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{{Short description|British naturalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Henry Baker
| name = Henry Baker
|image = Henry Baker (naturalist).jpg
| image = Henry Baker (naturalist).jpg
|image_size = 250px
| birth_date = {{birth-date|8 May 1698}}
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| birth_place = [[London]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]
|birth_date = {{birth-date|8 May 1698|8 May 1698}}
⚫
| death_date = {{death date and age|1774|11|25|1698|5|8|df=y}}
⚫
|birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
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| death_place =
⚫
|death_date = {{death-date and age|25 November 1774|8 May 1698}}
| resting_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
⚫
|death_place =
|residence =
| residence =
|citizenship =
| citizenship = [[British people|British]]
|nationality = [[England]]
| nationality =
|ethnicity =
| ethnicity =
|field = [[natural history|Naturalist]]
| field = [[natural history|Naturalist]]
|work_institutions =
| work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
| alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
| doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[microscope|Microscopical]]
| known_for = [[microscope|Microscopy]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
| influences =
|influenced =
| influenced =
|prizes = (1744) [[Copley Medal|Copley gold medal]]
| prizes = (1744) [[Copley Medal|Copley gold medal]]
|religion =
| religion =
|footnotes =
| footnotes =
|signature =
| children = [[David Erskine Baker|David]]
| signature =
}}
}}
'''Henry Baker''' (8 May 1698 – 25 November 1774) was an [[England|English]] [[natural history|naturalist]].
'''Henry Baker''' (8 May 1698 – 25 November 1774) was a British [[natural history|naturalist]].


==Life==
==Life==
[[File:Baker, Henry – Attempt towards a natural history of the polype, 1744 – BEIC 8761995.jpg|thumb|French translation of ''Attempt towards a natural history of the polype'', 1744]]
⚫
He was born in [[Chancery Lane]], London, 8 May 1698, the son of William Baker, a clerk in chancery. In his fifteenth year he was [[apprentice]]d to John Parker, a bookseller. At the close of his indentures in 1720, Baker went on a visit to John Forster, a relative, who had a [[deaf-mute]] daughter, then eight years old. As a successful therapist of deaf people, he went on to make money, by a system that he kept secret.<ref name = DNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Baker, Henry (1698-1774)}}</ref> His work as therapist caught the attention of [[Daniel Defoe]], whose youngest daughter Sophia he married in 1729.


⚫
He was born in [[Chancery Lane]], [[London]], 8 May 1698, the son of William Baker, a clerk in chancery. When he was 15, he was [[apprentice]]d to John Parker, a bookseller. At the close of his indentures in 1720, Baker went on a visit to John Forster, a relative, who had a [[deaf-mute]] daughter, then eight years old. As a successful therapist of deaf people, he went on to make money, by a system that he kept secret.<ref name="DNB">{{DNB |inline=1 |first=Thomas Finlayson |last=Henderson |wstitle=Baker, Henry (1698-1774) <!--NB dash not ndash on wikisource-->|display=Baker, Henry (1698–1774) |volume=3 |pages=9–10}}</ref> His work as therapist caught the attention of [[Daniel Defoe]], whose youngest daughter Sophia he married on 30 April 1729.
⚫
In 1740 he was elected fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]] and of the [[Royal Society]]. In 1744 he received the [[Copley Medal|Copley gold medal]] for [[microscope|microscopical]] observations on the [[crystallization]] of saline particles.


⚫
In 1740, he was elected fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]] and of the [[Royal Society]]. In 1744, he received the [[Copley Medal|Copley gold medal]] for [[microscope|microscopical]] observations on the [[crystallization]] of saline particles.
⚫
He was one of the founders of the [[Society of Arts]] in 1754, and for some time acted as its secretary. He died in London.

⚫
He was one of the founders of the [[Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce]] in 1754 (later the Society of Arts), and for some time acted as its secretary. He died in London, and was buried at [[St Mary le Strand]].


