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{{Short description|Indonesian independence leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Person
⚫
'''Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo''' or '''Cipto Mangunkusumo''' (4 March 1886 in Pecangakan, [[Ambarawa]], [[Semarang]] – 8 March 1943 in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]) was a prominent Indonesian independence leader and [[Sukarno]]'s political mentor. Together with [[Ernest Douwes Dekker]] and [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Soewardi Soerjaningrat]] he was one of the three founders of the influential [[Indische Party]], a political party disseminating the idea of self-government of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. After the party was labeled [[subversive]] by colonial court of law in 1913, he and his fellow IP leaders were exiled to the [[Netherlands]].
| name = Cipto Mangunkusumo
| image = [[File:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo - Leden van de Indische Partij, vermoedelijk te 's Gravenhage, KITLV 3725 (cropped).tiff|100px]]
| caption = Cipto Mangunkusumo
| birth_date = {{birth date|1886|03|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pecangaan, [[Dutch East Indies]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1943|03|08|1886|03|04|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese-occupied East Indies]]
| occupation = Politician, activist, writer
| spouse =
}}
⚫
'''Cipto Mangunkusumo''' or '''Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo''' (4 March 1886 in Pecangakan, [[Ambarawa]], [[Semarang]] – 8 March 1943 in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]]) was a prominent Indonesian independence leader and [[Sukarno]]'s political mentor. Together with [[Ernest Douwes Dekker]] and [[Ki Hajar Dewantara|Soewardi Soerjaningrat]], he was one of the three founders of the influential [[Indische Party]], a political party disseminating the idea of self-government of the [[Dutch East Indies]]. After the party was labeled [[subversive]] by the colonial court of law in 1913, he and his fellow IP leaders were exiled to the [[Netherlands]].


Tjipto advocated an Indies-based nationalism rather than Javanese nationalism.<ref>Hatta, M. ''"Recht en Vrijheid" in the Dutch chapter of the "League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression".'' (Periodical, vol. 1, no 2, 27 x 37, Amsterdam, 1927) [http://www.iisg.nl/rebels/en/content/173-tjipto-mangunkusumo]</ref> Unlike other Javanese nationalist leaders, Tjipto's belief in democracy remained strong until the end of this life and in his view the traditional character of feudal Javanese civilization had to change. He considered western education and its subsequent social and cultural dislocation as indispensable in creating a revolutionary atmosphere. He disagreed with [[Budi Utomo]]'s emphasis on the reinvigoration of traditional Javanese civilization. In a 1916 debate he stated: "The psyche of the Javanese people needs to be changed to such an extent that a change of language, or more cynically a killing of a language becomes urgent. Only in this way will it be possible to build another language on its ruins and also another civilization."<ref>[http://kolomsejarah.wordpress.com/2008/08/02/dr-tjipto-dan-pandanganya-terhadap-komitmen-demokrasi/ Mangoenkoesoemo, Tjipto "Kolonial Onderwijs Congress", 1916, p. 55]</ref>
Cipto advocated an Indies-based nationalism rather than Javanese nationalism.<ref>Hatta, M. ''"Recht en Vrijheid" in the Dutch chapter of the "League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression".'' (Periodical, vol. 1, no 2, 27 x 37, Amsterdam, 1927) [http://www.iisg.nl/rebels/en/content/173-tjipto-mangunkusumo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213163837/http://www.iisg.nl/rebels/en/content/173-tjipto-mangunkusumo|date=13 December 2013}}</ref> Unlike other Javanese nationalist leaders, Cipto's belief in democracy remained strong until the end of his life, and in his view, the traditional character of feudal Javanese civilization had to change. He considered Western education and its subsequent social and cultural dislocation as indispensable in creating a revolutionary atmosphere. He disagreed with [[Budi Utomo]]'s emphasis on the reinvigoration of traditional Javanese civilization. In a 1916 debate, he stated: "The psyche of the Javanese people needs to be changed to such an extent that a change of language, or more cynically a killing of a language becomes urgent. Only in this way will it be possible to build another language on its ruins and also another civilization."<ref>[http://kolomsejarah.wordpress.com/2008/08/02/dr-tjipto-dan-pandanganya-terhadap-komitmen-demokrasi/ Mangoenkoesoemo, Tjipto "Kolonial Onderwijs Congress", 1916, p. 55]</ref>


Tjipto married his [[Indo people|Indo]] (Eurasian) wife Marie Vogel in 1920.
Cipto married his [[Indo people|Indo]] (Eurasian) wife Marie Vogel in 1920.


