Goombah: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Slang term}} |
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{{other uses|Goomba (disambiguation)}} |
{{other uses|Goomba (disambiguation)}} |
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{{refimprove|date=March 2015}} |
{{refimprove|date=March 2015}} |
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{{wiktionary|goombah}} |
{{wiktionary|goombah}} |
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'''''Goombah'''''<ref>Also spelled ''goomba'', ''goombah'', ''gumba'', or ''gumbah''.</ref> is a |
'''''Goombah'''''<ref>Also spelled ''goomba'', ''goombah'', ''gumba'', or ''gumbah''.</ref> is a slang term for people of [[Italians|Italian]] descent, mainly in the United States, which may be derogatory depending on context. |
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==Etymology== |
==Etymology== |
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''Goombah'' and similar forms |
''Goombah'' and similar forms derived as an alteration or [[Anglicization (linguistics)|Anglicize]]d spelling of the common [[Southern Italy|Southern Italian]] familiar term of address, ''cumpà'', the [[apocope]]d [[oxytone]] form of the word ''cumpari'' found in [[Neapolitan language|Southern Italian dialects]] and ''compare'' found in [[Standard Italian]], which denotes a companion or friend. |
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It is therefore commonly used as a term of endearment roughly equivalent to "friend," "brother," or "comrade" among close friends or associates (generally males) in certain parts of [[Southern Italy]], including [[Campania]] and [[Sicily]], where it becomes ''cumpà'' or ''cumpari'' in the regional Southern languages. It has, however, also gained a less innocuous meaning even in Italy in certain criminal contexts, signifying an "accomplice," "cohort," "fellow criminal," or "partner-in-crime," though it is still mostly used among non-criminal Southern Italian males as a harmless address of affection. |
It is therefore commonly used as a term of endearment roughly equivalent to "friend," "brother," or "comrade" among close friends or associates (generally males) in certain parts of [[Southern Italy]], including [[Campania]] and [[Sicily]], where it becomes ''cumpà'' or ''cumpari'' in the regional Southern languages. It has, however, also gained a less innocuous meaning even in Italy in certain criminal contexts, signifying an "accomplice," "cohort," "fellow criminal," or "partner-in-crime," though it is still mostly used among non-criminal Southern Italian males as a harmless address of affection. |
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== Social connotations == |
== Social connotations == |
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With the arrival of Southern Italian immigrants in America, |
With the arrival of Southern Italian immigrants in America, the greeting used among Southern Italian males, ''cumpà,'' became Anglicized as "goombah" or "gumba", and spread among non-[[Italian-American]]s as a derogation, often implying its subject was involved in some degree with criminality or had connections to the [[Mafia]]. |
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Today, especially in Italian-American slang, "goombah" is a |
Today, especially in Italian-American slang, "goombah" is a term for a companion or associate, especially a friend who acts as a patron, accomplice, protector, or adviser. When used by non-Italians to refer to Italians or Italian-Americans, "goombah" is often derogatory, implying a stereotypical Italian-American male, thug, or mafioso.<ref name=Maven /> |
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Also used as a term of endearment among men (who are friends) in Italian culture. |
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Ironically, "goombas" are enemies in the Mario games. Mario himself being Italian (disputed).<ref>https://www.cbr.com/super-mario-is-not-italian-japanese/</ref><ref>https://nintendoeverything.com/miyamoto-explains-why-mario-is-italian/</ref> |
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== Examples == |
== Examples == |
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In the 1950s, boxer/actor [[Rocky Graziano]] used the term in the original sense for NBC's ''The Martha Raye Show''. |
In the 1950s, boxer/actor [[Rocky Graziano]] and [[Martha Raye]] used the term in the original sense for NBC's ''The Martha Raye Show''. |
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In the ''Chrysler Presents A [[Bob Hope]] Comedy Special'' NBC TV program (original air date September 27, 1963), singer [[Barbra Streisand]] |
In the ''Chrysler Presents A [[Bob Hope]] Comedy Special'' NBC TV program (original air date September 27, 1963), singer [[Barbra Streisand]] introduced Italian-American singer [[Dean Martin]] as follows: "And now here's America's number one goombah, singing his new Reprise hit 'Via Veneto', il signore Deano Martin." |
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Derogatory use of the term |
Derogatory use of the term is portrayed the 1969 publication of [[Mario Puzo]]'s ''[[The Godfather]]'' and the highly popular movie made from it, which contained dialogue such as "I don't care how many guinea Mafia goombahs come out of the woodwork" or, in the film, "I don't care how many [[Dago (slur)|dago]] [[Guinea (slur)|guinea]] [[wop]] [[greaseball]] goombahs come outta the woodwork".<ref name=Maven>{{cite web | url = http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19970404 | title = The Maven's Word of the Day: goombah | date = April 4, 1997 | work = Words@Random | publisher = Random House, Inc. | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010418090843/http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19970404 | archivedate = April 18, 2001}}</ref> |
