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{{Short description|Swedish computer scientist (1965–2020)}}
{{For|the Swedish musician Peter Nordin|Meshuggah}}
{{For|the Swedish musician Peter Nordin|Meshuggah}}
{{COI|date=January 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2011}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Peter Nordin
| name = Peter Nordin
| image = Peternordin.jpeg
| image = Peternordin.jpeg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|8|9|mf=y}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1965|8|9|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Helsingborg]], Sweden
| birth_place = [[Helsingborg]], Sweden
| death_date =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|10|12|1965|8|9|mf=y}}
| death_place =
| death_place =
| residence = [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] [[Sweden]]
| nationality = [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| nationality = [[Image:Flag of Sweden.svg|20px]] [[Sweden|Swedish]]
| field = [[Evolutionary robotics]]<br />[[Artificial intelligence]]<br />[[Text mining|Text Mining]]<br />[[Complex Systems]]
⚫
| work_institution = iRobis
| field = [[Evolutionary robotics]]<br>[[Artificial intelligence]]<br>[[Text mining|Text Mining]]<br>[[Complex Systems]]
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Technical University of Dortmund|University of Dortmund]]<br />[[Chalmers University of Technology]]<br />[[Göteborg University]]
⚫
| work_institution = iRobis
⚫
| alma_mater = [[Dortmund University of Technology|University of Dortmund]]<br>[[Chalmers University of Technology]]<br>[[Göteborg University]]
}}
}}
'''Peter Nordin''' is a [[Swedish people|Swedish]] computer scientist, entrepreneur and author who has contributed to [[artificial intelligence]], [[automatic programming]], [[machine learning]], and [[evolutionary robotics]].
'''Peter Nordin''' (August 9, 1965&nbsp;– October 12, 2020)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Peter Nordin|url=https://minnessidor.fonus.se/flower_shop/choose_delivery_type.php?order_id=3792917&set_site_id=2&action=buy_products&cat=flowers&hide_wizard=true&sign=edd9a4f84aad08e863f7bb2b43745e62|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Minnessidor|publisher=Fonus|language=sv}}</ref> was a Swedish computer scientist, entrepreneur and author who has contributed to [[artificial intelligence]], [[automatic programming]], [[machine learning]], and [[evolutionary robotics]].


== Studies and early career ==
== Studies and early career ==
Peter Nordin was born in 1965 in [[Helsingborg]] but moved to [[Gothenburg]] in 1967, where he was raised. He began studies at Chalmers University of Technology in 1984 and completed the M.S. in [[computer science]] and engineering in 1988 and studied economics. He then worked as a [[knowledge engineer]] for [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) company, Infologics AB, focusing on [[research and development]] of [[knowledge-based systems]] and [[complex system]] [[Configure (computing)|configuration]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7WmiBpeOpH0C&pg=PA357&lpg=PA357&dq=prov+infologics+nordin|title=Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases III|isbn=9789051990737|last1=Ohsuga|first1=Setsuo|last2=Kangassalo|first2=Hannu|year=1992}}</ref>
Peter Nordin was born in 1965 in [[Helsingborg]] but moved to [[Gothenburg]] in 1967, where he was raised. He began studies at Chalmers University of Technology in 1984 and completed the M.S. in [[computer science]] and engineering in 1988 and studied economics. He then worked as a [[knowledge engineer]] for [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) company, Infologics AB, focusing on [[research and development]] of [[knowledge-based systems]] and [[complex system]] [[Configure (computing)|configuration]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WmiBpeOpH0C&q=prov+infologics+nordin&pg=PA357|title=Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases III|isbn=9789051990737|last1=Ohsuga|first1=Setsuo|last2=Kangassalo|first2=Hannu|year=1992|publisher=IOS Press }}</ref>


Nordin began his research while at Infologics AB, Sweden. His work led to several European research projects ([[European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology|ESPRIT]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel3/2223/7874/00334800.pdf?temp=x |title=IEEE.org |publisher=Ieeexplore.ieee.org |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> including projects in [[machine learning]] ([[autonomous]] vehicles) and methodologies for AI system development.<ref>[http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/files/documents/cmaster.rtf Lri.fr] {{fr icon}}</ref> He began his research in [[Genetic Programming]] (GP) in 1992.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/gbachelier/sets/72157604110546455/ Flickr.com], [https://books.google.com/books?id=eu2JplnQdBkC&pg=PA311&dq=%22Peter+Nordin%22&ei=jSr3SPP6A4WYsgPZ6eybCw Google.se] {{sv icon}}</ref> In 1993, he started Dacapo AB,<ref>[http://www.hindawi.com/486024.html Short profile of Peter from Hindawi Publishing Corporation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021659/http://www.hindawi.com/486024.html |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> a research and development company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genetic-programming.org/gp98progcommnames.html |title=Genetic-programming.org |publisher=Genetic-programming.org |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> He invented a method for automatic induction of binary machine code using genetic programming<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/nordin_thesis.html|title=Evolutionary Program Induction of Binary Machine Code and its Applications}}</ref> and researched how to produce machine code with genetic programming. In 1997 he co-founded the American company RML Technologies, Inc. with commercial GP software.