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{{Short description|Concept in religious anthropology}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2014}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2014}}
'''Natural religion''' most frequently means the "religion of nature", in which God, the soul, spirits, and all objects of the supernatural are considered as part of [[nature]] and not separate from it. Conversely, it is also used in [[philosophy]], specifically Roman Catholic philosophy, to describe some aspects of religion that are said to be knowable apart from divine revelation through logic and reason alone (see [[natural theology]] and [[Deism]]), for example, the existence of the [[God|unmoved Mover]], the [[first cause]] of the universe.
'''Natural religion''' most frequently means the "religion of nature", in which God, the soul, spirits, and all objects of the supernatural are considered as part of [[nature]] and not separate from it. Conversely, it is also used in [[philosophy]] to describe some aspects of religion that are said to be knowable apart from [[divine revelation]] through logic and reason alone, for example, the existence of the [[God|unmoved Mover]], the [[first cause]] of the universe.<ref name="Harper 2020">{{cite book |last=Harper |first=Leland Royce |year=2020 |title=Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World |chapter=Attributes of a Deistic God |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bWnnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47 |location=[[Lanham, Maryland]] |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=47-68 |isbn=978-1-7936-1475-9 |lccn=2020935396}}</ref>


Most authors{{who|date=September 2018}} consider natural religion as not only the foundation of monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam but also distinct from them. According to some authors{{who|date=September 2018}}, aspects of natural religion are found universally among all peoples, often in such forms of [[shamanism]] and [[animism]]. They are still practiced in many parts of the world. The religions of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] societies for example are considered as possessing some aspects of natural religion.
Most authors{{who|date=September 2018}} consider natural religion as not only the foundation of [[monotheistic]] religions such as [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], but also distinct from them.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Monotheism |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia.com]] |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/religion-general/monotheism |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> According to some authors,{{who|date=September 2018}} aspects of natural religion are found universally among all peoples, often in such forms as [[shamanism]] and [[animism]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Tiddy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/animism/ |title=Animism |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=August 24, 2022}}</ref> They are still practiced in many parts of the world. The religions of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] societies for example are considered as possessing some aspects of natural religion.


==Definition==
==Definition==

Natural religion might have the following meanings:
Natural religion might have the following meanings:


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==History==
==History==
The basic tenets of natural religion were outlined by [[Aristotle]], in whose ''[[hylomorphism]]'' all things are made of [[matter]] and [[Theory of forms|form]]. The form of each living thing is the [[soul]], which guides and directs its development. Many natural religions{{which|date=September 2018}} consider God to be the "soul of the universe".<ref>{{cite web |last=Baxter |first=Jason |url=https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/the-nine-billion-names-of-god/ |title=The Nine Billion Names of God |date=December 8, 2021 |website=Church Life Journal |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Heller |first1=Rick |last2=Newberg |first2=B.T. |last3=Leonard |first3=Kevin |url=https://www.snsociety.org/a-naturalist-approach-on-personal-gods/ |title=A Naturalist approach to personal gods |website=The Spiritual Naturalist Society |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref>


⚫
Early [[monotheism]] had many naturalistic elements. [[Heaven]] and [[hell]] were thought of as physical places above and below the earth and "salvation" was expected to bring resurrection of the body.
The basic tenets of natural religion were outlined by [[Aristotle]], whose ''hylomorphism'' considered all things as made of matter and form. The form of all living things is the [[soul]], which guides and directs their development. Many natural religions{{which|date=September 2018}} consider God as the "soul of the universe".

⚫
Early [[monotheism]] had many naturalistic elements. Heaven and hell were considered physical places above and below the earth. "Salvation" was considered resurrection of the body.


In the fourth century, Christians were concerned that Jesus had not returned and wondered what happened to those who died before the Second Coming of Christ. Christians, led by [[Augustine of Hippo]] and under the influence of both [[gnosticism]] and [[neoplatonism]], developed a new belief in the soul as capable of a separate existence abstract from the material world. The human souls, unlike those of animals, would survive death and, depending on God's judgment, be transferred to the non-material realms of heaven or hell and the new realm of [[limbo]] for unbaptized persons and [[purgatory]] for those who do not deserve hell but are not purified for heaven..
In the fourth century, Christians were concerned that Jesus had not returned and wondered what happened to those who died before the Second Coming of Christ. Christians, led by [[Augustine of Hippo]] and under the influence of both [[gnosticism]] and [[neoplatonism]], developed a new belief in the soul as capable of a separate existence abstract from the material world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neoplatonism/ |title=Neoplatonism |date=January 11, 2016 |website=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref> The human souls, unlike those of animals, would survive death and, depending on God's judgment, be transferred to the non-material realms of heaven or hell and the new realm of [[limbo]] for unbaptized persons and [[purgatory]] for those who do not deserve hell but are not purified for heaven.<ref>{{cite web |last=Swindal |first=James |url=https://iep.utm.edu/faith-re/ |title=Faith and Reason |website=[[Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref>


