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{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Speciesbox
{{Refimprove|type=bacteria|date=September 2012}}
{{confusing|date = April 2012}}
}}

{{italic title}}

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
⚫
| name = ''Bacillus mycoides''
| image = Bacillus mycoides on TY agar.JPG
| image = Bacillus mycoides on TY agar.JPG
| image_caption = ''Bacillus mycoides'' growing clockwise on an [[agar plate]].
| image_caption = ''Bacillus mycoides'' growing clockwise on an [[agar plate]].
⚫
| genus = Bacillus
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
⚫
| species = mycoides
| divisio = [[Firmicutes]]
| authority = Flügge 1886
| classis = [[Bacilli]]
⚫
| synonyms = ''Bacillus weihenstephanensis''
| ordo = [[Bacillales]]
| familia = [[Bacillaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bacillus]]''
⚫
| species = '''''mycoides'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Bacillus mycoides''
}}
}}
'''''Bacillus mycoides''''' is a [[bacterium]] of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]''.


'''''Bacillus mycoides''''' is a [[bacterium]] of the genus ''[[Bacillus]]''. Like other ''Bacillus'' species, ''B. mycoides'' is [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram positive]], [[bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]], and forms [[endospore|spores]]. ''B. mycoides'' is distinguished from other ''Bacillus'' species by its unusual growth on agar plates, where it forms expansive hairy colonies with characteristic swirls.
==Structure and compounds==


==Description==
''Bacillus mycoides'' cells are usually larger than 3 micrometers, form chains of cells, can form acid from glucose, and this form is non motile. Its cell body does not swell when [[sporulating]]; Using [[Voges–Proskauer test]], ''B. mycoides'' produces a positive result. It can also [[hydrolyse]] starch. ''B. mycoides'' is a common soil organism.<ref>http://www.epa.gov/oppbppd1/biopesticides/ingredients/factsheets/factsheet_006516.htm</ref>
When grown on solid media B. mycoides forms spreading colonies with a repeating spiral pattern. The direction of curvature of the pattern in a given strain is known as its chirality and is a hereditary trait.<ref>Di Franco, C., Beccari, E., Santini, T., Pisaneschi, G., & Tecce, G. 2002. Colony shape as a genetic trait in the pattern-forming Bacillus mycoides. BMC Microbiol. 2, 33.</ref> B. mycoides has the unusual property of being able to respond to mechanical force and surface structure variations in the media on which it is growing <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stratford | first1 = JP | last2 = Woodley | first2 = MA | last3 = Park | first3 = S | year = 2013 | title = Variation in the Morphology of Bacillus mycoides Due to Applied Force and Substrate Structure | url = | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12| page = e81549 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081549 }}</ref>
''B. mycoides'' are rod-shaped cells about 1 [[micron]] across and 3 to 5 microns long. When growing, they either grow as single cells or form loosely connected chains of cells.<ref name=Bergey/> They are not motile. ''B. mycoides'' can survive [[facultative anaerobe|with or without oxygen]] and grows at temperatures ranging from 10 to 15&nbsp;°C to 35–40&nbsp;°C.<ref name=Bergey/> ''B. mycoides'' is distinguished from a number of other ''Bacillus'' species in the unusual morphology of the colonies it forms when grown on [[agar]] plates. ''B. mycoides'' forms white opaque colonies that are characteristically hairy in appearance (often referred to as "rhizoid").<ref name=Bergey/> These colonies rapidly spread to fill the plate and are characterized by a repeating spiral pattern.<ref name=Bergey>{{cite book|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |chapter=Bacillus |vauthors=Logan NA, De Vos P |date=2015 |pages=1–163 |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118960608 |editor=Whitman WB}}</ref><ref name=DiFranco>Di Franco, C., Beccari, E., Santini, T., Pisaneschi, G., & Tecce, G. 2002. Colony shape as a genetic trait in the pattern-forming ''Bacillus mycoides''. BMC Microbiol. 2, 33.</ref> ''B. mycoides'' has the unusual property of being able to respond to mechanical force and surface structure variations in the media on which it is growing.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Stratford | first1 = JP | last2 = Woodley | first2 = MA | last3 = Park | first3 = S | year = 2013 | title = Variation in the Morphology of ''Bacillus mycoides'' Due to Applied Force and Substrate Structure | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12| page = e81549 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081549 | pmid=24324702 | pmc=3855686| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...881549S | doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Ecology and distribution==
==Uses==
''B. mycoides'' is present in a wide variety of environments, especially soil.<ref name=Bergey/>
''Bacillus mycoides'' are found in common pesticides and are used to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi. There seems to be no negative effects on humans or the environment.<sup>Citation needed</sup>


