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'''''Platycerium''''' is a genus of about 18 [[fern]] species in the polypod family, [[Polypodiaceae]]. Ferns in this genus are widely known as '''staghorn''' or '''elkhorn ferns''' due to their uniquely shaped [[frond]]s. This genus is [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] and is native to [[tropical]] and temperate areas of [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Australia]], and [[New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = North-Holland | isbn = 0444855696 | last = Hennipman | first = E. | title = A monograph of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae) | location = Amsterdam ; New York | series = Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks | date = 1982 }}</ref>
'''''Platycerium''''' is a genus of about 18 [[fern]] species in the polypod family, [[Polypodiaceae]]. Ferns in this genus are widely known as '''staghorn''' or '''elkhorn ferns''' due to their uniquely shaped [[frond]]s. This genus is [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]] and is native to [[tropical]] and temperate areas of [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Australia]], and [[New Guinea]].<ref>{{Cite book | publisher = North-Holland | isbn = 0444855696 | last = Hennipman | first = E. | title = A monograph of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae) | location = Amsterdam; New York | series = Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks | date = 1982 }}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Platycerium'' [[sporophyte]]s (adult plants) have tufted roots, growing from a short rhizome, and bear two types of fronds - basal and fertile [[frond]]s. Basal fronds are sterile, shield- or kidney-shaped, and laminate against the tree, to protect the fern's roots from damage and desiccation. In some ''Platycerium'' species, the top margin of these fronds will grow into an open crown of lobes; catching rainwater, falling forest litter, bird/animal droppings, and even the occasional fallen baby bird or deceased animal, these plants build up their own “[[compost]]” system of nutrition over many years.
''Platycerium'' [[sporophyte]]s (adult plants) have tufted roots, growing from a short rhizome, and bear two types of fronds - [[Frond dimorphism|basal and fertile fronds]]. Basal fronds are sterile, shield- or kidney-shaped, and laminate against the tree, to protect the fern's roots from damage and desiccation. In some ''Platycerium'' species, the top margin of these fronds will grow into an open crown of lobes; catching rainwater, falling forest litter, bird/animal droppings, and even an occasional fallen deceased animal, these plants build up their own “[[compost]]” system of nutrition over many years.


Fertile fronds bear spores on their undersurface, are [[dichotomous branching|dichotomous]] or antler-shaped, and jut out or hang from the rhizome. The spores are born in [[sporangia]], clustered in large sori that are usually positioned on the lobes, or at the sinus between frond lobes.
Fertile fronds bear spores on their undersurface, are [[dichotomous branching|dichotomous]] or antler-shaped, and jut out or hang from the rhizome. The spores are borne in [[sporangia]], clustered in large sori that are usually positioned on the tips of the lobes, on a specialized stalked lobe (as in ''P. ridleyi'' and ''P. coronarium''), or at the sinus between frond lobes. <ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2989731| last1 = Hoshizaki| first1 = Barbara Joe | title = Morphology and Phylogeny of Platycerium Species | journal = Biotropica | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | year = 1972 | pages = 93–117 | jstor = 2989731| bibcode = 1972Biotr...4...93H}}</ref>


Some species of ''Platycerium'' are solitary, having only one rhizome. Other species form colonies when their rhizomes branch, or when new rhizomes are formed from root tips. If the conditions are right, the spores will germinate naturally, on surrounding trees. ''Platycerium'' [[gametophytes]] are a small, heart-shaped [[thallus]].
Some species of ''Platycerium'' are solitary, having only one rhizome. Other species form colonies when their rhizomes branch, or when new rhizomes are formed from root tips. If the conditions are right, the spores will germinate naturally, on surrounding trees. A ''Platycerium'' [[gametophyte]] is a small, heart-shaped [[thallus]].