When the three [[Indische Party|IP]] leaders returned to the Dutch East Indies his two companions eventually took the path of education, while Tjipto remained politically active. After his exile he was involved in the [[Insulinde (Political Party)|Insulinde Political Party]] which was transformed into the new "Nationaal [[Indische Party]]" of which he became one of the leaders and its representative in the Peoples Assembly ([[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]]).<ref>Meijer, Hans ''In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66 {{ISBN|90-351-2617-3}}</ref>
When the three [[Indische Party|IP]] leaders returned to the Dutch East Indies his two companions eventually took the path of education, while Cipto remained politically active. After his exile, he was involved in the [[Insulinde (Political Party)|Insulinde Political Party]] which was transformed into the new "Nationaal [[Indische Party]]" of which he became one of the leaders and its representative in the Peoples Assembly ([[Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)|Volksraad]]).<ref>Meijer, Hans ''In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66 {{ISBN|90-351-2617-3}}</ref>
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De ingang van het ziekenhuis de Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba TMnr 60014145.jpg|thumb|'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital' in honour of Tjipto.]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De ingang van het ziekenhuis de Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba TMnr 60014145.jpg|thumb|'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital' in honour of Cipto.]]


When Sukarno, future President of Indonesia, moved to [[Bandung]], he gradually alienated from his first political mentor and father in law [[Tjokroaminoto]] (leader of the [[Sarekat Islam]]). Tjipto then became his main political mentor and turned him into a convinced radical nationalist.
When Sukarno, future President of Indonesia, moved to [[Bandung]], he gradually alienated himself from his first political mentor and father-in-law [[Tjokroaminoto]] (leader of the [[Sarekat Islam]]). Cipto then became his main political mentor and turned him into a convinced radical nationalist.
<blockquote>"In some ways this close relationship between Cipto and Sukarno was not surprising; both were highly intelligent men and extremely sensitive to the reality of the colonial situation, an injustice they took as a personal insult."<ref>Penders, Christiaan Lambert Maria ''The life and times of Sukarno'' (Publisher: Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1974) p. 18 {{ISBN|0-283-48414-4}}</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"In some ways this close relationship between Cipto and Sukarno was not surprising; both were highly intelligent men and extremely sensitive to the reality of the colonial situation, an injustice they took as a personal insult."<ref name="Penders" /></blockquote>


[[File:Brieven van Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo (1886-1943) aan Emile Gobée (1881-1954) Or. 8952 A 666.pdf|thumb|page=4|Letter (1928)]]
Both men were relentless and uncompromising independence fighters professing a deep concern with the plight of the poor peasant. However unlike his political pupil Tjipto's often courageous actions showed a proven track record of practically improving the social predicament of peasants.<ref>Penders, Christiaan Lambert Maria ''The life and times of Sukarno'' (Publisher: Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1974) p. 19 {{ISBN|0-283-48414-4}} [http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/penders1974/01.pdf]</ref> As early as 1910 Tjipto had devoted his unstinting services to the Javanese people during an outbreak of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. For his efforts he was awarded a royal decoration in the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]], by the colonial government.<ref>Penders, Christiaan Lambert Maria ''"The life and times of Sukarno"'' (Publisher: Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1974) p. 19 {{ISBN|0-283-48414-4}} [http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/penders1974/01.pdf]</ref>
Both men were relentless and uncompromising independence fighters professing a deep concern with the plight of the poor peasant. However, unlike his political pupil, Cipto's often courageous actions showed a proven track record of practically improving the social predicament of peasants.<ref name="Penders">Penders, Christiaan Lambert Maria ''The life and times of Sukarno'' (Publisher: Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1974) p. 19 {{ISBN|0-283-48414-4}} [http://www.papuaweb.org/dlib/bk/penders1974/01.pdf]</ref> As early as 1910 Cipto had devoted his unstinting services to the Javanese people during an outbreak of the [[Plague (disease)|plague]]. For his efforts, he was awarded a royal decoration in the [[Order of Orange-Nassau]], by the colonial government.<ref name="Penders" />


