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{{short description|Subspecies of bird}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{infobox poultry breed
{{subspeciesbox
| name = Domestic Muscovy duck
| name = Muscovy
| image = MuscovyDuck.jpg
| image = MuscovyDuck.jpg
| image_size =
⚫
| image_caption = A Piebald Muscovy drake
| status = DOM
| image_alt =
⚫
| image_caption = A white-headed black magpie drake
⚫
| genus = Cairina
| status = [[Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen|GEH]] (2023): Cat. IV: Watch{{r|geh2}}
⚫
| species = moschata
| altname = Barbary
⚫
| species_link = Muscovy duck
| subspecies = domestica
| country =
| distribution =
| authority = ([[Robert Arthur Donkin|Donkin]], 1989)
| standard =
| synonyms = ''Cairina moschata momelanotus''
| use = Meat, [[Cross-breeding]]
| weight =
| maleweight = {{convert|4.5|-|6.3|kg|lb|abbr=on|0}}
| femaleweight = {{convert|2.3|-|3.2|kg|lb|abbr=on|0}}.
| colour =
| skincolour =
| eggcolour =
| comb =
⚫
| apa =
| aba =
| ee = Yes{{r|ee}}
| pcgb =
| aps =
| note =
⚫
| type = Muscovy duck
⚫
| latin = Cairina moschata domestica
}}
}}


The '''domestic Muscovy duck''' (''Cairina moschata domestica'') is a [[domestic duck|domesticated]] form of the wild [[Muscovy duck]] that originated in [[South America]]. It is bred for [[meat]], [[feathers]] and [[Poultry egg|eggs]], as [[pets]] and sometimes as [[Guard dog|guard animals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultimate homestead bird |url=http://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/the-ultimate-homestead-bird/ |website=Off the Grid}}</ref>
The '''Muscovy''' or '''Barbary''' is the [[domestic duck|domesticated]] form of the wild [[Muscovy duck]], ''Cairina moschata''. There are a number of local or regional [[list of duck breeds|breeds]], and drakes of these are commonly [[cross-bred]] with [[domestic duck]]s to produce the [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] called [[mulard]]s.


==Domestication==
== History ==
[[File:Cairina moschata -Graniteville SC USA.JPG|Piebald Muscovy drake|thumb|left]]
Muscovy ducks had been domesticated by various [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] cultures in the [[Americas]] when [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] arrived in the Bahamas. The first few were brought onto the Columbus ship Santa Maria they then sailed back to Europe by the 16th century.


The Muscovy had been domesticated by various [[indigenous peoples of the Americas]] well before the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1492.{{r|allonby|p=463}}
The Muscovy duck has been domesticated for centuries, and is widely traded as "Barbary duck". Muscovy breeds are popular because they have stronger-tasting meat—sometimes compared to roasted [[beef]]—than the usual [[domestic duck]]s which are descendants of the [[mallard]] (''Anas platyrhynchos''). The meat is lean when compared to the fatty meat of mallard-derived ducks, its leanness and tenderness being often compared to [[veal]]. Muscovy ducks are also less noisy, and sometimes marketed as a "[[Quack (sound)|quackless]]" duck; even though they are not completely silent, they don't actually quack (except in cases of extreme stress). The carcass of a Muscovy duck is also much heavier than most other domestic ducks, which makes it ideal for the dinner table.


== Characteristics ==
==Description==
{{main|Muscovy duck}}
[[File:Cairina moschata -Graniteville SC USA=Cinderfella.jpg|thumb|Lavender drake]]
[[File:Cairina moschata -Graniteville SC USA=Cinderfella.jpg|thumb|Lavender drake]]
⚫
[[File:Female Muscovy Duck wen.jpg|Lavender duck|thumb]]
Domestic Muscovy ducks are typically somewhat larger than [[Muscovy duck|wild-type Muscovy ducks]]. The domestic drake (male), length is about {{convert|86|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weight is {{convert|4.6|-|6.8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, while the domestic hen (female) is much smaller, at {{convert|64|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|2.7|-|3.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} in weight. Large domesticated males often weigh up to {{convert|8|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and large domesticated females up to {{convert|5|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.
Domestic Muscovy drakes weigh some {{val|4.5|-|6.3|u=kg}}. The duck is much smaller, typically about half the size of the drake, with a weight of {{val|2.3|-|3.2|u=kg}}.{{r|allonby|p=466}}


Recognised colour varieties include five solid colours – black, blue, chocolate, lavender and white{{r|allonby|p=465}} – and eight 'magpie' colours, in which the whole back from the tail to the shoulders and the underside from below the tail to the breast is coloured black, blue, chocolate or lavender, the remainder being white. In the standard magpie colourings the crown of the head is also coloured; in the white-headed magpie colours the head is white.{{r|allonby|p=466}}
Domesticated Muscovy ducks, like those pictured in this article, often have plumage different from wild birds. White and light-colored breeds are preferred for meat production, as darker ones can have much [[melanin]] in the skin, which some people find unappealing.


