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{{short description|1870 arrangement of the Australian endemic plant series Dryandra in the genus Banksia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
[[Image:Flora Australiensis V5 title page.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Bentham]]'s taxonomic arrangement of ''[[Dryandra]]'' was first published in Volume V of ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''.]]
[[Image:Flora Australiensis V5 title page.jpg|thumb|right|[[George Bentham]]'s taxonomic arrangement of ''[[Dryandra]]'' was first published in Volume V of ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''.]]
'''[[George Bentham]]'s taxonomic arrangement of ''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra'']]) was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''.<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | author = [[George Bentham|Bentham, George]] | year = 1870 | title = Dryandra | encyclopedia = [[Flora Australiensis]] | volume = Volume 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 562–584 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> It replaced [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1856 arrangement]] of [[Carl Meissner]], and stood for over a century before being replaced by the 1996 [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1996 arrangement]] of [[Alex George]].
'''[[George Bentham]]'s taxonomic arrangement of ''Dryandra''''' (now [[Banksia ser. Dryandra|''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra'']]) was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's ''[[Flora Australiensis]]''.<ref name="Bentham 1870">{{cite encyclopedia | author = [[George Bentham|Bentham, George]] | year = 1870 | title = Dryandra | encyclopedia = [[Flora Australiensis]] | volume = 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae | pages = 562–584 | location = London | publisher = L. Reeve & Co.}}</ref> It replaced [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1856 arrangement]] of [[Carl Meissner]], and stood for over a century before being replaced by [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1996 arrangement]] of [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]].


==Background==
==Background==
{{seealso|Banksia ser. Dryandra}}
{{see also|Banksia ser. Dryandra}}
The dryandras are a group of [[proteaceae|proteaceous]] shrubs endemic to southwest [[Western Australia]]. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]]. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus ''Banksia'' as ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra''. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.
The dryandras are a group of [[proteaceae|proteaceous]] shrubs endemic to southwest [[Western Australia]]. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]]. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus ''Banksia'' as ''B.''&nbsp;ser. ''Dryandra''. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.


The first infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra'' was [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Brown's 1810 arrangement]], which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification.<ref name="Brown 1810">{{cite book | last = Brown | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Brown (botanist) | year = 1810 | title = [[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]] | location = London | publisher = Taylor}}</ref> Twenty years later, Brown published [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|a revised arrangement]] which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and placed one further species in a separate genus ''Hemiclidia''.<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Brown, Robert]] | year = 1830 | title = [[Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae]] | pages = 37–40 | publisher = Taylor | location = London}}</ref> This was followed by [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1856 arrangement of]] [[Carl Meissner]], which recognised 53 species and six varieties, dividing them into three sections and eight series, and maintaining the monospecific genus ''Hemiclidia''.<ref name="Meissner 1856 XLIV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = [[Carl Meissner|Meissner, Carl]] | title = XLIV. Dryandra | pages = 467–481 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref><ref name="Meissner 1856 XLV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = [[Carl Meissner|Meissner, Carl]] | title = XLV. Hemiclidia | pages = 481–482 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref>
The first infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra'' was [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|Brown's 1810 arrangement]], which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification.<ref name="Brown 1810">{{cite book | last = Brown | first = Robert | author-link = Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773) | year = 1810 | title = [[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]] | location = London | publisher = Taylor}}</ref> Twenty years later, Brown published [[Brown's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|a revised arrangement]] which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and placed one further species in a separate genus ''Hemiclidia''.<ref name="Brown 1830">{{cite book | author = [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Brown, Robert]] | year = 1830 | title = [[Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae]] | pages = 37–40 | publisher = Taylor | location = London}}</ref> This was followed by [[Meissner's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|the 1856 arrangement of]] [[Carl Meissner]], which recognised 53 species and six varieties, dividing them into three sections and eight series, and maintaining the monospecific genus ''Hemiclidia''.<ref name="Meissner 1856 XLIV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = [[Carl Meissner|Meissner, Carl]] | title = XLIV. Dryandra | pages = 467–481 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref><ref name="Meissner 1856 XLV">{{cite encyclopedia | editor = [[A. P. de Candolle|de Candolle, A. P.]] | year = 1856 | encyclopedia = [[Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis]] | volume = XIV | author = [[Carl Meissner|Meissner, Carl]] | title = XLV. Hemiclidia | pages = 481–482 | location = Paris | publisher = Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz}}</ref>