Another distinction from monotheism is found in the Christian belief in miracles, in which God intervenes in history from outside nature. Ancient Roman philosophers and others since objected to this Christian doctrine as God violating his own natural laws. Christians had to separate God more completely from the natural universe in order to show how this could be possible. There were similar neoplatonist tendencies in Judaism and Islam, which also saw God as acting in history.
Another distinction from monotheism is found in the Christian belief in miracles, in which God intervenes in history from outside nature. Ancient Roman philosophers and others since objected to this Christian doctrine as God violating his own natural laws. Christians had to separate God more completely from the natural universe in order to show how this could be possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panentheism/ |title=Panentheism |date=December 4, 2008 |website=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref> There were similar neoplatonist tendencies in Judaism and Islam, which also saw God as acting in history.


Natural religions, on the contrary, consider the supernatural as part of the natural universe.
Natural religions, on the contrary, consider the supernatural as part of the natural universe.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cline |first=Austin |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/what-are-nature-religions-250718 |title=What are Nature Religions? |date=June 25, 2019 |website=Learn Religions |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref>


==Modern views==
==Modern views==
One of the first attempts to develop a science of religion was ''[[The Varieties of Religious Experience]]'' by the American philosopher [[William James]]. James saw the basic experience which unified all religions as a sometimes life-changing personal event in which one perceives the connectedness of all things as one unified whole.
One of the first attempts to develop a science of religion was ''[[The Varieties of Religious Experience]]'', by the American philosopher [[William James]]. James saw the basic experience which unified all religions as a sometimes life-changing personal event in which one perceives the connectedness of all things as one unified whole.<ref>{{cite book |last=James |first=William |author-link=William James |url=https://www.religion-online.org/book/the-varieties-of-religious-experience-a-study-in-human-nature/ |title=The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature |date=1902 |publisher=[[The Modern Library]] |location=New York |isbn=0486421643}}</ref>


James defined the basics of all religion, including natural religion, when he wrote: "Were one to characterize the life of religion in the broadest and most general terms possible, one might say that it exists of the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves hereto."
James defined the basics of all religion, including natural religion, when he wrote: "Were one to characterize the life of religion in the broadest and most general terms possible, one might say that it exists of the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves hereto."<ref>{{cite web |last=Butler-Bowdon |first=Tom |url=http://www.butler-bowdon.com/william-james---the-varieties-of-religious-experience.html |title=The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature |website=Spiritual Classics |date= |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref>


Certain aspects of natural religion (that is, religious truths that are knowable by human reason alone) are found among different cultures, though not always entirely intact, and to varying degrees, according to philosophers such as [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]].
Certain aspects of natural religion (that is, religious truths that are knowable by human reason alone) are found among different cultures, though not always entirely intact, and to varying degrees, according to philosophers such as [[Thomas Aquinas]] and [[Nicolas Malebranche|Malebranche]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Haines |first=David |url=https://credomag.com/article/thomas-aquinas-on-natural-theology/ |title=Thomas Aquinas on Natural Theology |date=June 27, 2022 |volume=13 |issue=2 |magazine=Credo Magazine |access-date=August 20, 2022}}</ref>


A few modern scientists such as UK biologist [[Rupert Sheldrake]] believe new discoveries coincide with Aristotle's belief in the soul. Forces such as [[magnetism]], [[gravity]], and [[quantum mechanics]] also point to non-material forces acting in nature.<ref>2012. Sheldrake, R. '''Set Science Free: 10 Paths to New Discoveries.''' Depak Chopra.</ref>
A few modern scientists such as British biologist [[Rupert Sheldrake]] believe new discoveries coincide with Aristotle's belief in the soul. Forces such as [[magnetism]], [[gravity]], and [[quantum mechanics]] also point to non-material forces acting in nature, Sheldrake believes.<ref>2012. Sheldrake, R. '''Set Science Free: 10 Paths to New Discoveries'''. Deepak Chopra.</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
*[[Natural theology]], often synonymous in the 18th and 19th centuries&mdash; see, for example, [[David Hume]]'s ''[[Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion]]''.
* {{anli|Natural theology}}, often synonymous in the 18th and 19th centuries; see, for example, [[David Hume]]'s ''[[Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion]]''.
*[[Nature religion]]
* {{anli|Nature religion}}
*[[Original monotheism]]
* {{anli|Original monotheism}}
*[[Perennial philosophy]]
* {{anli|Perennial philosophy}}
*[[Rational mysticism]]
* {{anli|Rational mysticism}}
*[[Spiritual but not religious]]
* {{anli|Spiritual but not religious}}
*[[Naturalistic spirituality]]
* {{anli|Naturalistic spirituality}}
* {{anli|Naturalism (philosophy)}}
⚫
*[[Pantheism]]
* {{anli|Religious naturalism}}
* {{anli|Naturalistic pantheism}}
⚫
* {{anli|Pantheism}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:31, 23 July 2024