==Nitrogen Cycle==
==Role in disease==
''B. mycoides'' are capable of causing disease in some fish, and were the reported cause of an outbreak of [[necrosis|necrotic]] lesions in [[channel catfish]] in a commercial pond in [[Alabama]].<ref name=Bergey/>
''Bacillus mycoides'' is an ammonifying bacterium, and can convert peptone (protein, an organic nitrogen source) into ammonia. In water, ammonia becomes ammonium. This product is essential for nitrifying bacteria such as ''Nitrosococcus'', which use the ammonia under aerobic conditions to make nitrite.


==''B. weihenstephanensis''==
<!--UNSOURCED TEXT DUMP:
In 1998 a new ''Bacillis'' species was described, and named ''Bacillus weihenstephanensis''.<ref name="IJSB">{{cite journal |last1=Lechner |first1=Sabine |last2=Scherer |first2=Siegfrie |display-authors= et al. |title=''Bacillus weihenstephanensis'' sp. nov. is a new psychrotolerant species of the ''Bacillus cereus'' group. |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |date=1998 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=1373–1382 |doi=10.1099/00207713-48-4-1373 |pmid=9828439 |publisher=Microbiology Society |language=English |issn=0020-7713|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, twenty years later, a comparison of the complete genome sequences of ''B. weihenstephanensis'' and ''B. mycoides'' demonstrated that ''B. weihenstephanensis'' was a later synonym for ''B. mycoides'', and thus not a valid species, nor species name.<ref name="JEMT">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Yang |last2=Lai |first2=Qiliang |last3=Shao |first3=Zongze |title=Genome analysis-based reclassification of ''Bacillus weihenstephanensis'' as a later heterotypic synonym of ''Bacillus mycoides'' |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=1 January 2018 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=106–112 |doi=10.1099/ijsem.0.002466 |pmid=29095136 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Gram positive<br />
Rhizoid formation<br />
immobile<br />
Casein breakdown positive <br />
Gelatin breakdown positive<br />
Catalase positive<br />
Glucose fermentation positive<br />
Lactose fermentation negative<br />
O/F Media Facultative anaerobe<br />
Nitrate breakdown to nitrogen gas<br />
Indole test: Tryptophanase not present<br />
Hydrogen sulfide not present<br />
Methyl red positive test for stable products<br />
Citrate utilization proved to breakdown alkaline-->


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Hong-Yan|last2=Yu|first2=Chang-Ping|last3=Chen|first3=Zu-Liang|title=Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of TNT by newly isolated Bacillus mycoides|journal=Ecological Engineering|date=February 16, 2012|accessdate=6 November 2014}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Lin|first1=Hong-Yan|last2=Yu|first2=Chang-Ping|last3=Chen|first3=Zu-Liang|title=Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of TNT by newly isolated Bacillus mycoides|journal=Ecological Engineering|date=February 16, 2012}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Soufiane|first1=Brahim|last2=Cote|first2=Jean-Charles|title=Bacillus weihenstephanensis characteristics are present in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides strains|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|date=March 12, 2013|volume=341|issue=2|doi=10.1111/1574-6968.12106|pages=127–137}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Soufiane|first1=Brahim|last2=Cote|first2=Jean-Charles|title=Bacillus weihenstephanensis characteristics are present in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides strains|journal=FEMS Microbiology Letters|date=March 12, 2013|volume=341|issue=2|doi=10.1111/1574-6968.12106|pages=127–137|pmid=23413955|doi-access=free}}

