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{{Short description|Species of conifer}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Widdringtonia wallichii''
| image = Widdringtonia wallichii00.jpg
⚫
| image_alt =
| image = Widdringtonia wallichii00.jpg
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| status = CR
⚫
| image_alt =
⚫
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| image_caption =
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{Cite iucn | author = Farjon, A. | author2 = February, E. | author3 = Higgins, S. | author4 = Fox, S. | author5 = Raimondo, D. | name-list-style = amp | title = ''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis'' | volume = 2013 | page = e.T30365A2793077 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T30365A2793077.en }}</ref>
⚫
| status = CR | status_system = IUCN3.1
⚫
| genus = Widdringtonia
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN | id =30365 | taxon =Widdringtonia cedarbergensis | assessors =Farjon, A., February, E., Higgins, S., Fox, S. & Raimondo, D. | assessment_year =2013 | version =2013.2| accessdate =May 9, 2014 }}</ref>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| species = wallichii
| authority = [[Stephan Endlicher|Endl.]] ex [[Élie-Abel Carrière|Carrière]]
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| synonyms =
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
{{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
*''Callitris arborea'' <small>Schrad. ex D.E.Hutchins</small>
⚫
| familia = [[Cupressaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Widdringtonia]]''
*''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis'' <small>J.A.Marsh</small> nom. illeg.
*''Widdringtonia wallichiana'' <small>Gordon</small> nom. inval.
| species = '''''W. wallichii'''''
}}
⚫
| binomial = ''Widdringtonia wallichii''
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
| binomial_authority = Endl. ex Carrière
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2466623
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=14 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
}}
{{Commonscat}}


'''''Widdringtonia wallichii''''' previously '''''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis''''' (''Clanwilliam Cedar'' or ''Clanwilliam Cypress'')<ref>{{Cite web|title = Widdringtonia wallichii Endl. ex Carrière — The Plant List|url = http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2466623|website = www.theplantlist.org|accessdate = 2015-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/widcedar.htm |title=Widdringtonia cedarbergensis |publisher=Plantzafrica.com |date= |accessdate=2015-08-18}}</ref> is a species of ''[[Widdringtonia]]'' native to [[South Africa]], where it is [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[Cederberg|Cederberg Mountains]] northeast of [[Cape Town]] in [[Western Cape Province]]. It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and ''Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4</ref><ref>Hilton-Taylor, C. et al. 1998. [http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/details.php/30365/all ''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis'']. Downloaded on 10 July 2007.</ref><ref>Pauw, C. A. & Linder, H. P. 1997. ''Widdringtonia'' systematics, ecology and conservation status. ''Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' 123: 297-319.</ref> and protected in South Africa under the National Forest Act (Act 84) of 1998.<ref name="dwaf">{{cite web
'''''Widdringtonia wallichii''''', '''Clanwilliam cedar''' or '''Clanwilliam cypress''', previously '''''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/widcedar.htm |title=Widdringtonia cedarbergensis |publisher=PlantZAfrica.com |access-date=2015-08-18}}</ref><ref>University of the Witwatersrand: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060428013016/http://www.wits.ac.za/museums/herbarium/trcflis.htm Recommended English names for trees of Southern Africa]</ref> is a species of ''[[Widdringtonia]]'' native to [[South Africa]], where it is [[endemism|endemic]] to the [[Cederberg|Cederberg Mountains]] northeast of [[Cape Town]] in [[Western Cape Province]]. Due to harsh weather conditions, like limited rainfall and frequent wildfires, growth is limited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=February |first=E. C |last2=Stock |first2=W. D |date=June 1998 |title=The relationship between ring width measures and precipitation for Widdringtonia cedarbergensis |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=213–216}}</ref> Ring width almost correlates with rainfall due to such harsh environmental conditions<ref name=":0" /> It is threatened by [[habitat loss]]<ref name=farjon>Farjon, A. (2005). ''Monograph of Cupressaceae and ''Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. {{ISBN|1-84246-068-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite iucn |author=Farjon, A. |author2=February, E. |author3=Higgins, S. |author4=Fox, S. |author5=Raimondo, D. |date=2013 |title=''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T30365A2793077 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T30365A2793077.en |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref><ref>Pauw, C. A. & Linder, H. P. 1997. ''Widdringtonia'' systematics, ecology and conservation status. ''Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' 123: 297-319.</ref> and protected in South Africa under the National Forest Act (Act 84) of 1998.<ref name="dwaf">{{cite web
|url=http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf
|url=http://www2.dwaf.gov.za/dwaf/cmsdocs/4116___poster%20protected%20trees.pdf
|title=Protected Trees
|title=Protected Trees
|date=30 June 2013
|date=30 June 2013
|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa}}</ref>
|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa}}</ref>

