Jump to content

Stentoften Runestone: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
 
(30 intermediate revisions by 20 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox artifact
{{Runefacts|name=Stentoften Runestone|
| name =
rundataid=DR 357|
| native_name =
country=[[Sweden]]|
| native_name_lang =
region=[[Blekinge]]|
| image = [[Image:Stentoftenstenen.jpg|200px]]
city=Stentoften|
| image_size =
produced=500-700AD|
| alt =
artist=Unknown|
| image_caption =
text_native=[[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]] : <niuha>borumz <niuha>gestumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra niu habrumz, niu hangistumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra ginnurunoz. Hermalausaz argiu, Weladauþs, sa þat briutiþ.|
| material =
text_english=(To the) <niuha>dwellers (and) <niuha>guests Haþuwulfar gave ful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this breaks.|
| size =
picture=[[Image:Stentoftenstenen.jpg|200px]]|}}
| height = <!-- {{convert|}} -->
| width = <!-- {{convert|}} -->
| weight = <!-- {{convert|}} -->
| long = <!-- {{convert|}} -->
| writing = [[Elder Futhark]]
| symbols =
| created = 500-700AD
| discovered = <!-- Deprecated; use the following, separate, parameters -->
| discovered_place = Stentoften, [[Blekinge]], [[Sweden]]
| discovered_coords =
| discovered_date = 1823
| discovered_by = O. Hammer
| rune_id = DR 357
| rune_style =
| rune_master = Unknown
| rune_text_native = [[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]] : <niuha>borumz <niuha>gestumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra niu habrumz, niu hangistumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra ginnurunoz. Hermalausaz argiu, Weladauþs, sa þat briutiþ.
| rune_text_english = (To the) <niuha>dwellers (and) <niuha>guests Haþuwulfar gave ful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this breaks.
| location =
| classification =
| culture =
| id =
| map =
| website =
}}


The '''Stentoften Runestone''', listed in the [[Rundata]] catalog as '''DR 357''', is a [[runestone]] which contains a curse in [[Proto-Norse]] that was discovered in Stentoften, [[Blekinge]], [[Sweden]].
The '''Stentoften Runestone''', listed in the [[Rundata]] catalog as '''DR 357''', is a [[runestone]] which contains a curse in [[Proto-Norse]] that was discovered in Stentoften, [[Blekinge]], [[Sweden]].


==Inscription==
==Inscription==
English translation provided by [[Rundata]]:


{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=AP
===Transliteration===
:AP '''niuhAborumz ¶ niuhagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfz gAf j ¶ hAriwolAfz (m)A--u snuh-e ¶ hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hed¶erA'''
|niuhAborumz ¶ niuhagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfz gAf j ¶ hAriwolAfz (m)A--u snuh-e ¶ hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hed¶erA
|&lt;niuha&gt;borumz {} &lt;niuha&gt;gestumz {} Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], {} Hariwulfz ... ... {} haidiz runono, felh eka hedra
:AQ '''niu hAborumz ¶ niu hagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfz gAf j ¶ hAriwolAfz (m)A--u snuh-e ¶ hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hed¶erA'''
|(To the) &lt;niuha&gt;dwellers (and) &lt;niuha&gt;guests Haþuwulfar gave ful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here}}
:B '''ginoronoz'''
:C '''herAmAlAsAz ¶ ArAgeu we(l)Aduds| |sA þAt'''
:D '''bAriutiþ'''<ref name="rundata">{{cite web|url=http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm |title=Samnordisk runtextdatabas :: Ladda ned |publisher=Nordiska.uu.se |date= |accessdate=2010-10-11}}</ref>


{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=AQ
===Transcription===
|niu hAborumz ¶ niu hagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfz gAf j ¶ hAriwolAfz (m)A--u snuh-e ¶ hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hed¶erA
:AP <niuha>borumz <niuha>gestumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra
:AQ niu habrumz, niu hangistumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra
|niu habrumz, {} niu hangistumz {} Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], {} Hariwulfz ... ... {} haidiz runono, felh eka hedra
|nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here}}
:B ginnurunoz.
:C Hermalausaz argiu, Weladauþs, sa þat
:D briutiþ.<ref name="rundata"/>


