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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{italic title}}
{{italic title}}
{{speciesbox
{{speciesbox
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|species = cruentus
|species = cruentus
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|synonyms =
{{Collapsible list
|title = Synonyms list
|
*''A. anacardana'' <small>Hook.f.</small>
*''A. arardhanus'' <small>Sweet</small>
*''A. carneus'' <small>Moq.</small>
*''A. esculentus'' <small>Besser ex Moq.</small>
*''A. farinaceus'' <small>Roxb. ex Moq.</small>
*''A. guadeloupensis'' <small>Voss</small>
*''A. guadelupensis'' <small>Moq.</small>
*''A. incarnatus'' <small>Moq.</small>
*''A. montevidensis'' <small>Moq.</small>
*''A. paniculatus'' <small>L.</small>
*''A. purgans'' <small>Moq.</small>
*''A. rubescens'' <small>Moq.</small>
*''A. sanguineus'' <small>L.</small>
*''A. sanguinolentus'' <small>Schrad. ex Moq.</small>
*''A. speciosus'' <small>Sims</small>
*''A. spicatus'' <small>Wirzén</small>
*''A. strictus'' <small>Willd.</small>
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{ThePlantlist}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Amaranthus cruentus''''' is a [[flowering plant]] species that yields the nutritious staple [[amaranth grain]]. It is one of three ''[[Amaranthus]]'' species cultivated as a grain source, the other two being ''[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]'' and ''[[Amaranthus caudatus]]''. In Mexico, it is called '''''huautli''''' ({{IPA-es|ˈwautɬi}} and '''''alegría''''' ({{IPA-es|aleˈɣɾi.a|}} and in English it has several common names, including '''blood amaranth''', '''red amaranth''', '''purple amaranth''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{cite web|title=BSBI List 2007 |publisher=Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland |url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |format=xls |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6VqJ46atN?url=http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls |archive-date=2015-01-25 |accessdate=2014-10-17 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> '''prince's feather''', and '''Mexican grain amaranth'''. In [[Maharashtra]], it is called ''shravani maath'' ("श्रावणी माठ") or ''rajgira'' ("राजगिरा").
'''''Amaranthus cruentus''''' is a [[flowering plant]] species that is native from Central Mexico to Nicaragua.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaranthus cruentus L. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:10631-2 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> It yields a nutritious staple [[amaranth grain]], being one of three ''[[Amaranthus]]'' species cultivated as a grain source, the other two being ''[[Amaranthus hypochondriacus]]'' and ''[[Amaranthus caudatus]]''. It has several common names, including '''blood amaranth''', '''red amaranth''', '''purple amaranth''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> '''prince's feather''', and '''Mexican grain amaranth'''.


== Description ==
== Description ==
''Amaranthus cruentus'' is a tall annual herb topped with clusters of dark pink flowers. The plant can grow up to 2 m (6 ft) in height, and blooms in summer to fall. It is believed to have originated from ''[[Amaranthus hybridus]]'', with which it shares many morphological features. The plant is usually green in color, but a purple variant was once grown for use in Inca rituals.
''Amaranthus cruentus'' is a tall [[annual plant|annual]] herb topped with clusters of dark pink flowers. The plant can grow up to 2&nbsp;m (6&nbsp;ft) in height, and blooms in summer to fall. It is believed to have originated from ''[[Amaranthus hybridus]]'', with which it shares many morphological features. The plant is usually green in color, but a purple variant was once grown for use in Inca rituals.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} height up to 13 feet are found in Wayanad, Kerala.


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2021}}
This species was in use as a food source in [[North America]] and [[Central America]] as early as [[4th millennium BC|4000 BC]]. The seeds are eaten as a cereal grain. They are black in the wild plant, and white in the domesticated form. They are ground into flour, popped like [[popcorn]], cooked into a [[porridge]], and made into a [[confectionery]] called ''alegría''. The leaves can be cooked like [[spinach]], and the seeds can be germinated into nutritious sprouts. While ''A. cruentus'' is no longer a [[staple food]] in North and Central America, it is still grown and sold as a [[health food]].
This species was in use as a food source in [[North America]] and [[Central America]] as early as [[4th millennium BC|4000 BC]]. The seeds are eaten as a cereal grain. They are black in the wild plant, and white in the domesticated form. They are ground into flour, popped like [[popcorn]], cooked into a [[porridge]], or made into a [[confectionery]] called ''alegría''.<ref name="StClair">{{Cite book|title=The Secret Lives of Colour|last=St. Clair|first=Kassia|publisher=John Murray|year=2016|isbn=9781473630819|location=London|page=131|oclc=936144129}}</ref> The leaves can be cooked like [[spinach]], and the seeds can be germinated into nutritious sprouts. While ''A. cruentus'' is no longer a [[staple food]] in North and Central America, it is still grown and sold as a [[health food]].