It is a small [[evergreen]] [[tree]] growing to 5–7 m (rarely to 20 m) tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are scale-like, 1.5&nbsp;mm long and 1&nbsp;mm broad on small shoots, up to 15&nbsp;mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are globose to rectangular, 2–3&nbsp;cm long, with four scales.<ref name=farjon/>
It is a small [[evergreen]] [[tree]] growing to 5–7 m (rarely to 20 m) tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are scale-like, 1.5&nbsp;mm long and 1&nbsp;mm broad on small shoots, up to 15&nbsp;mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are globose to rectangular, 2–3&nbsp;cm long, with four scales.<ref name=farjon/>

The tree is widely known as the "Clanwilliam Cedar" but botanists have recommended the name Clanwilliam Cypress to better reflect its botanical relationships.<ref>University of the Witwatersrand: [http://web.archive.org/web/20060428013016/http://www.wits.ac.za/museums/herbarium/trcflis.htm Recommended English names for trees of Southern Africa]</ref>


==Chemical constituents==
==Chemical constituents==
The [[essential oil]] derived from leaves contains [[terpinen-4-ol]] (36.0%), [[sabinene]] (19.2%), [[γ-terpinene]] (10.4%), [[α-terpinene]] (5.5%) and [[myrcene]] (5.5%).<ref name=Kamatoua>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.002 | title = Chemical composition of the wood and leaf oils from the "Clanwilliam Cedar" (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J.A. Marsh): A critically endangered species | year = 2010 | last1 = Kamatou | first1 = G.P.P. | last2 = Viljoen | first2 = A.M. | last3 = Özek | first3 = T. | last4 = Başer | first4 = K.H.C. | journal = South African Journal of Botany | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | page = 652}}</ref> The wood oil contains [[thujopsene]] (47.1%), [[α-cedrol]] (10.7%), [[widdrol]] (8.5%) and [[cuparene]] (4.0%).<ref name=Kamatoua/>
''W. wallichii'' is used in a cedarwood oil with multiple uses such as in Texas, it used as feedstock and in Virginia it is used for cosmetics like perfumes, aftershave lotions, and soaps.<ref name=Kamatoua/> Cedarwood oil is also used in home remedies.<ref name=Kamatoua/> The [[essential oil]] derived from leaves contains [[terpinen-4-ol]] (36.0%), [[sabinene]] (19.2%), [[γ-terpinene]] (10.4%), [[α-terpinene]] (5.5%) and [[myrcene]] (5.5%).<ref name=Kamatoua>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.002 | title = Chemical composition of the wood and leaf oils from the "Clanwilliam Cedar" (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J.A. Marsh): A critically endangered species | year = 2010 | last1 = Kamatou | first1 = G.P.P. | last2 = Viljoen | first2 = A.M. | last3 = Özek | first3 = T. | last4 = Başer | first4 = K.H.C. | journal = South African Journal of Botany | volume = 76 | issue = 4 | page = 652| doi-access = free }}</ref> The wood oil contains [[thujopsene]] (47.1%), [[α-cedrol]] (10.7%), [[widdrol]] (8.5%) and [[cuparene]] (4.0%).<ref name=Kamatoua/>