{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=B
===Translation===
|ginoronoz
This is the English translation provided by [[Rundata]]:
|ginnurunoz.
:AP(To the) <niuha>dwellers (and) <niuha>guests Haþuwulfar gave ful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here
|runes of power.}}
:AQ nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here

:B runes of power.
{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=C
:C Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this
|herAmAlAsAz ¶ ArAgeu we(l)Aduds{{!}} {{!}}sA þAt
:D breaks.<ref name="rundata"/>
|Hermalausaz {} argiu, Weladauþs, sa þat
|Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this}}

{{fs interlinear |lang=non |spacing=0.5 |class1=bold |number=D
|bAriutiþ
|briutiþ.
|breaks.<ref name="rundata">{{cite web|url=http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm |title=Samnordisk runtextdatabas :: Ladda ned |publisher=Nordiska.uu.se |access-date=2010-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000609175838/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm |archive-date=June 9, 2000 }}</ref>}}


==Interpretation==
==Interpretation==
In lines AP and AQ, in the phrase "gaf j" ("gave j"), the [[Jēran|j-rune]] is an [[ideogram]] which stands for its rune name ''jara'', meaning "harvest" or "bountiful or fruitful year."<ref name="MacLeod">MacLeod (2006:112-113).</ref> One author suggests that line AQ is describing an [[animal sacrifice]] in return for a good harvest as part of a fertility ritual.<ref>Looijenga (2003:29, 182).</ref>
In lines AP and AQ, in the phrase "gaf j" ("gave j"), the [[Jēran|j-rune]] is an ideographic rune (''[[Begriffsrune]]'') that stands for the rune name *''jēra'', meaning "harvest" or "bountiful or fruitful year."{{sfn|MacLeod|Mees|2006|pp=112-113}} One runologist suggests that line AQ is describing an [[animal sacrifice]] in return for a good harvest as part of a fertility ritual.{{sfn|Looijenga|2003|p=29, 182}}


==History==
==History==
The Stentoften runestone was discovered in 1823 by the dean O. Hammer. It was lying down with the inscription facing downwards, surrounded by five sharp larger stones forming a [[pentagon]] or a [[pentagram]]. Consequently, the stone has been part of a larger monument like the [[Björketorp Runestone]] further east. In 1864, the runestone was moved into the church of [[Sölvesborg]].
The Stentoften runestone was discovered in 1823 by the dean O. Hammer. It was lying down with the inscription facing downwards, surrounded by five sharp larger stones forming a [[pentagon]] or a [[pentagram]]. Consequently, the stone has been part of a larger monument like the [[Björketorp Runestone]] further east. In 1864, the runestone was moved into the church of [[Sölvesborg]].


Most scholars date the inscription to the 7th century and it is carved with a type of runes that form an intermediate version between the [[Elder Futhark]] and the [[Younger Futhark]]. A characteristic example of this is the [[Ansuz (rune)|a-rune]] [[Image:H-rune.gif|10px]] which has the same form as the [[Haglaz|h-rune]] of the younger futhark. This is the rune that is transliterated with A. The [[Kaunan|k-rune]], which looks like a Y is a transition form between [[Image:Kaunan.gif|10px]] and [[Image:Long-branch Kaun.png|7px]] in the two futharks. There are quite few intermediary inscriptions like this one. Three more are known from [[Blekinge]], i.e. the [[Björketorp Runestone]], the [[Istaby Runestone]] and the [[Gummarp Runestone]], which were moved to [[Copenhagen]] and lost in the [[Copenhagen Fire of 1728]].
Most scholars date the inscription to the 7th century and it is carved with a type of runes that form an intermediate version between the [[Elder Futhark]] and the [[Younger Futhark]]. A characteristic example of this is the [[Ansuz (rune)|a-rune]] [[Image:H-rune.gif|10px]] which has the same form as the [[Haglaz|h-rune]] of the younger futhark. This is the rune that is transliterated with A. The [[Kaunan|k-rune]], which looks like a Y is a transition form between [[Image:Kaunan.gif|10px]] and [[Image:Long-branch Kaun.svg|7px]] in the two futharks. There are quite few intermediary inscriptions like this one. Three more are known from [[Blekinge]], i.e. the [[Björketorp Runestone]], the [[Istaby Runestone]] and the [[Gummarp Runestone]], which were moved to [[Copenhagen]] and lost in the [[Copenhagen Fire of 1728]].