==Bentham's arrangement==
==Bentham's arrangement==
Line 24: Line 26:
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Floribundae|Floribundæ]]''
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Floribundae|Floribundæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;floribunda'' (now [[Banksia sessilis var. sessilis|''B.&nbsp;sessilis'' var. ''sessilis'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;floribunda'' (now [[Banksia sessilis var. sessilis|''B.&nbsp;sessilis'' var. ''sessilis'']])
:::::''D.&nbsp;f.''&nbsp;var. ''major'' (now [[Banksia sessilis var. cordata|''B.&nbsp;sessilis'' var. ''cordata'']])
:::::''D.&nbsp;floribunda'' var. ''major'' (now [[Banksia sessilis var. cordata|''B.&nbsp;sessilis'' var. ''cordata'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;carduacea'' (now [[Banksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosa|''B.&nbsp;squarrosa'' subsp. ''squarrosa'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;carduacea'' (now [[Banksia squarrosa subsp. squarrosa|''B.&nbsp;squarrosa'' subsp. ''squarrosa'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;carlinoides'' (now ''[[Banksia carlinoides|B.&nbsp;carlinoides]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;carlinoides'' (now ''[[Banksia carlinoides|B.&nbsp;carlinoides]]'')
Line 35: Line 37:
::::''D.&nbsp;foliolata'' (now ''[[Banksia foliolata|B.&nbsp;foliolata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;foliolata'' (now ''[[Banksia foliolata|B.&nbsp;foliolata]]'')
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Formosae|Formosæ]]''
:::Series ''[[Dryandra ser. Formosae|Formosæ]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;stuposa'' (now ''[[Banksia stuposa|B.&nbsp;stuposa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;stupposa'' (now ''[[Banksia stuposa|B.&nbsp;stuposa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nobilis'' (now ''[[Banksia nobilis|B.&nbsp;nobilis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nobilis'' (now ''[[Banksia nobilis|B.&nbsp;nobilis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;mucronulata'' (now ''[[Banksia mucronulata|B.&nbsp;mucronulata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;mucronulata'' (now ''[[Banksia mucronulata|B.&nbsp;mucronulata]]'')
Line 43: Line 45:
::::''D.&nbsp;nivea'' (now ''[[Banksia nivea|B.&nbsp;nivea]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nivea'' (now ''[[Banksia nivea|B.&nbsp;nivea]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;arctotidis'' (now ''[[Banksia arctotidis|B.&nbsp;arctotidis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;arctotidis'' (now ''[[Banksia arctotidis|B.&nbsp;arctotidis]]'')
:::::''D.&nbsp;a.''&nbsp;var. ''tortifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia tortifolia|B.&nbsp;tortifolia]]'')
:::::''D.&nbsp;arctotidis'' var. ''tortifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia tortifolia|B.&nbsp;tortifolia]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nana'' (now ''[[Banksia nana|B.&nbsp;nana]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;nana'' (now ''[[Banksia nana|B.&nbsp;nana]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Preissii'' (now ''[[Banksia acuminata|B.&nbsp;acuminata]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;Preissii'' (now ''[[Banksia acuminata|B.&nbsp;acuminata]]'')
Line 66: Line 68:
::::''D.&nbsp;tenuifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia tenuis|B.&nbsp;tenuis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;tenuifolia'' (now ''[[Banksia tenuis|B.&nbsp;tenuis]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;proteoides'' (now ''[[Banksia proteoides|B.&nbsp;proteoides]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;proteoides'' (now ''[[Banksia proteoides|B.&nbsp;proteoides]]'')
:::::''D.&nbsp;p.''&nbsp;var. ''ferruginea'' (now ''[[Banksia rufa|B.&nbsp;rufa]]''
:::::''D.&nbsp;proteoides'' var. ''ferruginea'' (now ''[[Banksia rufa|B.&nbsp;rufa]]''
::::''D.&nbsp;runcinata'' (now [[Banksia rufa subsp. rufa|''B.&nbsp;r.''&nbsp;subsp. ''rufa'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;runcinata'' (now [[Banksia rufa subsp. rufa|''B.&nbsp;r.''&nbsp;subsp. ''rufa'']])
::::''D.&nbsp;obtusa'' (now ''[[Banksia obtusa|B.&nbsp;obtusa]]'')
::::''D.&nbsp;obtusa'' (now ''[[Banksia obtusa|B.&nbsp;obtusa]]'')
Line 74: Line 76:


