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| emblem = Stema e Bashkisë Libohovë.svg
| emblem = Stema e Bashkisë Libohovë.svg
| skyline = Libohova.jpg
| skyline = Libohova.jpg
| caption =
| caption = Main street of Libohovë
| county = [[File:Stema e Qarkut Gjirokastër.svg|15px]] [[Gjirokastër County|Gjirokastër]]
| county = Gjirokastër
| mayor = Luiza Mandi
| mayor = Leonard Hide
| party = [[Socialist Party of Albania|PS]]
| party = [[Socialist Party of Albania|PS]]
| coordinates = {{coord|40|2|N|20|16|E|type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000|display=inline}}
| coordinates = {{coord|40|2|N|20|16|E|type:adm1st_region:AL_dim:100000|display=inline}}
| elevation = 408
| elevation = 408
| area munic = 248.24
| area munic = 248.42
| population as of = 2011
| population as of = 2011
| population munic = 3667
| population munic = 3667
Line 17: Line 17:
| postal code = 6003
| postal code = 6003
| area code = (0)881
| area code = (0)881
⚫
| website = {{URL|https://www.bashkialibohove.gov.al/}}
| vehicle plate = AL
⚫
| website = {{URL|http://www.bashkialibohove.gov.al|Official Website}}
}}
}}
'''Libohovë''' ({{lang-sq-definite|Libohova}}) is a town and a municipality in southern [[Albania]]. It is overlooked by [[Libohovë Castle]] and has a main street with views across the [[Drino]] valley. Libohovë is at the foot of the [[Mount Bureto|Bureto Mountain]]. The region forms part of the Zagori Regional Nature Park<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ata.gov.al/parku-natyror-i-zagorise-me-nje-plan-menaxhimi-te-avancuar-344226.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 3, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045758/http://www.ata.gov.al/parku-natyror-i-zagorise-me-nje-plan-menaxhimi-te-avancuar-344226.html |archivedate=December 8, 2015 }}</ref> located in [[Zagori, Albania|Zagori]] region.
'''Libohovë''' ({{lang-sq-definite|Libohova}}) is a town and a municipality in southern [[Albania]]. It is overlooked by [[Libohovë Castle]] and has a main street with views across the [[Drino]] valley. Libohovë is at the foot of the [[Mount Bureto|Bureto Mountain]]. The region forms part of the Zagori Regional Nature Park<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ata.gov.al/parku-natyror-i-zagorise-me-nje-plan-menaxhimi-te-avancuar-344226.html |title=Parku natyror i Zagorisë, me një plan menaxhimi të avancuar &#124; Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare |access-date=December 3, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208045758/http://www.ata.gov.al/parku-natyror-i-zagorise-me-nje-plan-menaxhimi-te-avancuar-344226.html |archive-date=December 8, 2015 }}</ref> located in [[Zagori, Albania|Zagori]] region.


The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Libohovë, [[Qendër Libohovë]] and Zagori, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Libohovë.<ref>[http://www.reformaterritoriale.al/images/presentations/Ligji%20ndarja%20territoriale_Fletore_zyrtare.pdf Law nr. 115/2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085559/http://www.reformaterritoriale.al/images/presentations/Ligji%20ndarja%20territoriale_Fletore_zyrtare.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> The total population is 3,667 (2011 census), in a total area of 248.24&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>[http://gis.ceshtjetvendore.gov.al/ Interactive map administrative territorial reform]</ref> The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 1,992.<ref name=census11>[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195823/6__gjirokaster.pdf 2011 census results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053713/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195823/6__gjirokaster.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Libohovë, [[Qendër Libohovë]] and [[Zagori, Albania|Zagori]], that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Libohovë.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf |title=Law nr. 115/2014 |language=sq |pages=6371|access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> The total population is 3,667 (2011 census),<ref name="census11">{{cite web |url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/3064/6__gjirokaster.pdf |title=Population and housing census – Gjirokastër 2011 |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics (Albania)|INSTAT]] }}</ref> in a total area of 248.42&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="LAU">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/345175/501971/EU-28-LAU-2019-NUTS-2016.xlsx |title=Correspondence table LAU – NUTS 2016, EU-28 and EFTA / available Candidate Countries |access-date=2019-09-25 |publisher=[[Eurostat]]|format=XLS }}</ref> The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 1,992.<ref name=census11/>