The Stentoften, [[Istaby Runestone]] and [[Gummarp Runestone]] inscriptions can be identified with the same clan through the names that are mentioned on them,<ref>Looijenga (2003:188).</ref> and the names are typical for chieftains. The [[Björketorp Runestone]] lacks names and is raised some tens of kilometers from the others. However, it is beyond doubt that the Björketorp runestone is connected to them, because in addition to the special runic forms, the same message is given on the Stentoften Runestone. It is obvious that these runestones are not carved by the same man, and so it appears that the runestones reflects a specific runic tradition in the [[Blekinge]] area during the 7th century. Runologist Michael Schulte suggests that the archaic text of the Stentoften stone is more effective from a dramatic perspective than the younger and more explicit version on the Björketorp stone.<ref>Schulte 2008:17-18.</ref>
The Stentoften, [[Istaby Runestone]] and [[Gummarp Runestone]] inscriptions can be identified with the same clan through the names that are mentioned on them,{{sfn|Looijenga|2003|p=188}} and the names are typical for chieftains. The [[Björketorp Runestone]] lacks names and is raised some tens of kilometers from the others. However, it is beyond doubt that the Björketorp runestone is connected to them, because in addition to the special runic forms, the same message is given on the Stentoften Runestone. These runestones are probably not carved by the same person, and so it appears that they reflect a specific runic tradition in the [[Blekinge]] area during the 7th century. Runologist Michael Schulte suggests that the archaic text of the Stentoften stone is more effective from a dramatic perspective than the younger and more explicit version on the Björketorp stone.{{sfn|Schulte|2008|pp=17-18}}


The name Hariwulfa is a combination of ''hari'' meaning "warrior" and ''wulafa'' "wolf," while the ''haþu'' of Haþuwulfz means "battle."<ref>Looijenga (2003:181).</ref> It has been suggested that the assignment of such lycophoric names may have been related to ritualistic practices and religious wolf-symbolism used in the initiation of young warriors.<ref>Gräslund (2006:125).</ref> A shortened form of the name Hariwulfa survived into the [[Viking Age]] and is attested in the inscription on the [[Hærulf Runestone]].<ref name="Sundqvist">Sundqvist & Hultgård (2004:585).</ref>
The name Hariwulfa is a combination of ''hari'' meaning "warrior" and ''wulafa'' "wolf," while the ''haþu'' of Haþuwulfz means "battle."{{sfn|Looijenga|2003|p=181}} It has been suggested that the assignment of such lycophoric names may have been related to ritualistic practices and religious wolf-symbolism used in the initiation of young warriors.{{sfn|Gräslund|2006|p=125}} A shortened form of the name Hariwulfa survived into the [[Viking Age]] and is attested in the inscription on the [[Hærulf Runestone]].{{sfn|Sundqvist|Hultgård|2004|p=585}}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 52: Line 80:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Sources==
==Sources==
*{{Cite book
*Jacobsen, Lis & [[Erik Moltke|Moltke, Erik]] (1941). ''Danmarks Runeindskrifter''. 3rd tome.
|last1=Jacobsen |first1=Lis
*{{Cite book |last=Looijenga |first=Tineke |authorlink= |title=Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |year=2003 |location=Leiden |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-edm1fMPbXwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false |doi= |id= |isbn =90-04-12396-2}}
|last2=Moltke |first2=Erik |author2-link=Erik Moltke
*{{Cite book |last=MacLeod |first=Mindy |authorlink= |coauthors= Mees, Bernard |title=Runic Amulets and Magic Objects |publisher=Boydell Press |year=2006 |location= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hx7UigqsTKoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_navlinks_s#v=onepage&q=&f=false|doi= |id= |isbn=1-84383-205-4}}
|year=1941
*{{Cite book |last=Sundqvist |first=Olof |authorlink= |last2=Hultgård |first2=Anders |author2-link= |editor-last=van Nahl |editor-first=Astrid |editor2-last=Elmevik |editor2-first=Lennart et seq. |contribution=The Lycophoric Names of the 6th to 7th Century Blekinge Runestones and the Problem of Their Ideological Background |title=Namenwelten: Orts- und Personennamen in Historischer Sicht |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2004 |location=Berlin |pages=583–602 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6VShM6kAU_4C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |isbn=3-11-018108-8}}
|title=Danmarks Runeindskrifter
*Schulte, Michael. 2008. Stylistic variation in runic inscriptions? ''ANF'' 123:5-22.
|volume=3
}}
*{{Cite book
|last=Looijenga |first=Tineke
|year=2003
|title=Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions
|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV
|location=Leiden
|url={{google books URL|-edm1fMPbXwC}}
|isbn =90-04-12396-2
}}
*{{Cite book
|last1=MacLeod |first1=Mindy
|last2=Mees |first2=Bernard
|year=2006
|title=Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
|publisher=Boydell Press
|url={{google books URL|hx7UigqsTKoC}}
|isbn=1-84383-205-4
}}
*{{Cite book
|last1=Sundqvist |first1=Olof
|last2=Hultgård |first2=Anders
|year=2004
|contribution=The Lycophoric Names of the 6th to 7th Century Blekinge Runestones and the Problem of Their Ideological Background
|title=Namenwelten: Orts- und Personennamen in Historischer Sicht
|editor1-last=van Nahl |editor1-first=Astrid
|editor2-last=Elmevik |editor2-first=Lennart et seq.
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|location=Berlin
|pages=583–602
|url={{google books URL|6VShM6kAU_4C}}
|isbn=3-11-018108-8
}}
* {{cite journal
|last=Schulte |first=Michael
|year=2008
|title=Stylistic variation in runic inscriptions?
|journal=[[Arkiv för nordisk filologi]]
|url=https://journals.lub.lu.se/anf/article/download/11768/10634/27319
}}
*Thorngren, Karl-Gösta: ''Runstenar i Blekinge. Blekingeboken 1942''. pp.&nbsp;63–96.
*Thorngren, Karl-Gösta: ''Runstenar i Blekinge. Blekingeboken 1942''. pp.&nbsp;63–96.
*[[Rundata]]
*[[Rundata]]
{{runestones}}

