Jump to content

Copland Pass: Difference between revisions

Edit links
Coordinates: 43°39′14″S 170°05′38″E / 43.654°S 170.094°E / -43.654; 170.094
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
add hatnote
 
(28 intermediate revisions by 19 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|New Zealand alpine pass}}
{{for|the pass in Antarctica|Copland Pass (Antarctica)}}
{{for|the pass in Antarctica|Copland Pass (Antarctica)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
⚫
[[File:Copland Pass in the Southern Alps.jpg|thumb|Location of Copland Pass in the [[Southern Alps]]]]
{{Use New Zealand English|dte=February 2024|date=February 2024}}
[[File:Copland Pass (west side) 0148.jpg|thumb|The western side of Copland Pass]]
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Copland Pass
| native_name = {{native name|mi|Nōti Hinetamatea}}
| photo = Copland Pass (west side) 0148.jpg
| photo_caption = The western side of Copland Pass
| elevation_m = 2150
| elevation_ref = <ref>{{LINZ|18927|Copland Pass|24 September 2023}}</ref>
| traversed = [[Copland Track|Upper Copland Valley Track]]
| map = New Zealand
| location = [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] / [[Otago]], New Zealand
| range = [[Southern Alps]]
| coords = {{coord|-43.654|170.094|type:pass|display=inline,title}}
| label_position = bottom
| topo =
}}
⚫
[[File:Copland Pass in the Southern Alps.jpg|thumb|Location of Copland Pass in the [[Southern Alps (New Zealand)|Southern Alps]]]]

[[File:Copland Shelter 0161.jpg|thumb|Copland Shelter on the eastern side of the pass at elevation 1,960 m]]
[[File:Copland Shelter 0161.jpg|thumb|Copland Shelter on the eastern side of the pass at elevation 1,960 m]]
The '''Copland Pass''' (el. {{convert|2150|m|disp=or}}) is an alpine pass in the [[Southern Alps]] of New Zealand.
The '''Copland Pass''' (el. {{convert|2150|m|disp=or}}) is an alpine pass in the [[Southern Alps]] of New Zealand. Known as '''Noti Hinetamatea''' by the indigenous [[Ngāi Tahu]], the pass follows the route of the Makaawhio ancestor Hinetamatea and her sons Tātāwhākā and Marupeka.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://ngaitahu.iwi.nz/our_stories/beneath-the-cloak-of-aoraki/|title = Beneath the cloak of Aoraki - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu|website = Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu|language = en-US|access-date = 2016-03-18}}</ref>


The Copland Pass is on a traditional [[Tramping in New Zealand|tramping]] route connecting [[Mount Cook Village]] with the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] of New Zealand, {{convert|26|km}} south of [[Fox Glacier]].<ref name="DoC brochure">{{cite web |title=Upper Copland valley|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/west-coast/upper-copland-valley-route-guide.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]|accessdate=16 June 2015}}</ref> The Copland Pass is located on the Main Divide and is thus located on the boundary of [[Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park|Aoraki/Mount Cook]] and [[Westland Tai Poutini National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park Management Plan|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/role/policies-and-plans/aoraki-mount-cook-np-management-plan-1.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]|accessdate=16 June 2015|page=12|date=June 2012}}</ref>
The Copland Pass is on a traditional [[Tramping in New Zealand|tramping]] route connecting [[Mount Cook Village]] with the [[West Coast, New Zealand|West Coast]] of New Zealand, {{convert|26|km}} south of [[Fox Glacier]].<ref name="DoC brochure">{{cite web |title=Upper Copland valley|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/parks-and-recreation/tracks-and-walks/west-coast/upper-copland-valley-route-guide.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]|access-date=16 June 2015}}</ref> The Copland Pass is located on the Main Divide and is thus located on the boundary of [[Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park|Aoraki / Mount Cook]] and [[Westland Tai Poutini National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park Management Plan|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/Documents/about-doc/role/policies-and-plans/aoraki-mount-cook-np-management-plan-1.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]|access-date=16 June 2015|page=12|date=June 2012}}</ref>