<ref>http://www.rmltech.com</ref> Nordin spent a large portion of 1995 and 1996 at the [[Dortmund University of Technology|University of Dortmund]], where he completed his doctoral studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/PRInfo/reports/msg00157.html |title=Delft University of Technology |publisher=Ph.tn.tudelft.nl |accessdate=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328025654/http://www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/PRInfo/reports/msg00157.html |archivedate=March 28, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> At Dortmund University he initiated research in [[evolutionary robotics]].<ref>[http://laral.istc.cnr.it/evorobot/ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche], [http://www.google.se/search?hl=sv&rlz=1T4ADBR_enSE272SE274&q=EvoRobot%2799+nordin&meta= Google.se] {{sv icon}}, [http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/files/evonews/evonews11.pdf Lri.fr] {{fr icon}}</ref> and demonstrated that GP can be used for real-time, on-line [[training]] and [[Control system|control]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zoominfo.com/people/Nordin_Peter_546143078.aspx |title=Zoominfo.com |publisher=Zoominfo.com |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> of [[robotics|robotic systems]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolving real-time behavioral modules for a robot with GP (1996) |citeseerx = 10.1.1.53.5871}}</ref>
Nordin began his research while at Infologics AB, Sweden. His work led to several European research projects ([[European Strategic Program on Research in Information Technology|ESPRIT]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel3/2223/7874/00334800.pdf?temp=x |title=IEEE.org |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> including projects in [[machine learning]] ([[autonomous]] vehicles) and methodologies for AI system development.<ref>[http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/files/documents/cmaster.rtf Lri.fr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061127164100/http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/files/documents/cmaster.rtf |date=November 27, 2006 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> He began his research in [[Genetic Programming]] (GP) in 1992.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/gbachelier/sets/72157604110546455/ Flickr.com], [https://books.google.com/books?id=eu2JplnQdBkC&pg=PA311&dq=%22Peter+Nordin%22&ei=jSr3SPP6A4WYsgPZ6eybCw Google.se] {{in lang|sv}}</ref> In 1993, he started Dacapo AB,<ref>[http://www.hindawi.com/486024.html Short profile of Peter from Hindawi Publishing Corporation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928021659/http://www.hindawi.com/486024.html |date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> a research and development company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genetic-programming.org/gp98progcommnames.html |title=Genetic-programming.org |publisher=Genetic-programming.org |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> He invented a method for automatic induction of binary machine code using genetic programming<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~wbl/biblio/gp-html/nordin_thesis.html|title=Evolutionary Program Induction of Binary Machine Code and its Applications}}</ref> and researched how to produce machine code with genetic programming. In 1997 he co-founded the American company RML Technologies, Inc. with commercial GP software.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmltech.com/ |title=Home |website=rmltech.com |access-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-date=October 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015144400/http://www.rmltech.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nordin spent a large portion of 1995 and 1996 at the [[Technical University of Dortmund|University of Dortmund]], where he completed his doctoral studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/PRInfo/reports/msg00157.html |title=Delft University of Technology |publisher=Ph.tn.tudelft.nl |access-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328025654/http://www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl/PRInfo/reports/msg00157.html |archive-date=March 28, 2008 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> At Dortmund University he initiated research in [[evolutionary robotics]].<ref>[http://laral.istc.cnr.it/evorobot/ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche], [http://www.google.se/search?hl=sv&rlz=1T4ADBR_enSE272SE274&q=EvoRobot%2799+nordin&meta= Google.se] {{in lang|sv}}, [http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/files/evonews/evonews11.pdf Lri.fr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126214409/http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/files/evonews/evonews11.pdf |date=January 26, 2009 }} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> and demonstrated that GP can be used for real-time, on-line [[training]] and [[Control system|control]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} of [[robotics|robotic systems]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Evolving real-time behavioral modules for a robot with GP (1996) |year = 1996|pages = 675–680|citeseerx = 10.1.1.53.5871}}</ref>