==External links==
==External links==
*[http://www.foteviken.se/sweden/blekinge/solves/solve.htm The Runestones of Sölvesborg]
*[http://www.foteviken.se/sweden/blekinge/solves/solve.htm The Runestones of Sölvesborg]
*[http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm Joint Nordic database for runic inscriptions]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110807043328/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/forskn/samnord.htm Joint Nordic database for runic inscriptions]


[[Category:7th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:1823 archaeological discoveries]]
[[Category:Runestones with curses]]
[[Category:Haþuwulf's runestones]]
[[Category:Haþuwulf's runestones]]
[[Category:Curses]]
[[Category:Proto-Norse language]]
[[Category:Proto-Norse language]]
[[Category:Runestones in Blekinge]]
[[Category:Runestones in Blekinge]]


[[Category:Writing system stub articles needing reassessment]]

Latest revision as of 12:10, 22 July 2024

Stentoften Runestone
WritingElder Futhark
Created500-700AD
Discovered1823
Stentoften, Blekinge, Sweden
Discovered byO. Hammer
Rundata IDDR 357
RunemasterUnknown
Text – Native
Proto-Norse : <niuha>borumz <niuha>gestumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra niu habrumz, niu hangistumz Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], Hariwulfz ... ... haidiz runono, felh eka hedra ginnurunoz. Hermalausaz argiu, Weladauþs, sa þat briutiþ.
Translation
(To the) <niuha>dwellers (and) <niuha>guests Haþuwulfar gave ful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here runes of power. Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this breaks.

The Stentoften Runestone, listed in the Rundata catalog as DR 357, is a runestone which contains a curse in Proto-Norse that was discovered in Stentoften, Blekinge, Sweden.

Inscription

[edit]

English translation provided by Rundata:

AP

niuhAborumz

<niuha>borumz

 

niuhagestumz

<niuha>gestumz

 

hAþuwolAfz

Haþuwulfz

gAf

gaf

j

j[ar],

 

hAriwolAfz

Hariwulfz

(m)A--u

...

snuh-e

...

 

hidez

haidiz

runono

runono,

fe(l)(A)h

felh

ekA

eka

hed¶erA

hedra

niuhAborumz ¶ niuhagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfz gAf j ¶ hAriwolAfz (m)A--u snuh-e ¶ hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hed¶erA

<niuha>borumz {} <niuha>gestumz {} Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], {} Hariwulfz ... ... {} haidiz runono, felh eka hedra

(To the) <niuha>dwellers (and) <niuha>guests Haþuwulfar gave ful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here

AQ

niu

niu

hAborumz

habrumz,

 

niu

niu

hagestumz

hangistumz

 

hAþuwolAfz

Haþuwulfz

gAf

gaf

j

j[ar],

 

hAriwolAfz

Hariwulfz

(m)A--u

...

snuh-e

...