The [[Copland River]] on the western side of the Main Divide may have been named by the surveyor J. G. Roberts for Dr [[James Copland]], an early settler in [[Otago]].<ref name="place names">{{cite book |ref = harv |last = Reed |first = A. W. |authorlink = Alexander Wyclif Reed |title = Place Names of New Zealand |year = 2010 |publisher = Raupo |location = Rosedale, North Shore |isbn = 9780143204107 |editor = Peter Dowling |page = 88}}</ref> [[Edward FitzGerald (mountaineer)|Edward FitzGerald]] and [[Matthias Zurbriggen]] crossed the Main Divide just {{convert|500|m}} further south in February 1895 and that pass, with an elevation of {{convert|2109|m}}, has been named FitzGerald Pass.<ref name="Climb NZ">{{cite web|title=Copland Pass|url=http://climbnz.org.nz/nz/si/main-divide-of-the-southern-alps/copland-pass|publisher=Climb NZ|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> A month later, the mountaineer [[Arthur Paul Harper]] was the first to cross the slightly higher Copland Pass ({{convert|2150|m|disp=or}}) and he named it for the main river draining its western side.<ref name="place names" /><ref name="Climb NZ" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Harriss|first1=Gavin|title=NZ Topo Map|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/9595/Copland-Pass/Canterbury|publisher=NZ Topo Map|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> [[Jane Thomson]] was the first woman to cross the pass in 1903.<ref>{{DNZB|McCormack|Trish|3t34|Jane Thomson|December 2011}}</ref>
The [[Copland River]]<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ODT19100901.2.114 |title = Maori Nomenclature|date = 1 September 1910 | work=[[Otago Daily Times]] | issue=14927 |page=8 |access-date = 18 March 2016}}</ref> on the western side of the Main Divide may have been named by the surveyor J. G. Roberts for Dr [[James Copland]], an early settler in [[Otago]].<ref name="place names">{{cite book |last = Reed |first = A. W. |authorlink = Alexander Wyclif Reed |title = Place Names of New Zealand |year = 2010 |publisher = Raupo |location = Rosedale, North Shore |isbn = 9780143204107 |editor = Peter Dowling |page = 88}}</ref> [[Edward FitzGerald (mountaineer)|Edward FitzGerald]] and [[Matthias Zurbriggen]] crossed the Main Divide just {{convert|500|m}} further south in February 1895 and that pass, with an elevation of {{convert|2109|m}}, has been named FitzGerald Pass.<ref name="Climb NZ">{{cite web|title=Copland Pass|url=http://climbnz.org.nz/nz/si/main-divide-of-the-southern-alps/copland-pass|publisher=Climb NZ|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> A month later, the mountaineer [[Arthur Paul Harper]] was the first non-[[Māori people|Māori]] man to cross the slightly higher Copland Pass ({{convert|2150|m|disp=or}}) and he named it for the main river draining its western side.<ref name="place names" /><ref name="Climb NZ" /><ref>{{cite web|last1=Harriss|first1=Gavin|title=NZ Topo Map|url=http://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/9595/Copland-Pass/Canterbury|publisher=NZ Topo Map|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> [[Jane Thomson (mountaineer)|Jane Thomson]] was the first non-[[Māori people|Māori]] woman to cross the pass in 1903.<ref>{{DNZB|last=McCormack|first=Trish|id=3t34|title=Jane Thomson|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref>


Since the mid-1990s, the eastern climb towards the pass has experienced heavy erosion,<ref name="Climb NZ" /> and the Copland Pass has become extremely difficult to climb.<ref name="DoC brochure" /> The [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] advises that only parties with a "high level of mountaineering experience and appropriate mountaineering equipment" should attempt the crossing, and that numerous fatalities have occurred over the years.<ref name="DoC brochure" /> Furthermore, crossings should only be attempted from east to west.<ref name="Upper Copland">{{cite web|title=Upper Copland Valley Track|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/westland-tai-poutini-national-park/things-to-do/tracks/upper-copland-valley-track/|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref> The Hooker Hut on the eastern side of the pass, which was on the traditional route for the crossing, is no longer accessible, but is stranded on an eroding moraine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Copland Pass Crossing|url=http://www.alpinerecreation.com/coplandpass.html|publisher=Alpine Recreation|accessdate=17 June 2015}}</ref>
Since the mid-1990s, the eastern climb towards the pass has experienced heavy erosion,<ref name="Climb NZ" /> and the Copland Pass has become extremely difficult to climb.<ref name="DoC brochure" /> The [[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] advises that only parties with a "high level of mountaineering experience and appropriate mountaineering equipment" should attempt the crossing, and that numerous fatalities have occurred over the years.<ref name="DoC brochure" /> Furthermore, crossings should only be attempted from east to west.<ref name="Upper Copland">{{cite web|title=Upper Copland Valley Track|url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/parks-and-recreation/places-to-go/west-coast/places/westland-tai-poutini-national-park/things-to-do/tracks/upper-copland-valley-track/|publisher=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]]|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> The Hooker Hut on the eastern side of the pass, which was on the traditional route for the crossing, is no longer accessible, but is stranded on an eroding [[moraine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Copland Pass Crossing|url=http://www.alpinerecreation.com/coplandpass.html|publisher=Alpine Recreation|access-date=17 June 2015}}</ref>