In 1998, he co-authored a textbook on genetic programming.<ref>''Genetic Programming: An Introduction, Wolfgang Banzhaf, Peter Nordin, Robert E. Keller, and Frank D. Frandone, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. (1998). [http://www.bokrecension.se/Peter-Nordin Bokrecension.se] {{sv icon}}</ref>
In 1998, he co-authored a textbook on genetic programming.<ref>''Genetic Programming: An Introduction, Wolfgang Banzhaf, Peter Nordin, Robert E. Keller, and Frank D. Frandone, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. (1998). [http://www.bokrecension.se/Peter-Nordin Bokrecension.se] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>
Peter Nordin created a search engine company in 1999, VILL AB<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010701080657/http://www.di.se/Scripts/Main/ReadMe.asp?ID=2000%5c08%5c24%5c3779 Archive.org], [https://web.archive.org/web/20010801210049/http://www.jag.vill.se/om_vill.asp Archive.org], [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article10749.ece?stjarna=1 Nyteknik.se] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608070150/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article10749.ece?stjarna=1 |date=June 8, 2011 }} {{sv icon}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20020604072803/http://jag.vill.se/produkter.asp Archive.org], [http://www.internetbrus.com/kategorier/internetsokmotorer/exalead/page/2/ Internetbrus.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201095539/http://internetbrus.com/kategorier/internetsokmotorer/exalead/page/2/ |date=December 1, 2008 }} {{sv icon}}</ref> (with global search engine wannasee.com) as well as another AI-company, Tific AB<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20010201160100/http://www.tific.com/print.htm</ref><ref>http://8SAIS/www.tific.com{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> for automated support, and received the year’s Sten Gustafsson prize for entrepreneuring, awarded by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iva.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=168|title=IVA}}</ref> At the time, he was also the co-founder of Chalmer's Medialab<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medialab.chalmers.se/interactivecity/summary/summary.html |title=Archive.org |date=November 22, 2001 |accessdate=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122155539/http://www.medialab.chalmers.se/interactivecity/summary/summary.html |archivedate=November 22, 2001 }}</ref> and was on the board of the Swedish AI Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sais.se/doc/yearly/04arsmote.pdf |title=SAIS.se |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref>
Peter Nordin created a search engine company in 1999, VILL AB<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010701080657/http://www.di.se/Scripts/Main/ReadMe.asp?ID=2000%5c08%5c24%5c3779 Archive.org], [https://web.archive.org/web/20010801210049/http://www.jag.vill.se/om_vill.asp Archive.org], [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article10749.ece?stjarna=1 Nyteknik.se] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608070150/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article10749.ece?stjarna=1 |date=June 8, 2011 }} {{in lang|sv}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20020604072803/http://jag.vill.se/produkter.asp Archive.org], [http://www.internetbrus.com/kategorier/internetsokmotorer/exalead/page/2/ Internetbrus.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201095539/http://internetbrus.com/kategorier/internetsokmotorer/exalead/page/2/ |date=December 1, 2008 }} {{in lang|sv}}</ref> (with global search engine wannasee.com) as well as another AI-company, Tific AB<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tific.com/print.htm |title=TiFiC - Digital support |website=www.tific.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010201160100/http://www.tific.com/print.htm |archive-date=1 February 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>http://8SAIS/www.tific.com{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> for automated support, and received the year’s Sten Gustafsson prize for entrepreneuring, awarded by the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iva.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=168|title=IVA}}</ref> At the time, he was also the co-founder of Chalmer's Medialab<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medialab.chalmers.se/interactivecity/summary/summary.html |title=Archive.org |date=November 22, 2001 |access-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011122155539/http://www.medialab.chalmers.se/interactivecity/summary/summary.html |archive-date=November 22, 2001 }}</ref> and was on the board of the Swedish AI Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sais.se/doc/yearly/04arsmote.pdf |title=SAIS.se |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> He was Chair of the second European Conference on Genetic Programming, EuroGP 1999, now part of [[EvoStar]].