It is an important crop for subsistence farmers in Africa.<ref name="prota">Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.</ref>
It is an important crop for subsistence farmers in Africa.<ref name="prota">Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.</ref>


In [[Maharashtra]], during month of ''Shravan'', a stir-fried vegetable with just grated coconut is served during festivals. The stem is used in curry made with ''vaal'' [[hyacinth bean]].
In [[Chhattisgarh]], red amaranth is used to make ''Lal Bhaji'', a stir-fried dish. In [[Maharashtra]], during the month of ''Shravan'', a stir-fried vegetable with just grated coconut is served during festivals. The stem is used in a curry made with ''Vaal'' [[hyacinth bean]].


Among the [[Zuni people]], the feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red.<ref>Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 p.87</ref> The crushed leaves and blossoms are also moistened and rubbed on cheeks as [[Rouge (cosmetics)|rouge]].<ref>Stevenson, p.83</ref>
Among the [[Zuni people]], the feathery part of a plant is ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red.<ref>Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 p.87</ref> The crushed leaves and blossoms are also moistened and rubbed on cheeks as [[Rouge (cosmetics)|rouge]].<ref>Stevenson, p.83</ref>

In the Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh (India), the grain is used to make [[kheer]] and served mostly as dessert during marriage ceremonies. The flour is also used to make deep-fried chapatis (pole).


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==

A. cruentus is cultivated as an ornamental plant, valued for its feather-like flowering plumes. It is usually grown from seed as a half-hardy annual, that is sown under glass in early Spring and planted out in summer. Numerous cultivars have been devloped, of which the following have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
''A. cruentus'' is cultivated as an ornamental plant, valued for its feather-like flowering plumes. It is usually grown from seed as a [[hardiness (plants)|half-hardy]] annual, that is sown under glass in early Spring and planted out in summer. Numerous cultivars have been developed, of which the following have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]]:
⚫
*’Autumn Palette Group’<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/307774/i-Amaranthus-cruentus-i-Autumn-Palette-Group/Details
| title = ''Amaranthus cruentus'' ‘Autumn Palette Group’
*'Autumn Palette Group'<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/307774/i-Amaranthus-cruentus-i-Autumn-Palette-Group/Details
⚫
| title = ''Amaranthus cruentus'' 'Autumn Palette Group'
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref> (earth colours - rust, cream, brown)
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> (earth colours – rust, cream, brown)
*’Oeschberg’<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/304718/i-Amaranthus-cruentus-i-oeschberg/Details
*'Oeschberg'<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/304718/i-Amaranthus-cruentus-i-oeschberg/Details
⚫
| title = ''Amaranthus cruentus'' ‘Oeschberg’
⚫
| title = ''Amaranthus cruentus'' 'Oeschberg'
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref> (crimson flowers)
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> (crimson flowers)
*’Velvet Curtains’<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/238930/i-Amaranthus-cruentus-i-Velvet-Curtains/Details
⚫
*'Velvet Curtains'<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/238930/i-Amaranthus-cruentus-i-Velvet-Curtains/Details
⚫
| title = ''Amaranthus cruentus'' ‘Velvet Curtains’
| title = ''Amaranthus cruentus'' 'Velvet Curtains'
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | accessdate=5 January 2018}}</ref> (deep red/crimson)
| publisher=Royal Horticultural Society | access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref> (deep red/crimson)


<gallery>
<gallery>
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons}}
{{commons}}
* [http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amaranthus+cruentus Edible plants info page]
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?290,294,300 Jepson Manual treatment]
* [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?290,294,300 Jepson Manual treatment]
* [http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Amaranthus+cruentus&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase on ''Amaranthus cruentus'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081010203145/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Amaranthus+cruentus&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase on ''Amaranthus cruentus'']
* {{PFAF|Amaranthus cruentus}}


{{Cereals}}
{{Cereals}}
{{Taxonbar}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q159191}}