==Conservation of species==
==See also==
''W. wallichii'' is an endangered species facing population decline. Reasons for such declines are habitat loss and inbreeding within populations. Habitat loss due to harsh environmental conditions. Wildfires occur in the area causing ''W. wallichii'' mature trees to die frequently.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Thomas |first=Janet C |last2=Bond |first2=William J |date=June 1997 |title=Genetic variation in an endangered cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergnesis) versus two congeneric species |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=133–140}}</ref> ''W. wallichii'' growth rate is slower compared to their counterparts which is a factor in population decline of the species.<ref name=":2" /> Genetically, there are some hypotheses on why ''W. wallichii'' is not as fire resistant as some of the other within the genus and one of them is heavy logging.<ref name=":2" /> Heavy logging the current population is subjected to causes a fragmentation within the structure and heavy selection within the leftover mature trees within the population structure.<ref name=":2" /> Another hypothesis is that current selection for the mature trees is poorly adapted to fire intensive environments causing lack of genetic variation within the gene pool and heavy selection for those traits occurs.<ref name=":2" /> Upon further observations, it is not the mature trees themselves that are not fire resistant but their seed recruitment and lack of.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=White |first=J.D.M |last2=Stevens |first2=M |last3=Berndt |first3=J |last4=Coetzee |first4=B.W.T |last5=Massad |first5=T.J |last6=Nupen |first6=L.J |last7=Tye |first7=D |last8=Midgley |first8=J.J |date=September 2020 |title=Understanding recruitment limitations in a critically endangered species: The story of the iconic Cape cedar (Widdringtonia wallichii) |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=23}}</ref>
*[[List of Southern African indigenous trees]]

Inbreeding within the population of ''W. wallichii'' due to self pollination because of lack of movement of pollen which further fragments the population.<ref name=":2" /> Seed dispersal is difficult which limits the success of fertilization in ''W. wallichii''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Manders |first=P.T |date=October 1987 |title=Is there allelopathic self-inhibition of generative regeneration within Widdringtonia cedarbergensis stands? |journal=South African Journal of Botany |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=408–410}}</ref> The seeds are left under the canopy of mature trees and waiting for the winds and runoff water.<ref name=":4" /> Other modes of dispersal like small animals are not likely to assist in the process of larger seeds.<ref name=":4" /> There is no dormancy period of the seeds after dispersal which leaves them vulnerable and sometimes unviable.<ref name=":4" />

== Methods of conservation ==
One of the methods of population growth and conservation of ''W. wallichii'' is use of fire. Using calculated levels of fire during natural seed release which occurs in late summer and beginning autumn will assist in reduction of litter affecting seed dispersal.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Manders |first=P.T |date=July 1987 |title=A transition matrix model of the population dynamics of the Clanwilliam cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis) in natural stands subject to fire |journal=Forest Ecology and Management |volume=20 |issue=1-2 |pages=171–186}}</ref> Litter during these periods inhibits the success of seed dispersal by blocking the seeds' movements of the winds and access to the runoff water. Their regeneration due to lack of seed dispersal from the blockage of litter and otherwise stated is inhibited as well.<ref name=":5" />

Another method is replantation of seedlings in newly burned areas of ''W. wallichii''. Replanting seedlings in newly burned areas suggests when closely monitored and provided necessary components such as shade, soil, and competition from surrounding seedlings, they are successful in regrowth than seedlings planted prior.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mustart |first=Penny |last2=Juritz |first2=June |last3=Makua |first3=Cecilia |last4=Van der Merwe |first4=S.W |last5=Wessels |first5=Nigel |date=1995 |title=Restoration of the Clanwilliam cedar Widdringtonia cedarbergensis: The importance of monitoring seedlings planted in the Cederberg, South Africa |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=73–76}}</ref> Also using pre heated seeds in previously burnt areas from wildfires increases success of growth.<ref name=":3" />