== History ==
== History ==
⚫
The archaeological evidence indicates a very ancient settlement which reached its zenith in the seventeenth century. It may be the exact site of present [[Dropull]]'s former [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] [[Diocese of Hadrianopolis in Epiro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0063.htm|title = Titular See of Hadrianopolis in Epiro, Albania}}</ref> In the late seventeenth century, the Ottoman traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] passed through Libohovë noting it was inhabited by Muslim Albanians and had 200 houses, a mosque, prayer house, inn and small bathhouse.<ref name="DankoffElsie91">{{cite book|author1-link=Robert Dankoff|last1=Dankoff|first1=Robert|last2=Elsie|first2=Robert|title=Evliya Çelebi in Albania and Adjacent Regions: Kossovo, Montenegro, Ohrid|year=2000|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004116245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fZOfbwAACAAJ&q=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+in+Albania+and+Adjacent+Regions:+Kosovo,+Montenegro,+Ohrid|pages=91}} "We continued westwards from Delvinaki for 6 hours and arrived at the village of Libohova. It is on the border of the kadi-district of Gjirokastër at the foot of a mountain with flowing water, like the fabled garden of Irem. It consists of 200 houses with slate roofs and is inhabited by Albanians, who are, however, Muslims. It has a congregational mosque, a prayer house, a han and a small bathhouse."</ref> Between 1796 and 1798 the [[Libohovë Castle]] was built in the city. In the early nineteenth century during the rule of [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina|Ali Pasha]], British diplomat [[William Martin Leake]] during his journey from [[Vlorë]] to Gjirokastra and later to present-day [[Greece]], in his diary describes his arrival on December 26, 1804, in the region of ''[[Dryinopolis|Derópoli]]'', or Dropull as it was known from the local Albanians. According to him, Libohovë, then part of the same region, numbered about 1000 Muslim families and 100 Christian families.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Martin Leake|first=William|url=https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/5/a/b/metadata-01-0000438.tkl|title=Travels in Northern Greece|publisher=[[Rodwell & Martin]]|date=December 1835|isbn=9781108020114|volume=1|location=New Bond Street, London|pages=25}}</ref>
The archaeological evidence indicates a very ancient settlement which reached its zenith in the 17th century.
⚫
It may be the exact site of present [[Dropull]]'s former Catholic [[Diocese of Hadrianopolis in Epiro]].<ref>http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/former/t0063.htm</ref> In the late 17th century, the Ottoman traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] passed through Libohovë noting it was inhabited by Muslim Albanians and had 200 houses, a mosque, prayer house, inn and small bathhouse.<ref name="DankoffElsie91">{{cite book|last1=Dankoff|first1=Robert|last2=Elsie|first2=Robert|title=Evliya Çelebi in Albania and Adjacent Regions: Kossovo, Montenegro, Ohrid|year=2000|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004116245|url=https://books.google.com/?id=fZOfbwAACAAJ&dq=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+in+Albania+and+Adjacent+Regions:+Kosovo,+Montenegro,+Ohrid|pages=91|ref=harv}} "We continued westwards from Delvinaki for 6 hours and arrived at the village of Libohova. It is on the border of the kadi-district of Gjirokastër at the foot of a mountain with flowing water, like the fabled garden of Irem. It consists of 200 houses with slate roofs and is inhabited by Albanians, who are, however, Muslims. It has a congregational mosque, a prayer house, a han and a small bathhouse."</ref>


It is the home of a well-known Albanian noble family, which shares its name with the town. Prior to the communist era they held considerable sway over the country's politics. The castle is a substantial fortress with four polygonal corner towers and a curtain wall surrounding a wide courtyard. The sister of [[Ali Pasha of Tepelenë]], Shanica, married one of the most important members of the Libohovë family and the castle was the [[dowry]] that Ali Pasha presented to her.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} In the town centre is an old plane tree around which a bar-restaurant has been built. Also in the centre is the house of [[Myfit Libohovë|Myfit (Bey) Libohovë]] (1876–1927), a renowned politician, the first minister of internal affairs and foreign affairs serving in the [[Albanian Government]] of 1912.
It is the home of a well-known Albanian noble family, which shares its name with the town. Prior to the communist era they held considerable sway over the country's politics. The castle is a substantial fortress with four polygonal corner towers and a curtain wall surrounding a wide courtyard. The sister of [[Ali Pasha of Tepelenë]], Shanica, married one of the most important members of the Libohovë family and the castle was the [[dowry]] that Ali Pasha presented to her.{{citation needed|date=December 2011}} In the town centre was an old plane tree around which a bar-restaurant has been built. Also in the centre is the house of [[Myfit Libohovë|Myfit (Bey) Libohovë]] (1876–1927), a renowned politician, the first minister of internal affairs and foreign affairs serving in the [[Albanian Government]] of 1912.