== Robots and commercialization of AI ==
== Robots and commercialization of AI ==
During 1998–2003, he was an associate professor at Chalmers’ [[complex adaptive system|Complex Adaptive Systems]] (CAS).{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>[http://www2.gu.se/GU-journalen/3-00/personal.html Göteborgs universitet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070253/http://www2.gu.se/GU-journalen/3-00/personal.html |date=July 28, 2011 }} {{sv icon}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20010628032955/http://www.frt.fy.chalmers.se/nordin/EvoComp.html Archive.org]</ref> For a short period he led an international master's degree program in CAS, which he co-founded.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fy.chalmers.se/~frtbm/cas/index.html |title=Chalmers.se |publisher=Fy.chalmers.se |accessdate=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015135727/http://fy.chalmers.se/~frtbm/cas/index.html |archivedate=October 15, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He led the master’s program and supervised construction of GP-based adaptive physical robots.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>[http://bildarkiv.adm.chalmers.se/bild/action.lasso?-database=CTHBilder.fp3&-response=record_detail.htm&-layout=web&-op=cn&Personer=Peter%20Nordin&-op=eq&PublWeb=Ja&-maxRecords=1&-skipRecords=2&-search Chalmers.se] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812111851/http://bildarkiv.adm.chalmers.se/bild/action.lasso?-database=CTHBilder.fp3&-response=record_detail.htm&-layout=web&-op=cn&Personer=Peter%20Nordin&-op=eq&PublWeb=Ja&-maxRecords=1&-skipRecords=2&-search |date=August 12, 2011 }}, [http://www.chalmers.se/HyperText/ChalmersMagasin/nr2_2002/fotboll.pdf Chalmers.se], [http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=14701&id=677794000 Facebook.com]</ref> During this time, he also started Chalmers’ Humanoid Project<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kreaprenor.se/main.asp?g=1&r=182|title=Kreaprenör}}</ref> resulted in Sweden’s first full-scale [[humanoid robot]]s; Elvis, Elvina, and Priscilla, which currently reside in Sweden’s National Museum of Science and Technology.<ref>[http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=20393 Tekniska museet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119141244/http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=20393 |date=November 19, 2008 }} {{sv icon}}</ref> Robots from the Humanoid Project participated in “RoboCup” soccer matches for humanoid robots<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1948718.stm BBC – Robots train for World Cup]([[RoboCup]]) in Japan in 2002. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206103241/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1948718.stm |date=February 6, 2007 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608062449/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article20182.ece?service=print Nyteknik.se]([[RoboCup]]) in Japan in 2002. {{sv icon}}</ref><ref>[http://www.robocup.org/games/02Fukuoka/3162.html Robocup.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820091320/http://www.robocup.org/games/02Fukuoka/3162.html |date=August 20, 2008 }}, [http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/news_events/news_features/article.php?id=228 Lri.fr]</ref> He also founded the first European company for humanoid technology: the Estonian company European Humanoids OY.<ref>[http://www.europeanhumanoids.com/ Europeanhumanoids.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201191609/http://europeanhumanoids.com/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}</ref> Several of Nordin's students have created their own humanoid projects, such as Davide Faconti and the REEM-B robot<ref>{{cite web|last=Lombardi |first=Candace |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17912_3-9967781-72.html?tag=mncol;title |title=CNET.com |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=June 13, 2008 |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> and Almir Heralic with HR2.<ref>[http://www.etek.chalmers.se/~almir/ Chalmers.se] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607174912/http://www.etek.chalmers.se/~almir/ |date=June 7, 2007 }}</ref> Much of this earlier work focused on evolutionary robotic [[training]] methods for: [[problem solving]], sound and [[image processing]], [[perception]] and advanced [[non-linear]] low-level control. Robots have also learned to walk on two legs without having foreknowledge by simulating the behaviour.