===Domestic varieties===
== Use ==
⚫
[[File:Female Muscovy Duck wen.jpg|Lavender hen|thumb|right]]
The original species is approximately black, with small white marks on the wings. Domestic birds come in a variety of colors and patterns.
* Black
* Blue
* Chocolate
* Piebald (white with any color mixed)
* White
* Lavender
* Bronze
* Ripple
* many Pastel colors, but these are very rare


The Muscovy is commonly reared for meat.{{r|dave|p=78}}
==Hybrids==
The Muscovy duck can be crossed with mallards in captivity to produce [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]], known as '''[[mulard duck]]''' ("mule duck") because they are [[sterility (physiology)|sterile]]. Muscovy drakes are commercially crossed with mallard-derived hens either naturally or by [[artificial insemination]]. The 40–60% of eggs that are fertile result in birds raised only for their meat or for production of [[foie gras]]: they grow fast like mallard-derived breeds but to a large size like Muscovy ducks. Conversely, though crossing Mallard drakes with Muscovy hens is possible, the offspring are desirable neither for meat nor for egg production.<ref>{{harvnb|Holderread|2001|p=97}}</ref><ref name=Zivotofsky>{{cite journal |last1=Zivotofsky |first1=Rabbi Ari Z. |last2=Amar |first2=Zohar |year=2003 |title=The Halachic Tale of Three American Birds: Turkey, Prairie Chicken, and Muscovy Duck |journal=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society |volume=6 |pages=81–104 |url=http://www.kashrut.com/articles/ThreeBirds/}}</ref>


[[File:Mulards.png|Mulards from the crossing of a Muscovy duck (''Cairina moschata'') and a wild-type mallard (''Anas platyrhynchos'')|thumb]]
In addition, Muscovy ducks are reportedly cross-bred in [[Israel]] with Mallards to produce kosher duck products. The [[kashrut]] status of the Muscovy duck has been a matter of [[rabbinic]] discussion for over 150 years.<ref name=Zivotofsky/>
In commercial production, it is often crossed with a mallard-derived domestic duck such as the [[Rouen (duck)|Rouen]] or [[American Pekin|Pekin]] to produce the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] known as a [[mulard]].{{r|dave|p=97}} These hatch in about four weeks and grow rapidly like a mallard-type duck, but to about the size and weight of the Muscovy.{{r|dave|p=97}} The inverse cross – domestic drake with Muscovy duck – is also possible, but infrequent.{{r|dave|page=97|ziv}} The mulard is reared both for its meat and for its liver, much of it as [[foie gras]].{{r|ziv}} The mulard is considered [[kosher]] in Jewish dietary law.{{r|ziv}}

==Uses==
[[Oscillococcinum]] is a [[homeopathy|homeopathic]] preparation made from Muscovy duck [[liver]] and [[heart]] manufactured by the French company [[Boiron]]; similar products are also available from other manufacturers. Typically diluted with [[lactose]] and [[sucrose]] to 1:10<sup>400</sup> (far less than one in one [[googol]]), they are advertised to relieve [[influenza]]-like symptoms, but no evidence has been found of its efficacy.<ref name=Wouden>{{cite journal |last1=van der Wouden |first1=J.C. |last2=Bueving |first2=H.J. |last3=Poole |first3=P. |year=2005 |title=Preventing influenza: an overview of systematic reviews |journal=Respiratory Medicine |volume=99 |issue=11 |pages=1341–1349 |pmid=16112852 |doi=10.1016/j.rmed.2005.07.001}}</ref>
<ref name=Vickers2015>{{cite journal|last1=Mathie|first1=RT|last2=Frye|first2=J|last3=Fisher|first3=P|title=Homeopathic Oscillococcinum® for preventing and treating influenza and influenza-like illness.|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=28 January 2015|volume=1|pages=CD001957|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001957.pub6|pmid=25629583}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|refs=
{{Reflist}}