During the interwar period (20th century) Libohovë was a well watered, large and wealthy settlement located among extensive groves containing 500 houses, its inhabitants spoke Albanian and were mostly Muslim.<ref name="Hammond29"/> Libohovë was a centre for the Muslim Sufi [[Bektashi]] order with several [[Khanqah|tekkes]] located in [[Dropull]].<ref name="Hammond29">{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas|year=1967|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?redir_esc=y&id=gI5QjgEACAAJ&dq=Epirus%3A+the+Geography%2C+the+Ancient+Remains&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Maleshov%C3%AB|isbn= 9780198142539|pages=29|ref=harv}} "Libohovë, with some 500 houses, is also a religious centre of the progressive Bektashi sect of Muslims and there were several heroa (teke) with Dervishes in Dhropul during the years between the two World Wars."; p.207 "On the Albanian side the largest and richest village is Libohovë (500 houses), which is situated among the extensive groves and is well watered in contrast to Agyrokastro. The population is almost entirely Mohammedan." p. 209. "Whereas Libohovë and the village north of it are Albanian in speech,"</ref>
During the interwar period (twentieth century) Libohovë was a well-watered, large and wealthy settlement located among extensive groves containing 500 houses, its inhabitants spoke [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and were mostly Muslim.<ref name="Hammond29"/> Libohovë was a centre for the Muslim Sufi [[Bektashi]] order with several [[Khanqah|tekkes]] located in [[Dropull]].<ref name="Hammond29">{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas|year=1967|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gI5QjgEACAAJ&q=Maleshov%C3%AB|isbn= 9780198142539|pages=29}} "Libohovë, with some 500 houses, is also a religious centre of the progressive Bektashi sect of Muslims and there were several heroa (teke) with Dervishes in Dhropul during the years between the two World Wars."; p.207 "On the Albanian side the largest and richest village is Libohovë (500 houses), which is situated among the extensive groves and is well watered in contrast to Agyrokastro. The population is almost entirely Mohammedan." p. 209. "Whereas Libohovë and the village north of it are Albanian in speech,"</ref> According to the Albanian census of 1989, members of the [[Greeks in Albania|Greek minority]] also live in the town.<ref>{{cite book |author =Österreichisches Ost-und Südosteuropa-Institut |editor-first1=Peter |editor-last1=Jordan |editor-first2=Walter |editor-last2=Lukan |title=Albanien: Geographie – historische Anthropologie – Geschichte – Kultur – postkommunistische Transformation |date=2003 |publisher=Lang |isbn=978-3-631-39416-8 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nxpAAAAMAAJ |language=de |quote=Die Gruppe der Griechen, die nace der Volkszahlung 1989... Die dort am dichtesten mit Griechen bewohnten ländlichen Gebiete sind die von Dropull, Rëza e zezë und Pogon im Kreis von Gjirokastër, sowie Vurgu im Kreis von Delvinë – Sarandë. Ein Teil der griechischen Minderheit im Suden des landes lebt heute aber in Städten wie Gjirokastër , Libohovë , Delvinë und Sarandë . ... Korce.}}</ref> Muslims formed most of Libohovë's population in the late twentieth century.<ref name="RapSin5">{{cite conference|last1=de Rapper|first1=Gilles|last2=Sintès|first2=Pierre|date=February 2008|title=Faire et défaire les frontières du mariage. Échanges matrimoniaux entre la Grèce et l'Albanie: le cas de la région de Gjirokastër|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00292416/|publisher=Centre Jacques Berque|location=Tangier|conference=Vivre et tracer les frontières dans les mondes contemporains|page=5|access-date=7 February 2022}} "à la ville de Libohovë, peuplée majoritairement de musulmans"</ref> A small settlement, Libohovë is a centre of Sufi [[Bektashism in Albania|Bektashism]].<ref name="Clayer36">{{cite book|last=Clayer|first=Natalie|chapter=Saints and Sufis in post-Communist Albania|editor-last=Masatoshi|editor-first=Kisaichi|title=Popular Movements and Democratization in the Islamic World|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134150618|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zxeWxCAkokC&q=+Libohova+and+Lazarat%2C+two+small+localities+which+are+strongholds+of+Bektashism+in+the+area+of+Gjirokastra&pg=PA36|page=36}}</ref>