 

hidez

haidiz

runono

runono,

fe(l)(A)h

felh

ekA

eka

hed¶erA

hedra

niu hAborumz ¶ niu hagestumz ¶ hAþuwolAfz gAf j ¶ hAriwolAfz (m)A--u snuh-e ¶ hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hed¶erA

niu habrumz, {} niu hangistumz {} Haþuwulfz gaf j[ar], {} Hariwulfz ... ... {} haidiz runono, felh eka hedra

nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar ... ... I, master of the runes(?) conceal here

B

ginoronoz

ginnurunoz.

ginoronoz

ginnurunoz.

runes of power.

C

herAmAlAsAz

Hermalausaz

 

ArAgeu

argiu,

we(l)Aduds|

Weladauþs,

|sA

sa

þAt

þat

herAmAlAsAz ¶ ArAgeu we(l)Aduds| |sA þAt

Hermalausaz {} argiu, Weladauþs, sa þat

Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this

D

bAriutiþ

briutiþ.

bAriutiþ

briutiþ.

breaks.[1]

Interpretation

[edit]

In lines AP and AQ, in the phrase "gaf j" ("gave j"), the j-rune is an ideographic rune (Begriffsrune) that stands for the rune name *jēra, meaning "harvest" or "bountiful or fruitful year."[2] One runologist suggests that line AQ is describing an animal sacrifice in return for a good harvest as part of a fertility ritual.[3]

History

[edit]

The Stentoften runestone was discovered in 1823 by the dean O. Hammer. It was lying down with the inscription facing downwards, surrounded by five sharp larger stones forming a pentagon or a pentagram. Consequently, the stone has been part of a larger monument like the Björketorp Runestone further east. In 1864, the runestone was moved into the church of Sölvesborg.

Most scholars date the inscription to the 7th century and it is carved with a type of runes that form an intermediate version between the Elder Futhark and the Younger Futhark. A characteristic example of this is the a-rune which has the same form as the h-rune of the younger futhark. This is the rune that is transliterated with A. The k-rune, which looks like a Y is a transition form between and in the two futharks. There are quite few intermediary inscriptions like this one. Three more are known from Blekinge, i.e. the Björketorp Runestone, the Istaby Runestone and the Gummarp Runestone, which were moved to Copenhagen and lost in the Copenhagen Fire of 1728.

The Stentoften, Istaby Runestone and Gummarp Runestone inscriptions can be identified with the same clan through the names that are mentioned on them,[4] and the names are typical for chieftains. The Björketorp Runestone lacks names and is raised some tens of kilometers from the others. However, it is beyond doubt that the Björketorp runestone is connected to them, because in addition to the special runic forms, the same message is given on the Stentoften Runestone. These runestones are probably not carved by the same person, and so it appears that they reflect a specific runic tradition in the Blekinge area during the 7th century. Runologist Michael Schulte suggests that the archaic text of the Stentoften stone is more effective from a dramatic perspective than the younger and more explicit version on the Björketorp stone.[5]

The name Hariwulfa is a combination of hari meaning "warrior" and wulafa "wolf," while the haþu of Haþuwulfz means "battle."[6] It has been suggested that the assignment of such lycophoric names may have been related to ritualistic practices and religious wolf-symbolism used in the initiation of young warriors.[7] A shortened form of the name Hariwulfa survived into the Viking Age and is attested in the inscription on the Hærulf Runestone.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Samnordisk runtextdatabas :: Ladda ned". Nordiska.uu.se. Archived from the original on June 9, 2000. Retrieved 2010-10-11.
  2. ^ MacLeod & Mees 2006, pp. 112–113.
  3. ^ Looijenga 2003, p. 29, 182.
  4. ^ Looijenga 2003, p. 188.
  5. ^ Schulte 2008, pp. 17–18.
  6. ^ Looijenga 2003, p. 181.
  7. ^ Gräslund 2006, p. 125.
  8. ^ Sundqvist & Hultgård 2004, p. 585.

Sources

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Stentoften_Runestone&oldid=1236015020"