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Bentham's arrangement remained the accepted arrangement of ''Dryandra'' 126 years. It was finally replaced in 1996 by [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|a new arrangement]] published by [[Alex George]]. George's arrangement retained a number of Bentham's infrageneric taxa.<ref name="George 1996">{{cite journal | author = [[Alex George|George, Alex S.]] | year = 1996 | title = New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–408}}</ref>
Bentham's arrangement remained the accepted arrangement of ''Dryandra'' 126 years. It was finally replaced in 1996 by [[George's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra|a new arrangement]] published by [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]]. George's arrangement retained a number of Bentham's infrageneric taxa.<ref name="George 1996">{{cite journal | author = [[Alex George (botanist)|George, Alex S.]] | year = 1996 | title = New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae) | journal = [[Nuytsia (journal)|Nuytsia]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 313–408| doi = 10.58828/nuy00235 | s2cid = 92008567 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/235162 }}</ref>


In 2007, [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] transferred ''Dryandra'' into ''Banksia'', on the grounds that ''Banksia'' was [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] with respect to ''Dryandra''. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of ''Banksia'', so as an interim measure they transferred ''Dryandra'' at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra'' has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Bentham's infrageneric taxa are in current use.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | author = [[Austin Mast|Mast, A. R.]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>
In 2007, [[Austin Mast]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] transferred ''Dryandra'' into ''Banksia'', on the grounds that ''Banksia'' was [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] with respect to ''Dryandra''. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of ''Banksia'', so as an interim measure they transferred ''Dryandra'' at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of ''Dryandra'' has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Bentham's infrageneric taxa are in current use.<ref name="Mast 2007">{{cite journal | author = [[Austin Mast|Mast, A. R.]] and [[Kevin Thiele]] | year = 2007 | title = The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae) | journal = [[Australian Systematic Botany]] | volume = 20 | pages = 63–71 | doi = 10.1071/SB06016}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{wikisourcepar|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/29. Dryandra|Flora Australiensis/&#8203;Volume&nbsp;V/&#8203;CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/&#8203;29.&nbsp;Dryandra}}
{{wikisource|Flora Australiensis/Volume V/CIV. Proteaceae/29. Dryandra|Flora Australiensis/Volume&nbsp;V/CIV.&nbsp;Proteaceae/29.&nbsp;Dryandra}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


Latest revision as of 09:23, 30 July 2024

George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra was first published in Volume V of Flora Australiensis.

George Bentham's taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra (now B. ser. Dryandra) was published in 1870, in Volume 5 of Bentham's Flora Australiensis.[1] It replaced the 1856 arrangement of Carl Meissner, and stood for over a century before being replaced by the 1996 arrangement of Alex George.

Background

[edit]
See also: Banksia ser. Dryandra

The dryandras are a group of proteaceous shrubs endemic to southwest Western Australia. For nearly two hundred years they were considered a separate genus, having been published at that rank in 1810 by Robert Brown. In 2007 it was transferred into the genus Banksia as B. ser. Dryandra. There are now just under 100 species, plus numerous subspecies and varieties.