''Platycerium'' have diverged into four natural groups. Several ''Platycerium'' are strongly adapted to [[xeric]] conditions, with a naturally drought-tolerant [[Crassulacean acid metabolism|metabolism method]] having been reported for ''P.&nbsp;veitchii''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.2.217 | issn = 0002-9122 | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–225 | first = Hans-Peter | last1 = Kreier | first2 = Harald | last2 = Schneider | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | year=2006 | pmid = 21646182 }}</ref>
''Platycerium'' have diverged into four natural groups. Several ''Platycerium'' are strongly adapted to [[xeric]] conditions, with a naturally drought-tolerant [[Crassulacean acid metabolism|metabolism method]] having been reported for ''P.&nbsp;veitchii''.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.93.2.217 | issn = 0002-9122 | volume = 93 | issue = 2 | pages = 217–225 | first1 = Hans-Peter | last1 = Kreier | first2 = Harald | last2 = Schneider | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae) | journal = American Journal of Botany | year=2006 | pmid = 21646182 }}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
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! Image !! Name !! Distribution
! Image !! Name !! Distribution
|-
|-
|[[File:Platycerium alcicorne - Berlin Botanical Garden - IMG 8687.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium alcicorne]]'' {{small| Desv .}}|| Madagascar, Comoros Island, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania , Zimbabwe.
|[[File:Platycerium alcicorne - Berlin Botanical Garden - IMG 8687.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium alcicorne]]'' {{small| Desv .}}|| Madagascar, Comoros Island, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.
|-
|-
|[[File:Platycerium andinum 1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium andinum]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.
|[[File:Platycerium andinum 1.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium andinum]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.
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| ||''[[Platycerium ellisii]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina.
| ||''[[Platycerium ellisii]]'' {{small| Baker}}|| Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina.
|-
|-
|[[File:Platycerium angolense - Wilhelma Zoo - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC02037.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium elephantotis]]'' {{small| Schweinf.}} || Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Dem. Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan and South Sudan, Tanzania , Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe,tropical Africa
|[[File:Platycerium angolense - Wilhelma Zoo - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC02037.jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium elephantotis]]'' {{small| Schweinf.}} || Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Dem. Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan and South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, tropical Africa
|-
|-
|[[File:Platycerium grande (114).JPG|120px]] ||Large antler fern (''[[Platycerium grande]]'' {{small| (Fée) Kunze)}}|| Philippines Province of Mindanao and Indonesia, in the Province of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo.
|[[File:Platycerium grande (114).JPG|120px]] ||Large antler fern (''[[Platycerium grande]]'' {{small| (Fée) Kunze)}}|| Philippines Province of Mindanao and Indonesia, in the Province of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo.
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|[[File:PlatyceriumWandae.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium wandae]]'' {{small| Racib .}}|| Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Papua and Maluku Island.
|[[File:PlatyceriumWandae.JPG|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium wandae]]'' {{small| Racib .}}|| Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Papua and Maluku Island.
|-
|-
| ||''[[Platycerium willinckii]]'' {{small|T. Moore}} (Also referred to as a subspecies of Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & M. C. Roos ).|| Sulawesi and Java
|[[File:Staghorn Fern Platycerium willinckii (7881230044).jpg|120px]] ||''[[Platycerium willinckii]]'' {{small|T. Moore}} (Also referred to as a subspecies of Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & M. C. Roos ).|| Sulawesi and Java
|-
|-
|}
|}
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==References==
==References==
⚫
{{Commons category|Platycerium}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite journal | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 749–757 | last = Holtum | first = Joseph A.M. |author2=Klaus Winter | title = Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns | journal = Functional Plant Biology | date = 1999-01-01 | doi = 10.1071/PP99001 }}
*{{Cite journal | volume = 26 | issue = 8 | pages = 749–757 | last = Holtum | first = Joseph A.M. |author2=Klaus Winter | title = Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns | journal = Functional Plant Biology | date = 1999-01-01 | doi = 10.1071/PP99001 }}

⚫
{{commons category|Platycerium}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q1332675}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1332675}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Platycerium| ]]
[[Category:Platycerium| ]]
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[[Category:Garden plants of South America]]
[[Category:Garden plants of South America]]
[[Category:Fern genera]]
[[Category:Fern genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux]]

Latest revision as of 01:02, 30 July 2024

Platycerium
Platycerium bifurcatum from the Australian National Botanical Gardens, Canberra
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Subfamily: Platycerioideae
Genus: Platycerium
Desv.
Species

Platycerium is a genus of about 18 fern species in the polypod family, Polypodiaceae. Ferns in this genus are widely known as staghorn or elkhorn ferns due to their uniquely shaped fronds. This genus is epiphytic and is native to tropical and temperate areas of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia, and New Guinea.[1]

Description

[edit]

Platycerium sporophytes (adult plants) have tufted roots, growing from a short rhizome, and bear two types of fronds - basal and fertile fronds. Basal fronds are sterile, shield- or kidney-shaped, and laminate against the tree, to protect the fern's roots from damage and desiccation. In some Platycerium species, the top margin of these fronds will grow into an open crown of lobes; catching rainwater, falling forest litter, bird/animal droppings, and even an occasional fallen deceased animal, these plants build up their own “compost” system of nutrition over many years.