==''Universal Spectator''==
==''Universal Spectator''==
Under the name of Henry Stonecastle, Baker was associated with Daniel Defoe in starting the ''Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal'' in 1728. Defoe in fact did little except at the launch of the publication, intended as an essay-sheet rather than a newspaper. It appeared until 1746, running to 907 issues.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Universal Spectator (London 1728-1746): An Annotated Record of the Literary Contents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKspAgAACAAJ|date=2004|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-6409-4}}</ref> Baker's involvement as editor continued until 1733.<ref>[http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/authorrecord.php?action=GET&recordid=32990 Dr. Henry Baker]. penserians.cath.vt.edu</ref> Among the major early contributors was the journalist John Kelly.<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Kelly, John (1680?-1751)}}</ref>
Under the name of Henry Stonecastle, Baker was associated with Daniel Defoe in starting the ''Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal'' in 1728. Defoe in fact did little except at the launch of the publication, intended as an essay-sheet rather than a newspaper. It appeared until 1746, running to 907 issues.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Universal Spectator (London 1728–1746): An Annotated Record of the Literary Contents|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKspAgAACAAJ|date=2004|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|isbn=978-0-7734-6409-4}}</ref> Baker's involvement as editor continued until 1733.<ref>[http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/authorrecord.php?action=GET&recordid=32990 Dr. Henry Baker] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315131442/http://spenserians.cath.vt.edu/authorrecord.php?action=GET&recordid=32990 |date=2012-03-15 }}. penserians.cath.vt.edu</ref> Among the major early contributors was the journalist John Kelly.<ref>{{cite DNB|first=Francis |last=Watt|wstitle=Kelly, John (1680?-1751) |volume=30 |page=352}}</ref>


==Works==
==Works==
He contributed many memoirs to the ''[[Transactions of the Royal Society]]''. Among his publications were ''The Microscope made Easy'' (1743), ''Employment for the Microscope'' (1753),<ref>Baker, M., 1753. Employment for the microscope. Dodsley, London, 403 pp.</ref> where he noted down the presence of [[dinoflagellates]] for the first time as "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water", and several volumes of verse, original and translated, including ''The Universe, a Poem intended to restrain the Pride of Man'' (1727).<ref>Baker's description of the [[polyp]] was translated into French by [[Pierre Demours]] in 1744 [http://www.idref.fr/033083916#730].</ref>
He contributed many memoirs to the ''[[Transactions of the Royal Society]]''. Among his publications were ''A Short History of Speech'' (1723), ''The Microscope made Easy'' (1743), ''Employment for the Microscope'' (1753),<ref>Baker, M., 1753. Employment for the microscope. Dodsley, London, 403 pp.</ref> where he noted down the presence of [[dinoflagellates]] for the first time as "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water", and several volumes of verse, original and translated, including ''The Universe, a Poem intended to restrain the Pride of Man'' (1727).<ref>G. Turner (2006), "Baker, Henry (1698–1774)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Retrieved 8 May 2020: [https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-1120. Retrieved 8 May 2020.]</ref><ref>Baker's description of the [[Polyp (zoology)|polyp]] was translated into French by [[Pierre Demours]] in 1744 [http://www.idref.fr/033083916#730].</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
His name is perpetuated by the [[Bakerian Lecture]] of the Royal Society, for the foundation of which he left by will the sum of £100.
His name is perpetuated by the [[Bakerian Lecture]] of the Royal Society, for the foundation of which he left by will the sum of £100.


==References==
==Literature==
{{wikisource author}}
* George Rousseau. ''The Letters and Private Papers of Sir John Hill'' (New York: AMS Press, 1981). ISBN 0-404-61472-8. Provides much biographical material about Baker in the Royal Society, and his Monday and Wednesday club of FRS at his London house.
* George Rousseau. ''The Letters and Private Papers of Sir John Hill'' (New York: AMS Press, 1981). {{ISBN|0-404-61472-8}}. Provides much biographical material about Baker in the Royal Society, and his Monday and Wednesday club of FRS at his London house.
{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Baker, Henry}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Baker, Henry}}


==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons category|Henry Baker (naturalist)}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

;Attribution
{{DNB|wstitle=Baker, Henry (1698-1774)}}


==External links==
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons category|Henry Baker (naturalist)}}
*Baker, Henry (1743) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/nat_hist/id/23570 ''An attempt towards a natural history of the polype, in a letter to Martin Folkes...''] - digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]
*Baker, Henry (1743) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/26876 ''The microscope made easy''] - digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]
*Baker, Henry (1743) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/nat_hist/id/23570 ''An attempt towards a natural history of the polype, in a letter to Martin Folkes...''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002949/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/nat_hist/id/23570 |date=8 March 2019 }} - digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]
*Baker, Henry (1743) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/26876 ''The microscope made easy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308002959/http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/26876 |date=8 March 2019 }} - digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]
*[http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/search/?operation=full&recid=gb133engms19 Henry Baker collection] at [[John Rylands Library]], Manchester.
*[https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-engms19 Henry Baker collection] at [[John Rylands Library]], Manchester.