Natural religion most frequently means the "religion of nature", in which God, the soul, spirits, and all objects of the supernatural are considered as part of nature and not separate from it. Conversely, it is also used in philosophy to describe some aspects of religion that are said to be knowable apart from divine revelation through logic and reason alone, for example, the existence of the unmoved Mover, the first cause of the universe.[1]

Most authors[who?] consider natural religion as not only the foundation of monotheistic religions such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam, but also distinct from them.[2] According to some authors,[who?] aspects of natural religion are found universally among all peoples, often in such forms as shamanism and animism.[3] They are still practiced in many parts of the world. The religions of Native American societies for example are considered as possessing some aspects of natural religion.

Definition

[edit]

Natural religion might have the following meanings:

History

[edit]

The basic tenets of natural religion were outlined by Aristotle, in whose hylomorphism all things are made of matter and form. The form of each living thing is the soul, which guides and directs its development. Many natural religions[which?] consider God to be the "soul of the universe".[5][6]

Early monotheism had many naturalistic elements. Heaven and hell were thought of as physical places above and below the earth and "salvation" was expected to bring resurrection of the body.

In the fourth century, Christians were concerned that Jesus had not returned and wondered what happened to those who died before the Second Coming of Christ. Christians, led by Augustine of Hippo and under the influence of both gnosticism and neoplatonism, developed a new belief in the soul as capable of a separate existence abstract from the material world.[7] The human souls, unlike those of animals, would survive death and, depending on God's judgment, be transferred to the non-material realms of heaven or hell and the new realm of limbo for unbaptized persons and purgatory for those who do not deserve hell but are not purified for heaven.[8]

Another distinction from monotheism is found in the Christian belief in miracles, in which God intervenes in history from outside nature. Ancient Roman philosophers and others since objected to this Christian doctrine as God violating his own natural laws. Christians had to separate God more completely from the natural universe in order to show how this could be possible.[9] There were similar neoplatonist tendencies in Judaism and Islam, which also saw God as acting in history.

Natural religions, on the contrary, consider the supernatural as part of the natural universe.[10]

Modern views

[edit]

One of the first attempts to develop a science of religion was The Varieties of Religious Experience, by the American philosopher William James. James saw the basic experience which unified all religions as a sometimes life-changing personal event in which one perceives the connectedness of all things as one unified whole.[11]

James defined the basics of all religion, including natural religion, when he wrote: "Were one to characterize the life of religion in the broadest and most general terms possible, one might say that it exists of the belief that there is an unseen order, and that our supreme good lies in harmoniously adjusting ourselves hereto."[12]

Certain aspects of natural religion (that is, religious truths that are knowable by human reason alone) are found among different cultures, though not always entirely intact, and to varying degrees, according to philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas and Malebranche.[13]

A few modern scientists such as British biologist Rupert Sheldrake believe new discoveries coincide with Aristotle's belief in the soul. Forces such as magnetism, gravity, and quantum mechanics also point to non-material forces acting in nature, Sheldrake believes.[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Harper, Leland Royce (2020). "Attributes of a Deistic God". Multiverse Deism: Shifting Perspectives of God and the World. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 47–68. ISBN 978-1-7936-1475-9. LCCN 2020935396.
  2. ^ "Monotheism". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  3. ^ Smith, Tiddy. "Animism". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved August 24, 2022.
  4. ^ "Frank Lloyd Wright". Harry Ransom Center. The Mike Wallace Interview. 1957.
  5. ^ Baxter, Jason (December 8, 2021). "The Nine Billion Names of God". Church Life Journal. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  6. ^ Heller, Rick; Newberg, B.T.; Leonard, Kevin. "A Naturalist approach to personal gods". The Spiritual Naturalist Society. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  7. ^ "Neoplatonism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. January 11, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  8. ^ Swindal, James. "Faith and Reason". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  9. ^ "Panentheism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. December 4, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  10. ^ Cline, Austin (June 25, 2019). "What are Nature Religions?". Learn Religions. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  11. ^ James, William (1902). The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature. New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0486421643.
  12. ^ Butler-Bowdon, Tom. "The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature". Spiritual Classics. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  13. ^ Haines, David (June 27, 2022). "Thomas Aquinas on Natural Theology". Credo Magazine. Vol. 13, no. 2. Retrieved August 20, 2022.
  14. ^ 2012. Sheldrake, R. Set Science Free: 10 Paths to New Discoveries. Deepak Chopra.

Bibliography

[edit]
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