<ref>[http://humanoid.fy.chalmers.se/text/cuba.pdf An Evolutionary Architecture for a Humanoid Robot] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630112323/http://humanoid.fy.chalmers.se/text/cuba.pdf |date=June 30, 2007 }}</ref> The robot Elvis,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16322002.400-elvis-lives.html|title=Elvis lives|author=Duncan Graham-Rowe|work=New Scientist}}</ref> attracted some media interest internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/W.Langdon/elvis/|title=Elvis Hand-Eye Coordination}}</ref> The world's first flying "flapping" adaptive [[ornithopter]] robot<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2673-winged-robot-learns-to-fly.html |title=Newscientist.com |publisher=Newscientist.com |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> appeared in TV and other media. The popular science book; “''Humanoider: Självlärande robotar och artificiell intelligens''”,<ref>{{cite book
During 1998–2003, he was an associate professor at Chalmers’ [[complex adaptive system|Complex Adaptive Systems]] (CAS).{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>[http://www2.gu.se/GU-journalen/3-00/personal.html Göteborgs universitet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070253/http://www2.gu.se/GU-journalen/3-00/personal.html |date=July 28, 2011 }} {{in lang|sv}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20010628032955/http://www.frt.fy.chalmers.se/nordin/EvoComp.html Archive.org]</ref> For a short period he led an international master's degree program in CAS, which he co-founded.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fy.chalmers.se/~frtbm/cas/index.html |title=Chalmers.se |publisher=Fy.chalmers.se |access-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015135727/http://fy.chalmers.se/~frtbm/cas/index.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He led the master’s program and supervised construction of GP-based adaptive physical robots.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>[http://bildarkiv.adm.chalmers.se/bild/action.lasso?-database=CTHBilder.fp3&-response=record_detail.htm&-layout=web&-op=cn&Personer=Peter%20Nordin&-op=eq&PublWeb=Ja&-maxRecords=1&-skipRecords=2&-search Chalmers.se] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812111851/http://bildarkiv.adm.chalmers.se/bild/action.lasso?-database=CTHBilder.fp3&-response=record_detail.htm&-layout=web&-op=cn&Personer=Peter%20Nordin&-op=eq&PublWeb=Ja&-maxRecords=1&-skipRecords=2&-search |date=August 12, 2011 }}, [http://www.chalmers.se/HyperText/ChalmersMagasin/nr2_2002/fotboll.pdf Chalmers.se], [http://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=14701&id=677794000 Facebook.com]</ref> During this time, he also started Chalmers’ Humanoid Project<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kreaprenor.se/main.asp?g=1&r=182|title=Kreaprenör}}</ref> resulted in Sweden’s first full-scale [[humanoid robot]]s; Elvis, Elvina, and Priscilla, which currently reside in Sweden’s National Museum of Science and Technology.<ref>[http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=20393 Tekniska museet] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119141244/http://www.tekniskamuseet.se/templates/Page.aspx?id=20393 |date=November 19, 2008 }} {{in lang|sv}}</ref> Robots from the Humanoid Project participated in “RoboCup” soccer matches for humanoid robots<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1948718.stm BBC – Robots train for World Cup]([[RoboCup]]) in Japan in 2002. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206103241/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1948718.stm |date=February 6, 2007 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608062449/http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article20182.ece?service=print Nyteknik.se]([[RoboCup]]) in Japan in 2002. {{in lang|sv}}</ref><ref>[http://www.robocup.org/games/02Fukuoka/3162.html Robocup.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820091320/http://www.robocup.org/games/02Fukuoka/3162.html |date=August 20, 2008 }}, [http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/news_events/news_features/article.php?id=228 Lri.fr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208194859/http://evonet.lri.fr/evoweb/news_events/news_features/article.php?id=228 |date=February 8, 2008 }}</ref> He also founded the first European company for humanoid technology: the Estonian company European Humanoids OY.<ref>[http://www.europeanhumanoids.com/ Europeanhumanoids.