==External links==
==External links==
*[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=745&submit=Search Type strain of ''Bacillus mycoides'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]
*[http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=745&submit=Search Type strain of ''Bacillus mycoides'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase]


{{Taxonbar|from=Q4838972}}



[[Category:Bacillus|mycoides]]
[[Category:Bacillus|mycoides]]
[[Category:Food microbiology]]



{{Bacilli-stub}}
{{Bacilli-stub}}

Latest revision as of 15:32, 22 July 2024

Bacillus mycoides
Bacillus mycoides growing clockwise on an agar plate.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Caryophanales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Species:
B. mycoides
Binomial name
Bacillus mycoides
Flügge 1886
Synonyms

Bacillus weihenstephanensis

Bacillus mycoides is a bacterium of the genus Bacillus. Like other Bacillus species, B. mycoides is Gram positive, rod-shaped, and forms spores. B. mycoides is distinguished from other Bacillus species by its unusual growth on agar plates, where it forms expansive hairy colonies with characteristic swirls.

Description

[edit]

B. mycoides are rod-shaped cells about 1 micron across and 3 to 5 microns long. When growing, they either grow as single cells or form loosely connected chains of cells.[1] They are not motile. B. mycoides can survive with or without oxygen and grows at temperatures ranging from 10 to 15 °C to 35–40 °C.[1] B. mycoides is distinguished from a number of other Bacillus species in the unusual morphology of the colonies it forms when grown on agar plates. B. mycoides forms white opaque colonies that are characteristically hairy in appearance (often referred to as "rhizoid").[1] These colonies rapidly spread to fill the plate and are characterized by a repeating spiral pattern.[1][2] B. mycoides has the unusual property of being able to respond to mechanical force and surface structure variations in the media on which it is growing.[3]

Ecology and distribution

[edit]

B. mycoides is present in a wide variety of environments, especially soil.[1]

Role in disease

[edit]

B. mycoides are capable of causing disease in some fish, and were the reported cause of an outbreak of necrotic lesions in channel catfish in a commercial pond in Alabama.[1]

B. weihenstephanensis

[edit]

In 1998 a new Bacillis species was described, and named Bacillus weihenstephanensis.[4] However, twenty years later, a comparison of the complete genome sequences of B. weihenstephanensis and B. mycoides demonstrated that B. weihenstephanensis was a later synonym for B. mycoides, and thus not a valid species, nor species name.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f Logan NA, De Vos P (2015). "Bacillus". In Whitman WB (ed.). Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–163. doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530. ISBN 9781118960608.
  2. ^ Di Franco, C., Beccari, E., Santini, T., Pisaneschi, G., & Tecce, G. 2002. Colony shape as a genetic trait in the pattern-forming Bacillus mycoides. BMC Microbiol. 2, 33.
  3. ^ Stratford, JP; Woodley, MA; Park, S (2013). "Variation in the Morphology of Bacillus mycoides Due to Applied Force and Substrate Structure". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e81549. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...881549S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081549. PMC 3855686. PMID 24324702.
  4. ^ Lechner, Sabine; Scherer, Siegfrie; et al. (1998). "Bacillus weihenstephanensis sp. nov. is a new psychrotolerant species of the Bacillus cereus group". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48 (4). Microbiology Society: 1373–1382. doi:10.1099/00207713-48-4-1373. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9828439.
  5. ^ Liu, Yang; Lai, Qiliang; Shao, Zongze (1 January 2018). "Genome analysis-based reclassification of Bacillus weihenstephanensis as a later heterotypic synonym of Bacillus mycoides". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 68 (1): 106–112. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002466. PMID 29095136.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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