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{{Short description|Genus of mistletoes}}
{{taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = MistletoeInSilverBirch.jpg
|image = Mistletoe in White Poplar 1.jpg
|image_caption = ''Viscum album'' growing on a ''[[Populus]]'' species
|image_caption = ''Viscum album'' growing on a ''[[Populus]]'' species
|taxon = Viscum
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|type_species = ''[[Viscum album]]''
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|type_species_authority = [[L.]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
|ordo = [[Santalales]]
|familia = [[Santalaceae]]
|genus = '''''Viscum'''''
⚫
|genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision_ranks = Species
|subdivision = See text
|subdivision = See text
|}}
}}
⚫
'''''Viscum''''' is a genus of about 70–100 species of [[mistletoe]]s, native to temperate and tropical regions of [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]]. Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family [[Viscaceae]], but recent genetic research by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the [[Santalum|sandalwood]] family, [[Santalaceae]].


⚫
'''''Viscum''''' is a genus of about 70–100 species of [[mistletoe]]s, native to temperate and tropical regions of [[Europe]], [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Australasia]].<ref name="oneill_rana_2016">{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=A. R.| last2=Rana | first2= S. K. | date=2019 |title=An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |volume=12 |issue=14 |page=14 |doi=10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y |doi-access=free |pmid=26912113 |pmc=4765049 }}</ref> Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family [[Viscaceae]], but recent genetic research by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the [[Santalum|sandalwood]] family, [[Santalaceae]]. Its name is the origin of the English word [[viscosity|viscous]], after the Latin ''viscum'', a sticky [[bird lime]] made from the plants' berries.
⚫
They are woody, [[parasitic plant|obligate]] [[parasitic plant|hemiparasitic]] [[shrub]]s with branches {{convert|15|-|80|cm|in}} long. Their hosts are woody shrubs and [[tree]]s. The foliage is dichotomously or verticillately branching, with opposite pairs or whorls of green [[leaf|leaves]] which perform some [[photosynthesis]] (minimal in some species, notably ''V. nudum''), but with the plant drawing its mineral and water needs from the host tree. Different species of ''Viscum'' tend to use different host species; most species are able to utilise several different host species.

⚫
They are woody, [[Parasitic plant|obligate hemiparasitic]] [[shrub]]s with branches {{convert|15|-|80|cm|in}} long. Their hosts are woody shrubs and [[tree]]s. The foliage is dichotomously or verticillately branching, with opposite pairs or whorls of green [[leaf|leaves]] which perform some [[photosynthesis]] (minimal in some species, notably ''V. nudum''), but with the plant drawing its mineral and water needs from the host tree. Different species of ''Viscum'' tend to use different host species; most species are able to use several different host species.


The [[flower]]s are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, {{convert|1|-|3|mm|in}} diameter. The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]], white, yellow, orange, or red when mature, containing one or more [[seed]]s embedded in very sticky juice; the seeds are dispersed when [[bird]]s (notably the [[mistle thrush]]) eat the fruit, and remove the sticky seeds from the bill by wiping them on tree branches where they can germinate.
The [[flower]]s are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, {{convert|1|-|3|mm|in}} diameter. The [[fruit]] is a [[berry (botany)|berry]], white, yellow, orange, or red when mature, containing one or more [[seed]]s embedded in very sticky juice; the seeds are dispersed when [[bird]]s (notably the [[mistle thrush]]) eat the fruit, and remove the sticky seeds from the bill by wiping them on tree branches where they can germinate.