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201191609/http://europeanhumanoids.com/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}</ref> Several of Nordin's students have created their own humanoid projects, such as Davide Faconti and the REEM-B robot<ref>{{cite web|last=Lombardi |first=Candace |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-17912_3-9967781-72.html?tag=mncol;title |title=CNET.com |publisher=News.cnet.com |date=June 13, 2008 |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> and Almir Heralic with HR2.<ref>[http://www.etek.chalmers.se/~almir/ Chalmers.se] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607174912/http://www.etek.chalmers.se/~almir/ |date=June 7, 2007 }}</ref> Much of this earlier work focused on evolutionary robotic [[training]] methods for: [[problem solving]], sound and [[image processing]], [[perception]] and advanced [[non-linear]] low-level control. Robots have also learned to walk on two legs without having foreknowledge by simulating the behaviour.<ref>[http://humanoid.fy.chalmers.se/text/cuba.pdf An Evolutionary Architecture for a Humanoid Robot] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630112323/http://humanoid.fy.chalmers.se/text/cuba.pdf |date=June 30, 2007 }}</ref> The robot Elvis,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16322002.400-elvis-lives.html|title=Elvis lives|author=Duncan Graham-Rowe|work=New Scientist}}</ref> attracted some media interest internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/W.Langdon/elvis/|title=Elvis Hand-Eye Coordination}}</ref> The world's first flying "flapping" adaptive [[ornithopter]] robot<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2673-winged-robot-learns-to-fly.html |title=Newscientist.com |publisher=Newscientist.com |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> appeared in TV and other media. The popular science book; “''Humanoider: Självlärande robotar och artificiell intelligens''”,<ref>{{cite book
| title = Humanoider: Självlärande robotar och artificiell intelligens ("Humanoids: Autodidactic robots and artificial intelligence")
| title = Humanoider: Självlärande robotar och artificiell intelligens ("Humanoids: Autodidactic robots and artificial intelligence")
| author = Peter Nordin, Johanna Wilde
| author = Peter Nordin, Johanna Wilde
| year = 2003
| publisher = Liber AB
| publisher = Liber AB
| isbn = 978-91-47-05191-5
| isbn = 978-91-47-05191-5
}}</ref> was one result of this public interest.<ref>[http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/nyheter/artikel_1670723.svd SVD.se] {{sv icon}}</ref>
}}</ref> was one result of this public interest.<ref>[http://www.svd.se/kulturnoje/nyheter/artikel_1670723.svd SVD.se] {{in lang|sv}}</ref>


During his time at Chalmers, he started another 10 spin-off companies based on his research.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chalmers.se/HyperText/ChalmersMagasin/nr4_2004/artificiell.pdf |title=Chalmers.se |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> He has a number of patents,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/result.html?query_txt=nordin%20cgps|title=FPO IP Research & Communities}}</ref> all related to genetic programming and evolutionary methods. He is co-founder of the Institute of Robotics in Scandinavia.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irobis.com|title=背中の毛|access-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523094317/http://irobis.com/|archive-date=May 23, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
During his time at Chalmers, he started another 10 spin-off companies based on his research.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chalmers.se/HyperText/ChalmersMagasin/nr4_2004/artificiell.pdf |title=Chalmers.se |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> He had a number of patents,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/result.html?query_txt=nordin%20cgps|title=FPO IP Research & Communities}}</ref> all related to genetic programming and evolutionary methods. He was a co-founder of the Institute of Robotics in Scandinavia.{{Dead link|date=January 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irobis.com|title=背中の毛|access-date=June 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523094317/http://irobis.com/|archive-date=May 23, 2007|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> From 2013 Peter Nordin was an adjoint professor at Chalmers in Göteborg, Sweden.
From 2013 Peter Nordin is an adjoint professor at Chalmers in Göteborg, Sweden.


Nordin is seen in the public debate on treatment of gifted children and is an advisor for the [[Mensa International]] Process, both he and his wife are active members of [[Mensa International]].
Nordin was seen in the public debate on treatment of gifted children and is an advisor for the [[Mensa International]] Process, both he and his wife were active members of [[Mensa International]].