After the NIP's involvement in the farmers' strike in central Java the party was banned. Tjipto co-founded the National Party of Indonesia (PNI), chaired by Sukarno. Soon thereafter he attempted to foment revolt among the Indonesians serving in the [[KNIL]] and was exiled again in 1927, this time to [[Banda Islands|Banda]]. On Banda he was later joined by other leading revolutionaries like [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] and [[Sjahrir]]. However, during his 11-year-long exile he was unable to further any significant political activity.
After the NIP's involvement in the farmers' strike in central Java, the party was banned. Cipto co-founded the National Party of Indonesia (PNI), chaired by Sukarno. Soon thereafter he attempted to foment revolt among the Indonesians serving in the [[KNIL]] and was exiled again in 1927, this time to [[Banda Islands|Banda]]. On Banda, he was later joined by other leading revolutionaries like [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]] and [[Sjahrir]]. However, during his 11-year-long exile, he was unable to further any significant political activity.


He died in 1943 and was buried in Ambarawa.
He died in 1943 and was buried in Ambarawa.


After [[Indonesian independence]] the 'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' was renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital'.
After [[Indonesian independence]], the 'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' was renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital'.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
[[File:Cipto_Mangunkusumo_statue_of_prominent_Indonesian_independence_leader.jpg|267x267px|right|thumb|Cipto Mangunkusumo statue at the Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital in the city of Jakarta]]
[[Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital]] is named after him, and his face appears in the 2016 series of the Rp 200 [[Coins of the rupiah|Indonesian rupiah coins]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uang Baru vs Uang Lama: Ini Bedanya Rupiah Baru dengan Rupiah Lama - Cermati.com|url=https://www.cermati.com/artikel/uang-baru-vs-uang-lama-ini-bedanya-rupiah-baru-dengan-rupiah-lama|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.cermati.com}}</ref>
[[Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital]] is named after him, and his face appears in the 2016 series of the 200 Indonesian rupiah [[Coins of the rupiah|coins]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uang Baru vs Uang Lama: Ini Bedanya Rupiah Baru dengan Rupiah Lama - Cermati.com|url=https://www.cermati.com/artikel/uang-baru-vs-uang-lama-ini-bedanya-rupiah-baru-dengan-rupiah-lama|access-date=2020-08-13|website=www.cermati.com}}</ref>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 27: Line 41:


===Bibliography===
===Bibliography===
* Glissenaar, Frans ''D.D.: het leven van E.F.E. Douwes Dekker'' (Publisher: Van Strien, Dordrecht) [https://books.google.com/books?id=nO11ehUK-80C&source=gbs_navlinks_s]
* Glissenaar, Frans ''D.D.: het leven van E.F.E. Douwes Dekker'' (Publisher: Van Strien, Dordrecht) [https://books.google.com/books?id=nO11ehUK-80C]
* Meijer, Hans ''In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66 {{ISBN|90-351-2617-3}}
* Meijer, Hans ''In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw.'' (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66 {{ISBN|90-351-2617-3}}
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
Line 34: Line 48:
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362068/Tjipto-Mangunkusumo Article in Britannica.]
*[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362068/Tjipto-Mangunkusumo Article in Britannica.]
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL519555M/Dr._Tjipto_Mangoenkoesoemo Biographical notes at the Open library.]
*[https://openlibrary.org/books/OL519555M/Dr._Tjipto_Mangoenkoesoemo Biographical notes at the Open library.]
*[http://www.iisg.nl/rebels/en/content/173-tjipto-mangunkusumo International institute of social history.]
*[http://www.iisg.nl/rebels/en/content/173-tjipto-mangunkusumo International institute of social history.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213163837/http://www.iisg.nl/rebels/en/content/173-tjipto-mangunkusumo |date=13 December 2013 }}
*[https://www.jstor.org/pss/3350857 JSTOR article.]
*[https://www.jstor.org/pss/3350857 JSTOR article.]


{{Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)}}
{{National Heroes of Indonesia}}
{{National Heroes of Indonesia}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:People from Semarang Regency]]
[[Category:People from Semarang Regency]]
[[Category:Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)]]
[[Category:Members of the Volksraad (Dutch East Indies)]]
[[Category:Sarekat Islam politicians]]

Latest revision as of 00:07, 29 July 2024

Cipto Mangunkusumo
Cipto Mangunkusumo
Born(1886-03-04)4 March 1886
Pecangaan, Dutch East Indies
Died8 March 1943(1943-03-08) (aged 57)
Jakarta, Japanese-occupied East Indies
Occupation(s)Politician, activist, writer

Cipto Mangunkusumo or Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo (4 March 1886 in Pecangakan, Ambarawa, Semarang – 8 March 1943 in Batavia) was a prominent Indonesian independence leader and Sukarno's political mentor. Together with Ernest Douwes Dekker and Soewardi Soerjaningrat, he was one of the three founders of the influential Indische Party, a political party disseminating the idea of self-government of the Dutch East Indies. After the party was labeled subversive by the colonial court of law in 1913, he and his fellow IP leaders were exiled to the Netherlands.