[[Category:Amaranthus|cruentus]]
[[Category:Amaranthus|cruentus]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Mexico]]
[[Category:Crops originating from Mexico]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1759]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1759]]
[[Category:Flora of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine]]
[[Category:Pseudocereals]]
[[Category:Pseudocereals]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Latest revision as of 00:28, 29 July 2024

Blood amaranth
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Amaranthaceae
Genus: Amaranthus
Species:
A. cruentus
Binomial name
Amaranthus cruentus
Synonyms[1]
Synonyms list
    • A. anacardana Hook.f.
    • A. arardhanus Sweet
    • A. carneus Moq.
    • A. esculentus Besser ex Moq.
    • A. farinaceus Roxb. ex Moq.
    • A. guadeloupensis Voss
    • A. guadelupensis Moq.
    • A. incarnatus Moq.
    • A. montevidensis Moq.
    • A. paniculatus L.
    • A. purgans Moq.
    • A. rubescens Moq.
    • A. sanguineus L.
    • A. sanguinolentus Schrad. ex Moq.
    • A. speciosus Sims
    • A. spicatus Wirzén
    • A. strictus Willd.

Amaranthus cruentus is a flowering plant species that is native from Central Mexico to Nicaragua.[2] It yields a nutritious staple amaranth grain, being one of three Amaranthus species cultivated as a grain source, the other two being Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus caudatus. It has several common names, including blood amaranth, red amaranth, purple amaranth,[3] prince's feather, and Mexican grain amaranth.

Description

[edit]

Amaranthus cruentus is a tall annual herb topped with clusters of dark pink flowers. The plant can grow up to 2 m (6 ft) in height, and blooms in summer to fall. It is believed to have originated from Amaranthus hybridus, with which it shares many morphological features. The plant is usually green in color, but a purple variant was once grown for use in Inca rituals.[citation needed] height up to 13 feet are found in Wayanad, Kerala.

Uses

[edit]

This species was in use as a food source in North America and Central America as early as 4000 BC. The seeds are eaten as a cereal grain. They are black in the wild plant, and white in the domesticated form. They are ground into flour, popped like popcorn, cooked into a porridge, or made into a confectionery called alegría.[4] The leaves can be cooked like spinach, and the seeds can be germinated into nutritious sprouts. While A. cruentus is no longer a staple food in North and Central America, it is still grown and sold as a health food.

It is an important crop for subsistence farmers in Africa.[5]

In Chhattisgarh, red amaranth is used to make Lal Bhaji, a stir-fried dish. In Maharashtra, during the month of Shravan, a stir-fried vegetable with just grated coconut is served during festivals. The stem is used in a curry made with Vaal hyacinth bean.

Among the Zuni people, the feathery part of a plant is ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red.[6] The crushed leaves and blossoms are also moistened and rubbed on cheeks as rouge.[7]

In the Kinnaur District of Himachal Pradesh (India), the grain is used to make kheer and served mostly as dessert during marriage ceremonies. The flour is also used to make deep-fried chapatis (pole).

Cultivation

[edit]

A. cruentus is cultivated as an ornamental plant, valued for its feather-like flowering plumes. It is usually grown from seed as a half-hardy annual, that is sown under glass in early Spring and planted out in summer. Numerous cultivars have been developed, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Autumn Palette Group'[8] (earth colours – rust, cream, brown)
  • 'Oeschberg'[9] (crimson flowers)
  • 'Velvet Curtains'[10] (deep red/crimson)
  • Amaranthus cruentus 'Oeschberg' foliage
    Amaranthus cruentus 'Oeschberg' foliage
  • Amaranthus cruentus 'Oeschberg' flowerhead
    Amaranthus cruentus 'Oeschberg' flowerhead
  • Amaranthus cruentus 'Foxtail' flower closeup
    Amaranthus cruentus 'Foxtail' flower closeup

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Amaranthus cruentus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  2. ^ "Amaranthus cruentus L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2024-07-29.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. p. 131. ISBN 9781473630819. OCLC 936144129.
  5. ^ Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
  6. ^ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1915 Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians. SI-BAE Annual Report #30 p.87
  7. ^ Stevenson, p.83
  8. ^ "Amaranthus cruentus 'Autumn Palette Group'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  9. ^ "Amaranthus cruentus 'Oeschberg'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  10. ^ "Amaranthus cruentus 'Velvet Curtains'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
[edit]
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