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite web |title=''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis''|work=Plantz Afrika|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/widcedar.htm|accessdate=2010-03-04}}
*{{cite web |title=''Widdringtonia cedarbergensis''|work=PlantZAfrica.com|url=http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantwxyz/widcedar.htm|access-date=2010-03-04}}

⚫
{{Cupressaceae}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q17275235}}

<!-- Widdringtonia wallichii -->


{{DEFAULTSORT:Widdringtonia Cedarbergensis}}
[[Category:Afromontane flora]]
[[Category:Afromontane flora]]
[[Category:Widdringtonia|Cedarbergensis]]
[[Category:Widdringtonia|wallichii]]
[[Category:Trees of South Africa]]
[[Category:Trees of South Africa]]
[[Category:Protected trees of South Africa]]
[[Category:Protected trees of South Africa]]
[[Category:Endangered plants]]
[[Category:Endangered plants]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Élie-Abel Carrière]]

Latest revision as of 14:03, 26 July 2024

Widdringtonia wallichii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Genus: Widdringtonia
Species:
W. wallichii
Binomial name
Widdringtonia wallichii
Synonyms[2]
  • Callitris arborea Schrad. ex D.E.Hutchins
  • Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J.A.Marsh nom. illeg.
  • Widdringtonia wallichiana Gordon nom. inval.

Widdringtonia wallichii, Clanwilliam cedar or Clanwilliam cypress, previously Widdringtonia cedarbergensis[3][4] is a species of Widdringtonia native to South Africa, where it is endemic to the Cederberg Mountains northeast of Cape Town in Western Cape Province. Due to harsh weather conditions, like limited rainfall and frequent wildfires, growth is limited.[5] Ring width almost correlates with rainfall due to such harsh environmental conditions[5] It is threatened by habitat loss[6][7][8] and protected in South Africa under the National Forest Act (Act 84) of 1998.[9]

It is a small evergreen tree growing to 5–7 m (rarely to 20 m) tall. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5 mm long and 1 mm broad on small shoots, up to 15 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The cones are globose to rectangular, 2–3 cm long, with four scales.[6]

Chemical constituents

[edit]

W. wallichii is used in a cedarwood oil with multiple uses such as in Texas, it used as feedstock and in Virginia it is used for cosmetics like perfumes, aftershave lotions, and soaps.[10] Cedarwood oil is also used in home remedies.[10] The essential oil derived from leaves contains terpinen-4-ol (36.0%), sabinene (19.2%), γ-terpinene (10.4%), α-terpinene (5.5%) and myrcene (5.5%).[10] The wood oil contains thujopsene (47.1%), α-cedrol (10.7%), widdrol (8.5%) and cuparene (4.0%).[10]

Conservation of species

[edit]

W. wallichii is an endangered species facing population decline. Reasons for such declines are habitat loss and inbreeding within populations. Habitat loss due to harsh environmental conditions. Wildfires occur in the area causing W. wallichii mature trees to die frequently.[11] W. wallichii growth rate is slower compared to their counterparts which is a factor in population decline of the species.[11] Genetically, there are some hypotheses on why W. wallichii is not as fire resistant as some of the other within the genus and one of them is heavy logging.[11] Heavy logging the current population is subjected to causes a fragmentation within the structure and heavy selection within the leftover mature trees within the population structure.[11] Another hypothesis is that current selection for the mature trees is poorly adapted to fire intensive environments causing lack of genetic variation within the gene pool and heavy selection for those traits occurs.[11] Upon further observations, it is not the mature trees themselves that are not fire resistant but their seed recruitment and lack of.[12]