==Climate==
{{More citations needed section|date=September 2023}}
The climate of Copland Pass is considered as a tundra climate (ET under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification), due to its high altitude.
The average high temperature in February is 13.5&nbsp;°C (56.3&nbsp;°F), while the average low temperature in July is -11.8&nbsp;°C (10.8&nbsp;°F). Most days in winter often fail to get above freezing point, and the average overnight summer temperatures are slightly below 0&nbsp;°C (32&nbsp;°F). Due to the high altitude of Copland Pass, warmth from daylight hours can rapidly dissipate, contributing to the diurnal temperature variation. The average annual temperature at Copland Shelter is 0.3&nbsp;°C (32.5&nbsp;°F).
{{Weather box|location=[[Copland Shelter]], 1960 m|Aug mean C=-4.6|Jan high C=13|May high C=3.8|single line=Yes|Apr high C=7.4|Jun high C=0.5|year mean C=0.3|Apr mean C=0.8|Dec mean C=4.3|Nov mean C=2.3|Oct mean C=0.3|Sep mean C=-1.9|Jul mean C=-6|Mar high C=10.8|Jun mean C=-5.3|May mean C=-2.3|Mar mean C=3.8|Jul high C=-0.3|Feb mean C=6|Jan mean C=5.8|year high C=6.7|Dec high C=11|Nov high C=9.1|Oct high C=6.9|Sep high C=4.6|Aug high C=0.1|Feb high C=13.5|metric first=Yes|year low C=-6.3|year rain mm=3770|Dec low C=-2.5|Nov low C=-4.5|Oct low C=-6.3|Sep low C=-8.4|Aug low C=-10.7|Jul low C=-11.8|Jun low C=-11.1|May low C=-8.5|Apr low C=-5.7|Feb low C=-1.3|Jul rain mm=250|unit rain days=1.0 mm|Dec rain mm=365|Jan low C=-1.2|Nov rain mm=340|Oct rain mm=370|Sep rain mm=320|Aug rain mm=270|Jun rain mm=252|May rain mm=323|Apr rain mm=300|Mar rain mm=390|Feb rain mm=230|Jan rain mm=360|rain colour=green|Mar low C=-3.3|source 1=Climate-data.org, combined averages from Fox Glacier & Mt Cook Village<ref name= Climate-data.org>
{{cite web
|url = https://en.climate-data.org/oceania/new-zealand-9/
|title = New Zealand climate
|publisher = openstreetmap.org
|access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>}}


==References==
==References==
{{Commons Category|Copland Pass}}
{{Commons category|Copland Pass}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park}}
⚫
[[Category:Mountain passes of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Westland Tai Poutini National Park‎]]
{{Westland Tai Poutini National Park}}
{{Westland landforms}}

⚫
[[Category:Mountain passes of the Southern Alps]]
[[Category:Westland Tai Poutini National Park]]
[[Category:Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park]]
[[Category:Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park]]
[[Category:Geography of Canterbury, New Zealand]]
[[Category:Geography of the Canterbury Region]]
[[Category:Geography of the West Coast, New Zealand]]
[[Category:Geography of the West Coast Region]]

Latest revision as of 20:26, 22 July 2024

For the pass in Antarctica, see Copland Pass (Antarctica).