<ref name=allonby>J. Ian H. Allonby, Philippe B. Wilson (editors) (2018). [https://books.google.it/books?id=A6BtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489&hl=en ''British Poultry Standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain''], seventh edition. Chichester; Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. {{isbn|9781119509141}}.</ref>

<ref name=dave>Dave Holderread (2001). [https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetora00dave/page/63/mode/1up ''Storey's Guide to Raising Ducks'']. Pownal, Vermont: Storey Books. {{isbn|9781580172585}}.</ref>

<ref name=ee>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130616062803/http://www.entente-ee.com/deutsch/sparten/gefluegel/dateien/2013/Verzeichnis%20R%20F%2028042013.xls Liste des races et variétés homologuée dans les pays EE (28.04.2013)]. Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture. Archived 16 June 2013.</ref>

<ref name=geh2>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231031014700/https://www.g-e-h.de/rote-liste-menu/rote-liste2 Rote Liste Geflügelrassen] (in German). Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen. Archived 31 October 2023.</ref>

<ref name=ziv>{{cite journal |last1=Zivotofsky |first1=Rabbi Ari Z. |last2=Amar |first2=Zohar |year=2003 |title=The Halachic Tale of Three American Birds: Turkey, Prairie Chicken, and Muscovy Duck |journal=Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society |volume=6 |pages=81–104 |url=http://www.kashrut.com/articles/ThreeBirds/}}</ref>

}}

{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:Ducks]]
[[Category:Ducks]]
[[Category:Domesticated birds]]
[[Category:Domesticated birds]]
[[Category:Animal breeds on the GEH Red List]]

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Latest revision as of 15:31, 23 July 2024

Muscovy
A white-headed black magpie drake
Conservation statusGEH (2023): Cat. IV: Watch[1]
Other namesBarbary
UseMeat, Cross-breeding
Traits
Weight
  • Male:
    4.5–6.3 kg (10–14 lb)
  • Female:
    2.3–3.2 kg (5–7 lb).
Classification
EEYes[2]
  • Muscovy duck
  • Cairina moschata domestica

The Muscovy or Barbary is the domesticated form of the wild Muscovy duck, Cairina moschata. There are a number of local or regional breeds, and drakes of these are commonly cross-bred with domestic ducks to produce the hybrids called mulards.

History

[edit]

The Muscovy had been domesticated by various indigenous peoples of the Americas well before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492.[3]: 463 

Characteristics

[edit]
Lavender drake
Lavender duck

Domestic Muscovy drakes weigh some 4.5–6.3 kg. The duck is much smaller, typically about half the size of the drake, with a weight of 2.3–3.2 kg.[3]: 466 

Recognised colour varieties include five solid colours – black, blue, chocolate, lavender and white[3]: 465  – and eight 'magpie' colours, in which the whole back from the tail to the shoulders and the underside from below the tail to the breast is coloured black, blue, chocolate or lavender, the remainder being white. In the standard magpie colourings the crown of the head is also coloured; in the white-headed magpie colours the head is white.[3]: 466 

Use

[edit]

The Muscovy is commonly reared for meat.[4]: 78 

Mulards from the crossing of a Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) and a wild-type mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)

In commercial production, it is often crossed with a mallard-derived domestic duck such as the Rouen or Pekin to produce the hybrid known as a mulard.[4]: 97  These hatch in about four weeks and grow rapidly like a mallard-type duck, but to about the size and weight of the Muscovy.[4]: 97  The inverse cross – domestic drake with Muscovy duck – is also possible, but infrequent.[4]: 97 [5] The mulard is reared both for its meat and for its liver, much of it as foie gras.[5] The mulard is considered kosher in Jewish dietary law.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rote Liste Geflügelrassen (in German). Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen. Archived 31 October 2023.
  2. ^ Liste des races et variétés homologuée dans les pays EE (28.04.2013). Entente Européenne d'Aviculture et de Cuniculture. Archived 16 June 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d J. Ian H. Allonby, Philippe B. Wilson (editors) (2018). British Poultry Standards: complete specifications and judging points of all standardized breeds and varieties of poultry as compiled by the specialist breed clubs and recognised by the Poultry Club of Great Britain, seventh edition. Chichester; Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9781119509141.
  4. ^ a b c d Dave Holderread (2001). Storey's Guide to Raising Ducks. Pownal, Vermont: Storey Books. ISBN 9781580172585.
  5. ^ a b c Zivotofsky, Rabbi Ari Z.; Amar, Zohar (2003). "The Halachic Tale of Three American Birds: Turkey, Prairie Chicken, and Muscovy Duck". Journal of Halacha and Contemporary Society. 6: 81–104.


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