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{{Short description|Subseries in the family Proteaceae}}
⚫
{{Taxobox | name=''Banksia'' subser. ''Cratistylis''
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
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| image = Banksia menziesii 1 gnangarra.jpg
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
⚫
| image_caption = ''[[Banksia menziesii]]'' (Firewood Banksia), the [[type species]] of ''B.'' subser. ''Cratistylis''
{{Automatic taxobox
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|image = Banksia menziesii 1 gnangarra.jpg
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
⚫
|image_caption = ''[[Banksia menziesii]]'' (Firewood Banksia), the [[type species]] of ''B.'' subser. ''Cratistylis''
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
|display_parents = 3
| ordo = [[Proteales]]
⚫
|taxon = Banksia subser. Cratistylis
| familia = [[Proteaceae]]
⚫
|authority = [[Kevin Thiele|K.R.Thiele]]
| genus = ''[[Banksia]]''
⚫
|subdivision_ranks = Species
| subgenus = [[Banksia subg. Banksia|''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'']]
⚫
|subdivision = See text
| series = [[Banksia ser. Banksia|''B.'' ser. ''Banksia'']]
| subseries = '''''B.'' subser. ''Cratistylis'''''
⚫
| subseries_authority = [[Kevin Thiele|K.R.Thiele]]
⚫
| subdivision_ranks = Species
⚫
| subdivision = See text
}}
}}

'''''Banksia'' subser. ''Cratistylis''''' is a valid [[botanic name]] for a [[subseries]] of ''[[Banksia]]''. It was first published by [[Kevin Thiele]] in 1996, but discarded by [[Alex George]] in 1999.
'''''Banksia'' subser. ''Cratistylis''''' is a valid [[botanic name]] for a [[subseries]] of ''[[Banksia]]''. It was first published by [[Kevin Thiele]] in 1996 but discarded by [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] in 1999.


==Cladistics==
==Cladistics==
The name came about after a [[cladistics|cladistic analysis]] of ''Banksia'' by Thiele and Pauline Ladiges yielded a [[phylogeny]] somewhat at odds with the accepted taxonomic arrangement, [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|the 1981 arrangement of George]]. Thiele and Ladiges' [[cladogram]] included a [[clade]] consisting of the members of [[Banksia ser. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'']] ''[[sensu]]'' George, together with the four members of George's [[Banksia ser. Crocinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Crocinae'']]. This clade divided into two subclades:<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{cite journal | author = [[Kevin Thiele|Thiele, Kevin]] and Pauline Y. Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661-733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref>
The name came about after a [[cladistics|cladistic analysis]] of ''Banksia'' by Thiele and [[Pauline Ladiges]] yielded a [[phylogeny]] somewhat at odds with the accepted taxonomic arrangement, [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia|the 1981 arrangement of George]]. Thiele and Ladiges' [[cladogram]] included a [[clade]] consisting of the members of [[Banksia ser. Banksia|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Banksia'']] ''[[sensu]]'' George, together with the four members of George's [[Banksia ser. Crocinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Crocinae'']]. This clade divided into two subclades:<ref name="Thiele 1996">{{Cite journal | first1 = Kevin | last1 = Thiele | author-link1 = Kevin Thiele | first2 = Pauline Y. | last2 = Ladiges | author-link2 = Pauline Ladiges | year = 1996 | title = A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 9 | issue = 5 | pages = 661–733 | doi = 10.1071/SB9960661}}</ref>
{{clade
{{Clade
|1={{clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]''
|1=''[[Banksia ornata|B.&nbsp;ornata]]''
|2=''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''
|2=''[[Banksia serrata|B.&nbsp;serrata]]''
|3=''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]''
|3=''[[Banksia aemula|B.&nbsp;aemula]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]''
|1=''[[Banksia candolleana|B.&nbsp;candolleana]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]''
|1=''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1={{clade
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]''
|1=''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]''
|2=''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]''
|2=''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''
|1=''[[Banksia menziesii|B.&nbsp;menziesii]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia burdettii|B.&nbsp;burdettii]]''
|1=''[[Banksia burdettii|B.&nbsp;burdettii]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia victoriae|B.&nbsp;victoriae]]''
|1=''[[Banksia victoriae|B.&nbsp;victoriae]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{Clade
|1=''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]''
|1=''[[Banksia hookeriana|B.&nbsp;hookeriana]]''
|2=''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]''
|2=''[[Banksia prionotes|B.&nbsp;prionotes]]''
Line 93: Line 90:
:::[[Banksia ser. Dryandroides|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandroides'']] (1 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Dryandroides|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandroides'']] (1 species)
:::[[Banksia ser. Abietinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Abietinae'']] (4 subspecies, 14 species, 8 subspecies)
:::[[Banksia ser. Abietinae|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Abietinae'']] (4 subspecies, 14 species, 8 subspecies)
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement,<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref> which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement, including ''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Cratistylis''.<ref name="George 1999">{{cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = Alex S. | authorlink = Alex George | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette (ed.) | encyclopedia = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = Volume 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] / [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] | id = ISBN 0-643-06454-0}}</ref>
Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the ''[[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]]'' series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement,<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref> which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement, including ''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Cratistylis''.<ref name="George 1999">{{Cite encyclopedia | last = George | first = Alex S. | author-link = Alex George (botanist) | year = 1999 | title = Banksia | editor = Wilson, Annette | series = Volume | encyclopedia = [[Flora of Australia (series)|Flora of Australia]] | volume = 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra | pages = 175–251 | location = Collingwood, Victoria | publisher = [[CSIRO Publishing]] / [[Australian Biological Resources Study]] | isbn = 0-643-06454-0}}</ref>