==Toxicity in the genus ''Viscum''==
==Toxicity in the genus ''Viscum''==
''Viscum'' species are poisonous to humans; eating the fruit causes a weak pulse and acute gastrointestinal problems including stomach pain and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Carnegie Library, Science and Reference division |title=The Handy Science Answer Book |publisher=Visible Ink Press |year=1997 |isbn=9780787610135}}</ref> At least one of the active ingredients is the [[lectin]] [[viscumin]], which is an intensely toxic. It inhibits protein synthesis by catalytically inactivating ribosomes.<ref>Sjur Olsnes, Fiorenzo Stirpe, Kirsten Sandvig, Alexander Pihl. Isolation and Characterization of Viscumin, a Toxic Lectin from Viscum album L. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 257, No 22, November 25, pp. 13263-13270, 1982.</ref> In spite of this, many species of animals are adapted to eating the fruit as a significant part of their diet.<ref name="DMWM">David M. Watson, "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide" ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'' '''32''' (2001:219–249).</ref>
''Viscum'' species are poisonous to humans; eating the fruit causes a weak pulse and acute gastrointestinal problems including stomach pain and [[diarrhea]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Carnegie Library, Science and Reference division |title=The Handy Science Answer Book |publisher=Visible Ink Press |year=1997 |isbn=9780787610135}}</ref> At least one of the active ingredients is the [[lectin]] [[viscumin]], which is intensely toxic. It inhibits protein synthesis by catalytically inactivating [[ribosomes]].<ref>Sjur Olsnes, Fiorenzo Stirpe, Kirsten Sandvig, Alexander Pihl. Isolation and Characterization of Viscumin, a Toxic Lectin from Viscum album L. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 257, No 22, November 25, pp. 13263-13270, 1982.</ref> In spite of this, many species of animals are adapted to eating the fruit as a significant part of their diet.<ref name="DMWM">[[David M. Watson]], "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide" ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics'' '''32''' (2001:219–249).</ref>

==Fossil record==
†''Viscum morlotii'' from the early [[Miocene]], has been described from [[fossil]] leaf compressions that have been found in the Kristina Mine at [[Hrádek nad Nisou]] in [[North Bohemia]], the [[Czech Republic]].<ref>A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118</ref>


==Selected species==
==Selected species==
[[File:Mistletoe with berries.jpg|thumb|Mistletoe ''Viscum album'' with berries]]
[[File:Mistletoe with berries.jpg|thumb|[[Mistletoe]] ''Viscum album'' with berries]]
[[File:Viscum coloratum on Aspen about Khabarovsk Russia.jpg|thumb|Viscum coloratum on [[Aspen]]]]
* ''[[Viscum album]]'' – European mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum album]]'' – European [[mistletoe]]
* ''[[Viscum articulatum]]''
* ''[[Viscum articulatum]]''
* ''[[Viscum bancroftii]]''
* ''[[Viscum bancroftii]]''
* ''[[Viscum capense]]'' – Cape mistletoe (South Africa)
* ''[[Viscum capense]]'' – Cape mistletoe (South Africa)
* ''[[Viscum coloratum]]'' – Korean mistletoe<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=679|access-date=8 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]}}</ref> (Korea)
* ''[[Viscum coloratum]]'' – Korean mistletoe<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|title=English Names for Korean Native Plants|publisher=[[Korea National Arboretum]]|year=2015|isbn=978-89-97450-98-5|location=Pocheon|pages=679|access-date=8 December 2016|via=[[Korea Forest Service]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (Korea)
* ''[[Viscum combreticola]]'' <small>Engl.</small> – combretum mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum combreticola]]'' <small>Engl.</small> – combretum mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum cruciatum]]'' – red-berried mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum cruciatum]]'' – red-berried mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum diospyrosicola]]''
* ''[[Viscum diospyrosicola]]''
* ''[[Viscum exile]]''
* ''[[Viscum fargesii]]''
* ''[[Viscum fargesii]]''
* ''[[Viscum liquidambaricola]]''
* ''[[Viscum liquidambaricola]]''
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* ''[[Viscum ovalifolium]]''
* ''[[Viscum ovalifolium]]''
* ''[[Viscum rotundifolium]]'' <small>L.f.</small> – round-leaved or red-berry mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum rotundifolium]]'' <small>L.f.</small> – round-leaved or red-berry mistletoe
* ''[[Viscum scurruloideum]]''
* ''[[Viscum triflorum]]''
* ''[[Viscum triflorum]]''
* ''[[Viscum whitei]]''
* ''[[Viscum whitei]]''
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134632 Flora of China: ''Viscum'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=134632 Flora of China: ''Viscum'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=134632 Flora of Pakistan: ''Viscum'']
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=134632 Flora of Pakistan: ''Viscum'']
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Viscum&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Viscum'']
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Viscum&SPECIES_XREF=&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Viscum'']
*{{APNI | name=Viscum L. | id = 40816}}
*{{APNI | name=Viscum L. | id = 40816}}
*[http://www.mistletoe.org.uk/RestOfWorld/InWorldViscaceae.htm Mistletoe Pages: ''Viscum'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060203012002/http://www.mistletoe.org.uk/RestOfWorld/InWorldViscaceae.htm Mistletoe Pages: ''Viscum'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q147345}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Santalaceae]]
[[Category:Viscum| ]]
[[Category:Parasitic plants]]
[[Category:Parasitic plants]]
[[Category:Santalales genera]]
[[Category:Santalales genera]]