Fertile fronds bear spores on their undersurface, are dichotomous or antler-shaped, and jut out or hang from the rhizome. The spores are borne in sporangia, clustered in large sori that are usually positioned on the tips of the lobes, on a specialized stalked lobe (as in P. ridleyi and P. coronarium), or at the sinus between frond lobes. [2]

Some species of Platycerium are solitary, having only one rhizome. Other species form colonies when their rhizomes branch, or when new rhizomes are formed from root tips. If the conditions are right, the spores will germinate naturally, on surrounding trees. A Platycerium gametophyte is a small, heart-shaped thallus.

Platycerium have diverged into four natural groups. Several Platycerium are strongly adapted to xeric conditions, with a naturally drought-tolerant metabolism method having been reported for P. veitchii.[3]

Species

[edit]
Image Name Distribution
Platycerium alcicorne Desv . Madagascar, Comoros Island, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe.
Platycerium andinum Baker Colombia, Bolivia and Peru.
Platycerium bifurcatum (Cav.) C. Chr . Australia states of New South Wales, Queensland, Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island.
Platycerium coronarium (J. Koenig ex O. F. Müll.) Desv . Indonesia Sumatra, Kalimantan, West Java, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam.
Platycerium ellisii Baker Madagascar only in the provinces of Antsiranana and Toamasina.
Platycerium elephantotis Schweinf. Angola, Benin, Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Dem. Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan and South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, tropical Africa
Large antler fern (Platycerium grande (Fée) Kunze) Philippines Province of Mindanao and Indonesia, in the Province of North Sulawesi and Gorontalo.
Platycerium hillii T. Moore (Also referred to as a variety of Platycerium bifurcatum var. Hillii (T. Moore) Domin) Australia Queensland, Papua New Guinea and Papua Indonesia.
Platycerium holttumii de Jonch. & Hennipman Malaysia, Northern Peninsular, State of Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan, Thailand and Indochina.
Platycerium madagascariense Baker Madagascar in the provinces of Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa and Toamasina.
Platycerium quadridichotomum (Bonap.) Tardieu Madagascar only in Ankarana, Bemaraha, Bemarivo, Montagne d’Ambre including Fôret d'Ambre.
Platycerium ridleyi Christ Malaysia, Southern Thailand, Indonesia Sumatra and Kalimantan.
Triangle antler fern (Platycerium stemaria (P. Beauv.) Desv.) Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Dem. Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea (incl. Bioko), Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Senegal, Sudan and South Sudan, Uganda, Principe, Sao Tomé, tropical Africa.
Magnificent antler fern (Platycerium superbum de Jonch. & Hennipman) Queensland and New South Wales.
Platycerium veitchii (Underw.) C. Chr. (Syn .: Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Veitchii (Underw.) Hennipman & M. C. Roos) Queensland.
Platycerium wallichii Hook . Northeastern India, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and western Yunnan.
Platycerium wandae Racib . Papua New Guinea, Indonesia Papua and Maluku Island.
Platycerium willinckii T. Moore (Also referred to as a subspecies of Platycerium bifurcatum subsp. Willinckii (T. Moore) Hennipman & M. C. Roos ). Sulawesi and Java

Cultivation

[edit]

The species Platycerium bifurcatum and Platycerium superbum are commonly cultivated as ornamental plants. These oddly shaped ferns grow on trees and rocks and can be found in gardens, especially tropical gardens.

Staghorns can be propagated by spores produced on the underside of the fertile fronds. Colonial Platycerium can also be vegetatively propagated by carefully dividing large healthy ones into smaller, separate plants. These new plants can then be attached to board mounts or be strapped to trees until they take to the tree themselves.

A mature staghorn can grow more than 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide.

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Platycerium.
  1. ^ Hennipman, E. (1982). A monograph of the fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks. Amsterdam; New York: North-Holland. ISBN 0444855696.
  2. ^ Hoshizaki, Barbara Joe (1972). "Morphology and Phylogeny of Platycerium Species". Biotropica. 4 (2): 93–117. Bibcode:1972Biotr...4...93H. doi:10.2307/2989731. JSTOR 2989731.
  3. ^ Kreier, Hans-Peter; Schneider, Harald (2006). "Phylogeny and biogeography of the staghorn fern genus Platycerium (Polypodiaceae, Polypodiidae)". American Journal of Botany. 93 (2): 217–225. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.2.217. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21646182.
  • Holtum, Joseph A.M.; Klaus Winter (1999-01-01). "Degrees of crassulacean acid metabolism in tropical epiphytic and lithophytic ferns". Functional Plant Biology. 26 (8): 749–757. doi:10.1071/PP99001.
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