==Recent developments==
==Recent developments==
[[Image:Banksia sceptrum chris email.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]'' (Sceptre Banksia)]]
[[Image:Banksia sceptrum chris email.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Banksia sceptrum|B.&nbsp;sceptrum]]'' (Sceptre Banksia)]]
Since 1998, [[Austin Mast]] has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Banksiinae]]. His analyses suggest a [[phylogeny]] that is rather different to previous taxonomic arrangements. ''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Cratistylis'' appears to be [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]]: ''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'' (Baxter's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]'' (Showy Banksia) form a clade alongside ''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'' (Scarlet Banksia), and the remaining species form a clade with ''[[Banksia ashbyi|B.&nbsp;ashbyi]]'' (Ashby's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia lindleyana|B.&nbsp;lindleyana]]'' (Porcupine Banksia).<ref name="Mast 1998">{{cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2002">{{cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. and Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | id = {{ISSN|0002-9122}} | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/8/1311 | accessdate=2006-07-02}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2005">{{cite journal | author = [[Austin Mast|Mast, Austin R.]], Eric H. Jones and Shawn P. Havery | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015}}</ref>
Since 1998, [[Austin Mast]] has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of [[DNA sequence]] data for the subtribe [[Banksiinae]]. His analyses suggest a [[phylogeny]] that is rather different from previous taxonomic arrangements. ''B.''&nbsp;subser. ''Cratistylis'' appears to be [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]]: ''[[Banksia baxteri|B.&nbsp;baxteri]]'' (Baxter's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia speciosa|B.&nbsp;speciosa]]'' (Showy Banksia) form a clade alongside ''[[Banksia coccinea|B.&nbsp;coccinea]]'' (Scarlet Banksia), and the remaining species form a clade with ''[[Banksia ashbyi|B.&nbsp;ashbyi]]'' (Ashby's Banksia) and ''[[Banksia lindleyana|B.&nbsp;lindleyana]]'' (Porcupine Banksia).<ref name="Mast 1998">{{Cite journal | last = Mast | first = Austin R. | author-link = Austin Mast | year = 1998 | title = Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 321–342 | doi = 10.1071/SB97026}}</ref><ref name="Mast 2002">{{Cite journal | first1 = Austin R. | last1 = Mast | first2 = Thomas J. | last2 = Givnish | author-link2 = Thomas J. Givnish | year = 2002 | title = Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | volume = 89 | issue = 8 | pages = 1311–1323 | issn = 0002-9122 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311 | pmid = 21665734 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Mast 2005">{{Cite journal | author = Mast, Austin R. | author2 = Eric H. Jones | author3 = Shawn P. Havery | name-list-style = amp | year = 2005 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | title = An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of ''Banksia'' with respect to ''Dryandra'' (Proteaceae) | journal = Australian Systematic Botany | pages = 75–88 | publisher = CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society | doi = 10.1071/SB04015}}</ref>


Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by transferring ''Dryandra'' into it, and publishing [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae'']] for the species having spoon-shaped [[cotyledon]]s. All members of subseries ''Banksia'' fall within Mast and Thiele's ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'', but no further details have been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' is complete.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | first = Austin | last = Mast | authorlink = Austin Mast | coauthors = [[Kevin Thiele]] | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>
Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of ''Banksia'' by transferring ''Dryandra'' into it, and publishing [[Banksia subg. Spathulatae|''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Spathulatae'']] for the species having spoon-shaped [[cotyledon]]s. All members of subseries ''Banksia'' fall within Mast and Thiele's ''B.''&nbsp;subg. ''Banksia'', but no further details have been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' is complete.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{Cite journal | first1 = Austin | last1 = Mast | first2 = Kevin | last2 = Thiele | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4856741}}


[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name|Cratistylis]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Banksia subser. Cratistylis}}
[[Category:Flora of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Banksia taxa by scientific name| subser. Cratistylis]]
[[Category:Eudicots of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Plant subseries]]

Latest revision as of 09:20, 30 July 2024

Banksia subser. Cratistylis
Banksia menziesii (Firewood Banksia), the type species of B. subser. Cratistylis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Section: Banksia sect. Banksia
Series: Banksia ser. Banksia
Subseries: Banksia subser. Cratistylis
K.R.Thiele
Species

See text

Banksia subser. Cratistylis is a valid botanic name for a subseries of Banksia. It was first published by Kevin Thiele in 1996 but discarded by Alex George in 1999.