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In 2016, U.S. Senator [[Mark Kirk]] used the term in reference to what he regarded as unqualified political hires at a veterans' nursing home: "[[Rod Blagojevich|Blagojevich]] |
In 2016, U.S. Senator [[Mark Kirk]] used the term in reference to what he regarded as unqualified political hires at a veterans' nursing home: "[[Rod Blagojevich|Blagojevich]]'s people ordered [[[Tammy Duckworth]]] to take on some political operatives and I would call them goombahs in the Anna Nursing home facility that she was in charge of", drawing bemused commentary for his "''[[The Sopranos|Sopranos]]'' throwback moment".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/politics/ct-mark-kirk-tammy-duckworth-tv-ad-story.html|title=Morning Spin: Kirk goes up with Trump TV ad, rips Duckworth for lawsuit settlement talks |publisher=Chicago Tribune|date=2016-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/tipsheets/illinois-playbook/2016/06/another-school-tragedy-sick-day-vote-hot-dudes-deficit-in-chicago-214870|title=Another SCHOOL tragedy -- SICK DAY vote -- 'HOT DUDES' deficit in Chicago?|publisher=Politico|date=2016-06-17}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Category:Anti-Italian sentiment]] |
[[Category:Anti-Italian sentiment]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes]] |
[[Category:Ethnic and racial stereotypes]] |
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[[Category:Ethnic and religious slurs]] |
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[[Category:Italian language in the United States]] |
[[Category:Italian language in the United States]] |
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[[Category:Italian-American culture]] |
[[Category:Italian-American culture]] |
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[[Category:Italian-American history]] |
[[Category:Italian-American history]] |
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[[Category:English words]] |
[[Category:English words]] |
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[[Category:Pejorative terms for white people]] |
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Latest revision as of 00:40, 24 July 2024
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2015) |
Goombah[1] is a slang term for people of Italian descent, mainly in the United States, which may be derogatory depending on context.
Etymology
[edit]Goombah and similar forms derived as an alteration or Anglicized spelling of the common Southern Italian familiar term of address, cumpà, the apocoped oxytone form of the word cumpari found in Southern Italian dialects and compare found in Standard Italian, which denotes a companion or friend.
It is therefore commonly used as a term of endearment roughly equivalent to "friend," "brother," or "comrade" among close friends or associates (generally males) in certain parts of Southern Italy, including Campania and Sicily, where it becomes cumpà or cumpari in the regional Southern languages. It has, however, also gained a less innocuous meaning even in Italy in certain criminal contexts, signifying an "accomplice," "cohort," "fellow criminal," or "partner-in-crime," though it is still mostly used among non-criminal Southern Italian males as a harmless address of affection.
Compare and the Southern Italian cumpà and cumpari ultimately derive from the medieval Latin compater, meaning "cousin" and, later, "godfather."[2]
Social connotations
[edit]With the arrival of Southern Italian immigrants in America, the greeting used among Southern Italian males, cumpà, became Anglicized as "goombah" or "gumba", and spread among non-Italian-Americans as a derogation, often implying its subject was involved in some degree with criminality or had connections to the Mafia.
Today, especially in Italian-American slang, "goombah" is a term for a companion or associate, especially a friend who acts as a patron, accomplice, protector, or adviser. When used by non-Italians to refer to Italians or Italian-Americans, "goombah" is often derogatory, implying a stereotypical Italian-American male, thug, or mafioso.[3]
Examples
[edit]In the 1950s, boxer/actor Rocky Graziano and Martha Raye used the term in the original sense for NBC's The Martha Raye Show.
In the Chrysler Presents A Bob Hope Comedy Special NBC TV program (original air date September 27, 1963), singer Barbra Streisand introduced Italian-American singer Dean Martin as follows: "And now here's America's number one goombah, singing his new Reprise hit 'Via Veneto', il signore Deano Martin."
Derogatory use of the term is portrayed the 1969 publication of Mario Puzo's The Godfather and the highly popular movie made from it, which contained dialogue such as "I don't care how many guinea Mafia goombahs come out of the woodwork" or, in the film, "I don't care how many dago guinea wop greaseball goombahs come outta the woodwork".[3]
In 2016, U.S. Senator Mark Kirk used the term in reference to what he regarded as unqualified political hires at a veterans' nursing home: "Blagojevich's people ordered [Tammy Duckworth] to take on some political operatives and I would call them goombahs in the Anna Nursing home facility that she was in charge of", drawing bemused commentary for his "Sopranos throwback moment".[4][5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Also spelled goomba, goombah, gumba, or gumbah.
- ^ Giacalone, David (April 1, 2006). "goomba goombah gumba gumbah". f/k/a.
- ^ a b "The Maven's Word of the Day: goombah". Words@Random. Random House, Inc. April 4, 1997. Archived from the original on April 18, 2001.
- ^ "Morning Spin: Kirk goes up with Trump TV ad, rips Duckworth for lawsuit settlement talks". Chicago Tribune. 2016-06-23.
- ^ "Another SCHOOL tragedy -- SICK DAY vote -- 'HOT DUDES' deficit in Chicago?". Politico. 2016-06-17.