Copland Pass
Nōti Hinetamatea (Māori)
The western side of Copland Pass
Elevation2,150 m (7,054 ft)[1]
Traversed byUpper Copland Valley Track
LocationWest Coast / Otago, New Zealand
RangeSouthern Alps
Coordinates43°39′14″S 170°05′38″E / 43.654°S 170.094°E / -43.654; 170.094
Copland Pass is located in New Zealand
Copland Pass
Copland Pass
Location of Copland Pass in the Southern Alps
Copland Shelter on the eastern side of the pass at elevation 1,960 m

The Copland Pass (el. 2,150 metres or 7,050 feet) is an alpine pass in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. Known as Noti Hinetamatea by the indigenous Ngāi Tahu, the pass follows the route of the Makaawhio ancestor Hinetamatea and her sons Tātāwhākā and Marupeka.[2]

The Copland Pass is on a traditional tramping route connecting Mount Cook Village with the West Coast of New Zealand, 26 kilometres (16 mi) south of Fox Glacier.[3] The Copland Pass is located on the Main Divide and is thus located on the boundary of Aoraki / Mount Cook and Westland Tai Poutini National Parks.[4]

The Copland River[5] on the western side of the Main Divide may have been named by the surveyor J. G. Roberts for Dr James Copland, an early settler in Otago.[6] Edward FitzGerald and Matthias Zurbriggen crossed the Main Divide just 500 metres (1,600 ft) further south in February 1895 and that pass, with an elevation of 2,109 metres (6,919 ft), has been named FitzGerald Pass.[7] A month later, the mountaineer Arthur Paul Harper was the first non-Māori man to cross the slightly higher Copland Pass (2,150 metres or 7,050 feet) and he named it for the main river draining its western side.[6][7][8] Jane Thomson was the first non-Māori woman to cross the pass in 1903.[9]

Since the mid-1990s, the eastern climb towards the pass has experienced heavy erosion,[7] and the Copland Pass has become extremely difficult to climb.[3] The Department of Conservation advises that only parties with a "high level of mountaineering experience and appropriate mountaineering equipment" should attempt the crossing, and that numerous fatalities have occurred over the years.[3] Furthermore, crossings should only be attempted from east to west.[10] The Hooker Hut on the eastern side of the pass, which was on the traditional route for the crossing, is no longer accessible, but is stranded on an eroding moraine.[11]

Climate

[edit]

The climate of Copland Pass is considered as a tundra climate (ET under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification), due to its high altitude. The average high temperature in February is 13.5 °C (56.3 °F), while the average low temperature in July is -11.8 °C (10.8 °F). Most days in winter often fail to get above freezing point, and the average overnight summer temperatures are slightly below 0 °C (32 °F). Due to the high altitude of Copland Pass, warmth from daylight hours can rapidly dissipate, contributing to the diurnal temperature variation. The average annual temperature at Copland Shelter is 0.3 °C (32.5 °F).

Climate data for Copland Shelter, 1960 m
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13
(55) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.8
(51.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		0.1
(32.2) 		4.6
(40.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		9.1
(48.4) 		11
(52) 		6.7
(44.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.8
(42.4) 		6
(43) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−5.3
(22.5) 		−6
(21) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		2.3
(36.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		0.3
(32.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.2
(29.8) 		−1.3
(29.7) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−11.1
(12.0) 		−11.8
(10.8) 		−10.7
(12.7) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		−6.3
(20.7) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−6.3
(20.7)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 360
(14.2) 		230
(9.1) 		390
(15.4) 		300
(11.8) 		323
(12.7) 		252
(9.9) 		250
(9.8) 		270
(10.6) 		320
(12.6) 		370
(14.6) 		340
(13.4) 		365
(14.4) 		3,770
(148.4)
Source: Climate-data.org, combined averages from Fox Glacier & Mt Cook Village[12]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Copland Pass.
  1. ^ "Place name detail: Copland Pass". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  2. ^ "Beneath the cloak of Aoraki - Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  3. ^ a b c "Upper Copland valley" (PDF). Department of Conservation. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  4. ^ "Aoraki / Mount Cook National Park Management Plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. June 2012. p. 12. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  5. ^ "Maori Nomenclature". Otago Daily Times. No. 14927. 1 September 1910. p. 8. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  6. ^ a b Reed, A. W. (2010). Peter Dowling (ed.). Place Names of New Zealand. Rosedale, North Shore: Raupo. p. 88. ISBN 9780143204107.
  7. ^ a b c "Copland Pass". Climb NZ. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  8. ^ Harriss, Gavin. "NZ Topo Map". NZ Topo Map. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  9. ^ McCormack, Trish. "Jane Thomson". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
  10. ^ "Upper Copland Valley Track". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  11. ^ "Copland Pass Crossing". Alpine Recreation. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  12. ^ "New Zealand climate". openstreetmap.org. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Copland_Pass&oldid=1236083171"