Inbreeding within the population of W. wallichii due to self pollination because of lack of movement of pollen which further fragments the population.[11] Seed dispersal is difficult which limits the success of fertilization in W. wallichii.[13] The seeds are left under the canopy of mature trees and waiting for the winds and runoff water.[13] Other modes of dispersal like small animals are not likely to assist in the process of larger seeds.[13] There is no dormancy period of the seeds after dispersal which leaves them vulnerable and sometimes unviable.[13]

Methods of conservation

[edit]

One of the methods of population growth and conservation of W. wallichii is use of fire. Using calculated levels of fire during natural seed release which occurs in late summer and beginning autumn will assist in reduction of litter affecting seed dispersal.[14] Litter during these periods inhibits the success of seed dispersal by blocking the seeds' movements of the winds and access to the runoff water. Their regeneration due to lack of seed dispersal from the blockage of litter and otherwise stated is inhibited as well.[14]

Another method is replantation of seedlings in newly burned areas of W. wallichii. Replanting seedlings in newly burned areas suggests when closely monitored and provided necessary components such as shade, soil, and competition from surrounding seedlings, they are successful in regrowth than seedlings planted prior.[15] Also using pre heated seeds in previously burnt areas from wildfires increases success of growth.[12]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Widdringtonia wallichii.
  1. ^ Farjon, A.; February, E.; Higgins, S.; Fox, S. & Raimondo, D. (2013). "Widdringtonia cedarbergensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T30365A2793077. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T30365A2793077.en.
  2. ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 14 May 2017
  3. ^ "Widdringtonia cedarbergensis". PlantZAfrica.com. Retrieved 2015-08-18.
  4. ^ University of the Witwatersrand: Recommended English names for trees of Southern Africa
  5. ^ a b February, E. C; Stock, W. D (June 1998). "The relationship between ring width measures and precipitation for Widdringtonia cedarbergensis". South African Journal of Botany. 64 (3): 213–216.
  6. ^ a b Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4
  7. ^ Farjon, A.; February, E.; Higgins, S.; Fox, S.; Raimondo, D. (2013). "Widdringtonia cedarbergensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T30365A2793077. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T30365A2793077.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  8. ^ Pauw, C. A. & Linder, H. P. 1997. Widdringtonia systematics, ecology and conservation status. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 123: 297-319.
  9. ^ "Protected Trees" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 30 June 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d Kamatou, G.P.P.; Viljoen, A.M.; Özek, T.; Başer, K.H.C. (2010). "Chemical composition of the wood and leaf oils from the "Clanwilliam Cedar" (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis J.A. Marsh): A critically endangered species". South African Journal of Botany. 76 (4): 652. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.002.
  11. ^ a b c d e f Thomas, Janet C; Bond, William J (June 1997). "Genetic variation in an endangered cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergnesis) versus two congeneric species". South African Journal of Botany. 63 (3): 133–140.
  12. ^ a b White, J.D.M; Stevens, M; Berndt, J; Coetzee, B.W.T; Massad, T.J; Nupen, L.J; Tye, D; Midgley, J.J (September 2020). "Understanding recruitment limitations in a critically endangered species: The story of the iconic Cape cedar (Widdringtonia wallichii)". Global Ecology and Conservation. 23.
  13. ^ a b c d Manders, P.T (October 1987). "Is there allelopathic self-inhibition of generative regeneration within Widdringtonia cedarbergensis stands?". South African Journal of Botany. 53 (5): 408–410.
  14. ^ a b Manders, P.T (July 1987). "A transition matrix model of the population dynamics of the Clanwilliam cedar (Widdringtonia cedarbergensis) in natural stands subject to fire". Forest Ecology and Management. 20 (1–2): 171–186.
  15. ^ Mustart, Penny; Juritz, June; Makua, Cecilia; Van der Merwe, S.W; Wessels, Nigel (1995). "Restoration of the Clanwilliam cedar Widdringtonia cedarbergensis: The importance of monitoring seedlings planted in the Cederberg, South Africa". Biological Conservation. 72 (1): 73–76.
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