The first infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra was Brown's 1810 arrangement, which listed 13 species, but did not attempt an infrageneric classification.[2] Twenty years later, Brown published a revised arrangement which divided 23 recognised species in three subgenera, and placed one further species in a separate genus Hemiclidia.[3] This was followed by the 1856 arrangement of Carl Meissner, which recognised 53 species and six varieties, dividing them into three sections and eight series, and maintaining the monospecific genus Hemiclidia.[4][5]

Bentham's arrangement

[edit]

Bentham's arrangement was published in 1870, in Volume V of Flora Australiensis. He reduced the number of species to 47, and the number of varieties to two, proposing an arrangement consisting of two sections and seven series. Hemiclidia was transferred back into Dryandra.[1]

George Bentham's 1870 taxonomic arrangement of Dryandra may be summarised as follows:[1]

Genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
Section Eudryandra
Series Armatæ
D. quercifolia (now B. heliantha)
D. praemorsa (now B. undata)
D. cuneata (now B. obovata)
D. falcata (now B. falcata)
D. armata (now B. armata)
D. longifolia (now B. prolata)
D. Fraseri (now B. fraseri)
Series Floribundæ
D. floribunda (now B. sessilis var. sessilis)
D. floribunda var. major (now B. sessilis var. cordata)
D. carduacea (now B. squarrosa subsp. squarrosa)
D. carlinoides (now B. carlinoides)
D. polycephala (now B. polycephala)
D. Kippistiana (now B. kippistiana)
Series Concinnæ
D. squarrosa (now B. squarrosa)
D. serra (now B. serra)
D. concinna (now B. concinna)
D. foliolata (now B. foliolata)
Series Formosæ
D. stupposa (now B. stuposa)
D. nobilis (now B. nobilis)
D. mucronulata (now B. mucronulata)
D. formosa (now B. formosa)
D. Baxteri (now B. biterax)
Series Niveæ
D. nivea (now B. nivea)
D. arctotidis (now B. arctotidis)
D. arctotidis var. tortifolia (now B. tortifolia)
D. nana (now B. nana)
D. Preissii (now B. acuminata)
Series Obvallatæ
D. sclerophylla (now B. sclerophylla)
D. pulchella (now B. bella)
D. plumosa (now B. plumosa)
D. seneciifolia (now B. seneciifolia)
D. vestita (now B. vestita)
D. cirsioides (now B. cirsioides)
D. Hewardiana (now B. hewardiana)
D. patens (now B. hewardiana)
D. conferta (now B. densa)
D. horrida (now B. horrida)
D. serratuloides (now B. serratuloides)
D. comosa (now B. comosa)
Series Gymnocephalæ
D. Shuttleworthiana (now B. shuttleworthiana)
D. speciosa (now B. splendida)
D. tridentata (now B. tridentata)
Section Aphragma
D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuis)
D. proteoides (now B. proteoides)
D. proteoides var. ferruginea (now B. rufa
D. runcinata (now B. r. subsp. rufa)
D. obtusa (now B. obtusa)
D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida)
D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)

Legacy

[edit]

Bentham's arrangement remained the accepted arrangement of Dryandra 126 years. It was finally replaced in 1996 by a new arrangement published by Alex George. George's arrangement retained a number of Bentham's infrageneric taxa.[6]

In 2007, Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred Dryandra into Banksia, on the grounds that Banksia was paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. Mast and Thiele were not yet ready to proffer an arrangement for the new circumscription of Banksia, so as an interim measure they transferred Dryandra at series rank, so as to minimise disruption to the nomenclature. Thus the infrageneric arrangement of Dryandra has been set aside, at least temporarily, and hence none of Bentham's infrageneric taxa are in current use.[7]

References

[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
  1. ^ a b c Bentham, George (1870). "Dryandra". Flora Australiensis. Vol. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 562–584.
  2. ^ Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. London: Taylor.
  3. ^ Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae. London: Taylor. pp. 37–40.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLIV. Dryandra". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 467–481.
  5. ^ Meissner, Carl (1856). "XLV. Hemiclidia". In de Candolle, A. P. (ed.). Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 481–482.
  6. ^ George, Alex S. (1996). "New taxa and a new infragenetic classification in Dryandra R.Br. (Proteaceae: Grevilleoideae)". Nuytsia. 10 (3): 313–408. doi:10.58828/nuy00235. S2CID 92008567.
  7. ^ Mast, A. R. and Kevin Thiele (2007). "The transfer of Dryandra R.Br. to Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 20: 63–71. doi:10.1071/SB06016.
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