Cladistics

[edit]

The name came about after a cladistic analysis of Banksia by Thiele and Pauline Ladiges yielded a phylogeny somewhat at odds with the accepted taxonomic arrangement, the 1981 arrangement of George. Thiele and Ladiges' cladogram included a clade consisting of the members of B. ser. Banksia sensu George, together with the four members of George's B. ser. Crocinae. This clade divided into two subclades:[1]

Taxonomy

[edit]

Thiele and Ladiges accepted this clade as the basis for their B. ser. Banksia, discarding George's B. ser. Crocinae. They divided the series into two subseries in accordance with their cladogram, with B. ornata (Desert Banksia), B. serrata (Saw Banksia) and B. aemula (Wallum Banksia) placed in B. subser. Banksia, and the remaining nine species placed in B. subser. Cratistylis. The latter subseries was formally defined as containing those species with "stout, usually monotonically curved, smooth styles, and seed bodies usually with spine-like or plate-like processes on their inner faces", and given as type species B. menziesii (Firewood Banksia). The subseries name comes from the Greek kratys ("strong, sturdy") and stylos ("style"), in reference to the stout style and pollen-presenter of the species contained therein.[1]

The placement and circumscription of B. subser. Cratistylis in Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement may be summarised as follows:[1]

B. baxteri (Baxter's Banksia)
B. candolleana (Propellor Banksia)
Banksia
B. subg. Isostylis (3 species)
B. elegans (incertae sedis)
B. subg. Banksia
B. ser. Tetragonae (4 species)
B. ser. Lindleyanae (1 species)
B. ser. Banksia
B. subser. Banksia
B. ornata
B. serrata
B. aemula
B. subser. Cratistylis
B. candolleana
B. sceptrum
B. baxteri
B. speciosa
B. menziesii
B. burdettii
B. victoriae
B. hookeriana
B. prionotes
B. baueri (incertae sedis)
B. lullfitzii (incertae sedis)
B. attenuata (incertae sedis)
B. ashbyi (incertae sedis)
B. coccinea (incertae sedis)
B. ser. Prostratae (8 species)
B. ser. Cyrtostylis (4 species)
B. ser. Ochraceae (4 species)
B. ser. Grandes (2 species)
B. ser. Salicinae (2 subseries, 11 species, 4 subspecies)
B. ser. Spicigerae (3 subseries, 7 species, 6 varieties)
B. ser. Quercinae (2 species)
B. ser. Dryandroides (1 species)
B. ser. Abietinae (4 subspecies, 14 species, 8 subspecies)

Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement remained current only until 1999, when George's treatment of the genus for the Flora of Australia series of monographs was published. This was essentially a revision of George's 1981 arrangement,[2] which took into account some of Thiele and Ladiges' data, but rejected their overall arrangement, including B. subser. Cratistylis.[3]

Recent developments

[edit]
B. sceptrum (Sceptre Banksia)

Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is rather different from previous taxonomic arrangements. B. subser. Cratistylis appears to be polyphyletic: B. baxteri (Baxter's Banksia) and B. speciosa (Showy Banksia) form a clade alongside B. coccinea (Scarlet Banksia), and the remaining species form a clade with B. ashbyi (Ashby's Banksia) and B. lindleyana (Porcupine Banksia).[4][5][6]

Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. All members of subseries Banksia fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Banksia, but no further details have been published. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.[7]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Thiele, Kevin; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1996). "A Cladistic Analysis of Banksia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 9 (5): 661–733. doi:10.1071/SB9960661.
  2. ^ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 239–473.
  3. ^ George, Alex S. (1999). "Banksia". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Volume. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 175–251. ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
  4. ^ Mast, Austin R. (1998). "Molecular systematics of subtribe Banksiinae (Banksia and Dryandra; Proteaceae) based on cpDNA and nrDNA sequence data: implications for taxonomy and biogeography". Australian Systematic Botany. 11 (4): 321–342. doi:10.1071/SB97026.
  5. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Givnish, Thomas J. (2002). "Historical biogeography and the origin of stomatal distributions in Banksia and Dryandra (Proteaceae) based on Their cpDNA phylogeny". American Journal of Botany. 89 (8): 1311–1323. doi:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1311. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 21665734.
  6. ^ Mast, Austin R.; Eric H. Jones & Shawn P. Havery (2005). "An assessment of old and new DNA sequence evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 18 (1). CSIRO Publishing / Australian Systematic Botany Society: 75–88. doi:10.1071/SB04015.
  7. ^ Mast, Austin; Thiele, Kevin (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20 (1): 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
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