{{Copley Medallists 1731-1750}}
{{Copley Medallists 1731–1750}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
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[[Category:1698 births]]
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[[Category:1774 deaths]]
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:Scientists from London]]
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[[Category:English naturalists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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[[Category:Microscopists]]
[[Category:Microscopists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:18th-century English people]]
[[Category:18th-century English writers]]
[[Category:18th-century English poets]]

Latest revision as of 12:57, 29 July 2024

Henry Baker
Born8 May 1698 (1698-05-08)
London, England
Died25 November 1774(1774-11-25) (aged 76)
Resting placeLondon, England, United Kingdom
CitizenshipBritish
Known forMicroscopy
ChildrenDavid
Awards(1744) Copley gold medal
Scientific career
FieldsNaturalist

Henry Baker (8 May 1698 – 25 November 1774) was a British naturalist.

Life

[edit]
French translation of Attempt towards a natural history of the polype, 1744

He was born in Chancery Lane, London, 8 May 1698, the son of William Baker, a clerk in chancery. When he was 15, he was apprenticed to John Parker, a bookseller. At the close of his indentures in 1720, Baker went on a visit to John Forster, a relative, who had a deaf-mute daughter, then eight years old. As a successful therapist of deaf people, he went on to make money, by a system that he kept secret.[1] His work as therapist caught the attention of Daniel Defoe, whose youngest daughter Sophia he married on 30 April 1729.

In 1740, he was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Society. In 1744, he received the Copley gold medal for microscopical observations on the crystallization of saline particles.

He was one of the founders of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1754 (later the Society of Arts), and for some time acted as its secretary. He died in London, and was buried at St Mary le Strand.

Universal Spectator

[edit]

Under the name of Henry Stonecastle, Baker was associated with Daniel Defoe in starting the Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal in 1728. Defoe in fact did little except at the launch of the publication, intended as an essay-sheet rather than a newspaper. It appeared until 1746, running to 907 issues.[2] Baker's involvement as editor continued until 1733.[3] Among the major early contributors was the journalist John Kelly.[4]

Works

[edit]

He contributed many memoirs to the Transactions of the Royal Society. Among his publications were A Short History of Speech (1723), The Microscope made Easy (1743), Employment for the Microscope (1753),[5] where he noted down the presence of dinoflagellates for the first time as "Animalcules which cause the Sparkling Light in Sea Water", and several volumes of verse, original and translated, including The Universe, a Poem intended to restrain the Pride of Man (1727).[6][7]

Legacy

[edit]

His name is perpetuated by the Bakerian Lecture of the Royal Society, for the foundation of which he left by will the sum of £100.

Literature

[edit]
Wikisource has original works by or about:
Henry Baker
  • George Rousseau. The Letters and Private Papers of Sir John Hill (New York: AMS Press, 1981). ISBN 0-404-61472-8. Provides much biographical material about Baker in the Royal Society, and his Monday and Wednesday club of FRS at his London house.
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Baker, Henry" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

References

[edit]
  1. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1885). "Baker, Henry (1698–1774)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 3. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 9–10.
  2. ^ The Universal Spectator (London 1728–1746): An Annotated Record of the Literary Contents. Edwin Mellen Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7734-6409-4.
  3. ^ Dr. Henry Baker Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. penserians.cath.vt.edu
  4. ^ Watt, Francis (1892). "Kelly, John (1680?-1751)" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 30. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 352.
  5. ^ Baker, M., 1753. Employment for the microscope. Dodsley, London, 403 pp.
  6. ^ G. Turner (2006), "Baker, Henry (1698–1774)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Retrieved 8 May 2020: Retrieved 8 May 2020.
  7. ^ Baker's description of the polyp was translated into French by Pierre Demours in 1744 [1].
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Baker (naturalist).
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