== Places of interest ==
== Places of interest ==
Line 37: Line 35:


== Notable locals ==
== Notable locals ==
* [[Eni Çobani]], lawyer
⚫
* [[Myfit Libohova]] Albanian government member on nine occasions from 1912 until his death in 1927, holding the positions of Justice Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, and [[List of Foreign Ministers of Albania|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. He was also the founder of the [[Bank of Albania]], the national bank.
* [[Kadri Gjata]], (1865–1912) was an [[Albania]]n patriot, writer, and educator. He was posthumously awarded the [[Honor of the Nation Decoration|Honor of the Nation (Nderi i Kombit in Albanian) medal]] and the title Martyr of the Nation.
⚫
* [[Abedin Nepravishta]] twice former mayor of [[Tirana]], Albania, during 1933-1935 and 1937–1939
⚫
* [[Myfit Libohova]], Albanian government member on nine occasions from 1912 until his death in 1927, holding the positions of Justice Minister, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance, and [[List of Foreign Ministers of Albania|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]. He was also the founder of the [[Bank of Albania]].
* [[Servet Libohova]], mayor of Tiranë.
* [[Servet Libohova]], former mayor of Tiranë
* [[Vasileios of Dryinoupolis]] (1858–1936), Minister of Justice and Religion of the [[Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus]], from Labova e Kryqit.
⚫
* [[Abedin Nepravishta]], twice former mayor of [[Tirana]], Albania, during 1933–1935 and 1937–1939
* [[Avni Rustemi]] leftist activist of the 1920s.
* [[Avni Rustemi]], leftist activist of the 1920s.
* [[Nexhmie Zaimi]], Albanian American author and journalist
* Eranda Libohova, Albanian Singer
* [[Javer Hurshiti]] was an [[Albania|Albanian]] military and political figure, he was the son of Maliq Pasha Libohova.


== References ==
== References ==
Line 51: Line 53:


{{DEFAULTSORT:Libohove}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Libohove}}
⚫
[[Category:Municipalities in Gjirokastër County]]
[[Category:Libohovë| ]]
[[Category:Libohovë| ]]
[[Category:Greek communities in Albania]]
⚫
[[Category:Municipalities in Gjirokastër County]]
[[Category:Administrative units of Libohovë]]
[[Category:Administrative units of Libohovë]]
[[Category:Towns in Albania]]
[[Category:Towns in Albania]]

Latest revision as of 20:26, 21 July 2024

Libohovë
Municipality
Main street of Libohovë
Main street of Libohovë
Official logo of Libohovë
Emblem
Libohovë is located in Albania
Libohovë
Libohovë
Coordinates: 40°2′N 20°16′E / 40.033°N 20.267°E / 40.033; 20.267
Country Albania
CountyGjirokastër
Government
 • MayorLeonard Hide (PS)
Area
 • Municipality248.42 km2 (95.92 sq mi)
Elevation
408 m (1,339 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Municipality
3,667
 • Municipality density15/km2 (38/sq mi)
 • Municipal unit
1,992
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal Code
6003
Area Code(0)881
Websitewww.bashkialibohove.gov.al

Libohovë (Albanian definite form: Libohova) is a town and a municipality in southern Albania. It is overlooked by Libohovë Castle and has a main street with views across the Drino valley. Libohovë is at the foot of the Bureto Mountain. The region forms part of the Zagori Regional Nature Park[1] located in Zagori region.

The municipality was formed at the 2015 local government reform by the merger of the former municipalities Libohovë, Qendër Libohovë and Zagori, that became municipal units. The seat of the municipality is the town Libohovë.[2] The total population is 3,667 (2011 census),[3] in a total area of 248.42 km2.[4] The population of the former municipality at the 2011 census was 1,992.[3]

History

[edit]

The archaeological evidence indicates a very ancient settlement which reached its zenith in the seventeenth century. It may be the exact site of present Dropull's former Catholic Diocese of Hadrianopolis in Epiro.[5] In the late seventeenth century, the Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi passed through Libohovë noting it was inhabited by Muslim Albanians and had 200 houses, a mosque, prayer house, inn and small bathhouse.[6] Between 1796 and 1798 the Libohovë Castle was built in the city. In the early nineteenth century during the rule of Ali Pasha, British diplomat William Martin Leake during his journey from Vlorë to Gjirokastra and later to present-day Greece, in his diary describes his arrival on December 26, 1804, in the region of Derópoli, or Dropull as it was known from the local Albanians. According to him, Libohovë, then part of the same region, numbered about 1000 Muslim families and 100 Christian families.[7]