Cipto advocated an Indies-based nationalism rather than Javanese nationalism.[1] Unlike other Javanese nationalist leaders, Cipto's belief in democracy remained strong until the end of his life, and in his view, the traditional character of feudal Javanese civilization had to change. He considered Western education and its subsequent social and cultural dislocation as indispensable in creating a revolutionary atmosphere. He disagreed with Budi Utomo's emphasis on the reinvigoration of traditional Javanese civilization. In a 1916 debate, he stated: "The psyche of the Javanese people needs to be changed to such an extent that a change of language, or more cynically a killing of a language becomes urgent. Only in this way will it be possible to build another language on its ruins and also another civilization."[2]

Cipto married his Indo (Eurasian) wife Marie Vogel in 1920.

When the three IP leaders returned to the Dutch East Indies his two companions eventually took the path of education, while Cipto remained politically active. After his exile, he was involved in the Insulinde Political Party which was transformed into the new "Nationaal Indische Party" of which he became one of the leaders and its representative in the Peoples Assembly (Volksraad).[3]

'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital' in honour of Cipto.

When Sukarno, future President of Indonesia, moved to Bandung, he gradually alienated himself from his first political mentor and father-in-law Tjokroaminoto (leader of the Sarekat Islam). Cipto then became his main political mentor and turned him into a convinced radical nationalist.

"In some ways this close relationship between Cipto and Sukarno was not surprising; both were highly intelligent men and extremely sensitive to the reality of the colonial situation, an injustice they took as a personal insult."[4]

Letter (1928)

Both men were relentless and uncompromising independence fighters professing a deep concern with the plight of the poor peasant. However, unlike his political pupil, Cipto's often courageous actions showed a proven track record of practically improving the social predicament of peasants.[4] As early as 1910 Cipto had devoted his unstinting services to the Javanese people during an outbreak of the plague. For his efforts, he was awarded a royal decoration in the Order of Orange-Nassau, by the colonial government.[4]

After the NIP's involvement in the farmers' strike in central Java, the party was banned. Cipto co-founded the National Party of Indonesia (PNI), chaired by Sukarno. Soon thereafter he attempted to foment revolt among the Indonesians serving in the KNIL and was exiled again in 1927, this time to Banda. On Banda, he was later joined by other leading revolutionaries like Hatta and Sjahrir. However, during his 11-year-long exile, he was unable to further any significant political activity.

He died in 1943 and was buried in Ambarawa.

After Indonesian independence, the 'Centrale Burgerlijke Ziekeninrichting Salemba' was renamed the 'Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital'.

Legacy

[edit]
Cipto Mangunkusumo statue at the Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital in the city of Jakarta

Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital is named after him, and his face appears in the 2016 series of the 200 Indonesian rupiah coins.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hatta, M. "Recht en Vrijheid" in the Dutch chapter of the "League Against Imperialism and Colonial Oppression". (Periodical, vol. 1, no 2, 27 x 37, Amsterdam, 1927) [1] Archived 13 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ Mangoenkoesoemo, Tjipto "Kolonial Onderwijs Congress", 1916, p. 55
  3. ^ Meijer, Hans In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw. (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66 ISBN 90-351-2617-3
  4. ^ a b c Penders, Christiaan Lambert Maria The life and times of Sukarno (Publisher: Sidgwick & Jackson, London, 1974) p. 19 ISBN 0-283-48414-4 [2]
  5. ^ "Uang Baru vs Uang Lama: Ini Bedanya Rupiah Baru dengan Rupiah Lama - Cermati.com". www.cermati.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Glissenaar, Frans D.D.: het leven van E.F.E. Douwes Dekker (Publisher: Van Strien, Dordrecht) [3]
  • Meijer, Hans In Indië geworteld. De 20ste eeuw. (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2004) p. 66 ISBN 90-351-2617-3
[edit]
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