Latest revision as of 08:04, 30 July 2024

Viscum
Viscum album growing on a Populus species
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Santalaceae
Genus: Viscum
L.
Type species
Viscum album
Species

See text

Viscum is a genus of about 70–100 species of mistletoes, native to temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Africa, Asia and Australasia.[1] Traditionally, the genus has been placed in its own family Viscaceae, but recent genetic research by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group shows this family to be correctly placed within a larger circumscription of the sandalwood family, Santalaceae. Its name is the origin of the English word viscous, after the Latin viscum, a sticky bird lime made from the plants' berries.

They are woody, obligate hemiparasitic shrubs with branches 15–80 centimetres (5.9–31.5 in) long. Their hosts are woody shrubs and trees. The foliage is dichotomously or verticillately branching, with opposite pairs or whorls of green leaves which perform some photosynthesis (minimal in some species, notably V. nudum), but with the plant drawing its mineral and water needs from the host tree. Different species of Viscum tend to use different host species; most species are able to use several different host species.

The flowers are inconspicuous, greenish-yellow, 1–3 millimetres (0.039–0.118 in) diameter. The fruit is a berry, white, yellow, orange, or red when mature, containing one or more seeds embedded in very sticky juice; the seeds are dispersed when birds (notably the mistle thrush) eat the fruit, and remove the sticky seeds from the bill by wiping them on tree branches where they can germinate.

Toxicity in the genus Viscum

[edit]

Viscum species are poisonous to humans; eating the fruit causes a weak pulse and acute gastrointestinal problems including stomach pain and diarrhea.[2] At least one of the active ingredients is the lectin viscumin, which is intensely toxic. It inhibits protein synthesis by catalytically inactivating ribosomes.[3] In spite of this, many species of animals are adapted to eating the fruit as a significant part of their diet.[4]

Fossil record

[edit]

†Viscum morlotii from the early Miocene, has been described from fossil leaf compressions that have been found in the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, the Czech Republic.[5]

Selected species

[edit]
Mistletoe Viscum album with berries
Viscum coloratum on Aspen

References

[edit]
  1. ^ O'Neill, A. R.; Rana, S. K. (2019). "An ethnobotanical analysis of parasitic plants (Parijibi) in the Nepal Himalaya". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 12 (14): 14. doi:10.1186/s13002-016-0086-y. PMC 4765049. PMID 26912113.
  2. ^ Carnegie Library, Science and Reference division (1997). The Handy Science Answer Book. Visible Ink Press. ISBN 9780787610135.
  3. ^ Sjur Olsnes, Fiorenzo Stirpe, Kirsten Sandvig, Alexander Pihl. Isolation and Characterization of Viscumin, a Toxic Lectin from Viscum album L. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY Vol. 257, No 22, November 25, pp. 13263-13270, 1982.
  4. ^ David M. Watson, "Mistletoe-A Keystone Resource in Forests and Woodlands Worldwide" Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 (2001:219–249).
  5. ^ A review of the early Miocene Mastixioid flora of the Kristina Mine at Hrádek nad Nisou in North Bohemia, The Czech Republic, January 2012 by F. Holý, Z. Kvaček and Vasilis Teodoridis - ACTA MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Series B – Historia Naturalis • vol. 68 • 2012 • no. 3–4 • pp. 53–118
  6. ^ English Names for Korean Native Plants (PDF). Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum. 2015. p. 679. ISBN 978-89-97450-98-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016 – via Korea Forest Service.

Other sources

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Viscum&oldid=1237536622"