It is the home of a well-known Albanian noble family, which shares its name with the town. Prior to the communist era they held considerable sway over the country's politics. The castle is a substantial fortress with four polygonal corner towers and a curtain wall surrounding a wide courtyard. The sister of Ali Pasha of Tepelenë, Shanica, married one of the most important members of the Libohovë family and the castle was the dowry that Ali Pasha presented to her.[citation needed] In the town centre was an old plane tree around which a bar-restaurant has been built. Also in the centre is the house of Myfit (Bey) Libohovë (1876–1927), a renowned politician, the first minister of internal affairs and foreign affairs serving in the Albanian Government of 1912.

During the interwar period (twentieth century) Libohovë was a well-watered, large and wealthy settlement located among extensive groves containing 500 houses, its inhabitants spoke Albanian and were mostly Muslim.[8] Libohovë was a centre for the Muslim Sufi Bektashi order with several tekkes located in Dropull.[8] According to the Albanian census of 1989, members of the Greek minority also live in the town.[9] Muslims formed most of Libohovë's population in the late twentieth century.[10] A small settlement, Libohovë is a centre of Sufi Bektashism.[11]

Places of interest

[edit]

Notable locals

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Parku natyror i Zagorisë, me një plan menaxhimi të avancuar | Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
  2. ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6371. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  3. ^ a b "Population and housing census – Gjirokastër 2011" (PDF). INSTAT. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  4. ^ "Correspondence table LAU – NUTS 2016, EU-28 and EFTA / available Candidate Countries" (XLS). Eurostat. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  5. ^ "Titular See of Hadrianopolis in Epiro, Albania".
  6. ^ Dankoff, Robert; Elsie, Robert (2000). Evliya Çelebi in Albania and Adjacent Regions: Kossovo, Montenegro, Ohrid. Brill. p. 91. ISBN 9789004116245. "We continued westwards from Delvinaki for 6 hours and arrived at the village of Libohova. It is on the border of the kadi-district of Gjirokastër at the foot of a mountain with flowing water, like the fabled garden of Irem. It consists of 200 houses with slate roofs and is inhabited by Albanians, who are, however, Muslims. It has a congregational mosque, a prayer house, a han and a small bathhouse."
  7. ^ Martin Leake, William (December 1835). Travels in Northern Greece. Vol. 1. New Bond Street, London: Rodwell & Martin. p. 25. ISBN 9781108020114.
  8. ^ a b Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780198142539. "Libohovë, with some 500 houses, is also a religious centre of the progressive Bektashi sect of Muslims and there were several heroa (teke) with Dervishes in Dhropul during the years between the two World Wars."; p.207 "On the Albanian side the largest and richest village is Libohovë (500 houses), which is situated among the extensive groves and is well watered in contrast to Agyrokastro. The population is almost entirely Mohammedan." p. 209. "Whereas Libohovë and the village north of it are Albanian in speech,"
  9. ^ Österreichisches Ost-und Südosteuropa-Institut (2003). Jordan, Peter; Lukan, Walter (eds.). Albanien: Geographie – historische Anthropologie – Geschichte – Kultur – postkommunistische Transformation (in German). Lang. p. 37. ISBN 978-3-631-39416-8. Die Gruppe der Griechen, die nace der Volkszahlung 1989... Die dort am dichtesten mit Griechen bewohnten ländlichen Gebiete sind die von Dropull, Rëza e zezë und Pogon im Kreis von Gjirokastër, sowie Vurgu im Kreis von Delvinë – Sarandë. Ein Teil der griechischen Minderheit im Suden des landes lebt heute aber in Städten wie Gjirokastër , Libohovë , Delvinë und Sarandë . ... Korce.
  10. ^ de Rapper, Gilles; Sintès, Pierre (February 2008). Faire et défaire les frontières du mariage. Échanges matrimoniaux entre la Grèce et l'Albanie: le cas de la région de Gjirokastër. Vivre et tracer les frontières dans les mondes contemporains. Tangier: Centre Jacques Berque. p. 5. Retrieved 7 February 2022. "à la ville de Libohovë, peuplée majoritairement de musulmans"
  11. ^ Clayer, Natalie (2006). "Saints and Sufis in post-Communist Albania". In Masatoshi, Kisaichi (ed.). Popular Movements and Democratization in the Islamic World. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 9781134150618.
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