g., '''a''' {{IPA|[a]}}, or long, e.g., '''a•''' {{IPA|[aː]}}.
!
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[High vowel|High]]
|'''i''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/i/}}
|&nbsp;
|'''u''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/u/}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|'''e''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/e/}}
|&nbsp;
|'''o''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/o/}}
|-
![[Low vowel|Low]]
|&nbsp;
|'''a''' &nbsp;{{IPA|/a/}}
|&nbsp;
|}
*Each vowel can be short, e.g., '''a''' {{IPA|[a]}}, or long, e.g., '''a•''' {{IPA|[aː]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cerrón-Palomino |first=Rodolfo |title=El Chipaya o Lengua de los Hombres del Agua |publisher=Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú |year=2006}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
Line 133: Line 208:
*[http://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/uru-chipaya DOBES - Uru-Chipaya]
*[http://dobes.mpi.nl/projects/uru-chipaya DOBES - Uru-Chipaya]
*[http://celia.cnrs.fr/FichExt/Fonds_Liliane/pres_fonds.htm Lilian Porterie Etudes, Audios and Transcriptions of the Chipaya Language]
*[http://celia.cnrs.fr/FichExt/Fonds_Liliane/pres_fonds.htm Lilian Porterie Etudes, Audios and Transcriptions of the Chipaya Language]
*[https://ids.clld.org/contributions/270 Chipaya] ([[Intercontinental Dictionary Series]])


{{Languages of Bolivia}}
{{Languages of Bolivia}}

Latest revision as of 01:05, 21 July 2024

Chipaya
Chipay taqu
Native toBolivia
RegionOruro Department
Native speakers
1,800 (2012)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3cap
Glottologchip1262
ELPChipaya
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Chipaya[3] (endolinguonym Chipay taqu) is a native South American language of the Uru–Chipaya language family. The only other language in the grouping, Uru, is considered by some to be a divergent dialect of Chipaya. Ethnologue lists the language vitality as "vigorous," with 1,800 speakers out of an ethnic population of around 2,100, although younger generations speak it progressively less.[1] Chipaya has been influenced considerably by Aymara, the Quechuan languages, and more recently, Spanish, with a third of its vocabulary having been replaced by those languages.

The Chipayan language is spoken in the area south of Lake Titicaca along the Desaguadero River in the mountains of Bolivia and mainly in the town of Chipaya located in the Sabaya Province of the Bolivian department of Oruro north of Coipasa Salt Flats. Native speakers generally refer to it as Chipay taqu or Puquina or Uchun Maa Taqu ("our mother language"), but is not the same as, nor in fact even related to, the extinct Puquina language. Chipaya is an agglutinative language, though it has features uncommon to most agglutinative languages, according to preliminary research by the organization DOBES.

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
  Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Uvular
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal   m  /m/   n  /n/     ň  /ɲ/   ŋ  /ŋ/      
Plosive plain   p  /p/   t  /t/       k  /k/   kʷ  /kʷ/   q  /q/   qʷ  /qʷ/
aspirated   ph  /pʰ/   th  /tʰ/       kh  /kʰ/     qh  /qʰ/  
ejective   p'  /pʼ/   t'  /tʼ/       k'  /kʼ/     q'  /qʼ/  
Affricate plain     ¢  /ts/   ĉ  /tʂ/   č  /tʃ/        
aspirated     ¢h  /tsʰ/   ĉh  /tʂʰ/   čh  /tʃʰ/        
ejective     ¢'  /tsʼ/   ĉ'  /tʂʼ/   č'  /tʃʼ/        
Fricative     z  /s̪/   s  /s/   ŝ  /ʂ/     h  /x/   hʷ  /xʷ/   x  /χ/   xʷ  /χʷ/
Rhotic     r  /r/            
Lateral central     l  /l/     ll  /ʎ/        
fricative     lj  /ɬ/            
Approximant         y  /j/     w  /enwiki/w/    

Consonant clusters

[edit]

Multiple possibilities are separated by slashes, and optional elements are enclosed in parentheses.

Possible syllable onsets are:

  • (s/ŝ) + p + (h)
  • (s/ŝ/sh) + k/q + (h/hʷ/x/xʷ)
  • s/ŝ + p/k/kʷ/q/qʷ/h/hʷ/m/n
  • t + h/hʷ/x/xʷ
  • ¢/ĉ/č/l + h

Possible syllable codas are:

  • h/x + p/t/k/q/l/ll/r + (t)
  • hʷ/xʷ + k/q + (t)
  • Consonant + t

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
High i  /i/   u  /u/
Mid e  /e/   o  /o/
Low   a  /a/  
  • Each vowel can be short, e.g., a [a], or long, e.g., a• [aː].[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Chipaya at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7864-5169-2.
  3. ^ Also Achipaye.[2]
  4. ^ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2006). El Chipaya o Lengua de los Hombres del Agua. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
[edit]
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