He lives with wife Carina and 6 children outside Gothenburg in Askim.<ref>[https://www.dn.se/ekonomi/du-nya-skona-robotvarld/ DN.se] [http://www.naturvetareforbundet.se/www/sn/Natur_CMS.nsf/va_LookupByWebTitle/B2A645C90A23A517C1257004003779F6 Naturvetarefobundet.se] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916204030/http://www.naturvetareforbundet.se/www/sn/Natur_CMS.nsf/va_LookupByWebTitle/B2A645C90A23A517C1257004003779F6|date=September 16, 2008}} {{sv icon}}</ref>
He lived with wife Carina and 6 children outside Gothenburg in Askim.<ref>[https://www.dn.se/ekonomi/du-nya-skona-robotvarld/ DN.se] [http://www.naturvetareforbundet.se/www/sn/Natur_CMS.nsf/va_LookupByWebTitle/B2A645C90A23A517C1257004003779F6 Naturvetarefobundet.se] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916204030/http://www.naturvetareforbundet.se/www/sn/Natur_CMS.nsf/va_LookupByWebTitle/B2A645C90A23A517C1257004003779F6|date=September 16, 2008}} {{in lang|sv}}</ref>


==Career summary, research==
==Career summary, research==
Peter Nordin has a PhD in Computer Science at [[Dortmund University of Technology|University of Dortmund]] (1997) and a degree in computer science and engineering from Chalmers University of Technology in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden (1988). His current research include commercial evolutionary robotics software<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmv.se/WmTemplates/Page.aspx?id=1442 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216065654/http://www.fmv.se/WmTemplates/Page.aspx?id=1442 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 16, 2006 |title=TAIS |publisher=Fmv.se |accessdate=December 16, 2011 }}</ref> and software for a complete cognitive system for robots.<ref>[http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ RoboBusiness: Robots that Dream of Being Better] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619021836/http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ |date=June 19, 2007 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20011222194705/http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/research/ectelnet/euroect1.html Archibe.org], [http://www.ce.unipr.it/people/cagnoni/evoiasp99.html Università degli Studi di Parma] {{it icon}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20011214074001/http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~rmp/eebic/eurogp2000/ Archive.org]</ref> His earlier research includes: ''Evolutionary software architecture for robotics'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fy.chalmers.se/~wolff/publ.html |title=Chalmers.se |publisher=Fy.chalmers.se |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> the invention of evolutionary induction of mathematical proofs<ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1821851 Institut de l’Information Scientifique et Technique] {{fr icon}}</ref> and of binary machine language,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwi.nl/~bill/seminars/seminars1999.html |title=Archive.org |date=December 15, 2001 |accessdate=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20011215074947/http://www.cwi.nl/~bill/seminars/seminars1999.html |archivedate=December 15, 2001 }}</ref> speech and vision recognition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/n/Nordin:Peter.html |title=Universität Trier |publisher=Informatik.uni-trier.de |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[linear genetic programming]] for internet search.<ref>[http://www.ne.se/jsp/search/show_section.jsp?i_art_id=NT4374&i_word=peter%20nordin&i_h_text=1&i_rphr=peter%20nordin Nationalencyklopedin]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{sv icon}}, [https://scholar.google.se/scholar?q=peter+nordin&hl=sv&lr= Google.se] {{sv icon}}, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/a48degxxxk5jdjld/ Springerlink.com]</ref> He researched analysis of genetic programming through complexity theory.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pennsylvania State University |citeseerx = 10.1.1.57.2133}}</ref>
Peter Nordin had a PhD in Computer Science at [[Technical University of Dortmund|University of Dortmund]] (1997) and a degree in computer science and engineering from Chalmers University of Technology in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden (1988). His later research included commercial evolutionary robotics software<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmv.se/WmTemplates/Page.aspx?id=1442 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216065654/http://www.fmv.se/WmTemplates/Page.aspx?id=1442 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 16, 2006 |title=TAIS |publisher=Fmv.se |access-date=December 16, 2011 }}</ref> and software for a complete cognitive system for robots.<ref>[http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ RoboBusiness: Robots that Dream of Being Better] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619021836/http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ |date=June 19, 2007 }}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20011222194705/http://www.cs.reading.ac.uk/cs/research/ectelnet/euroect1.html Archibe.org], [http://www.ce.unipr.it/people/cagnoni/evoiasp99.html Università degli Studi di Parma] {{in lang|it}}, [https://web.archive.org/web/20011214074001/http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~rmp/eebic/eurogp2000/ Archive.org]</ref> His earlier research included ''Evolutionary software architecture for robotics'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fy.chalmers.se/~wolff/publ.html |title=Chalmers.se |publisher=Fy.chalmers.se |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> the invention of evolutionary induction of mathematical proofs<ref>[http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1821851 Institut de l’Information Scientifique et Technique] {{in lang|fr}}</ref> and of binary machine language,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwi.nl/~bill/seminars/seminars1999.html |title=Archive.org |date=December 15, 2001 |access-date=December 16, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011215074947/http://www.cwi.nl/~bill/seminars/seminars1999.html |archive-date=December 15, 2001 }}</ref> speech and vision recognition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/n/Nordin:Peter.html |title=Universität Trier |publisher=Informatik.uni-trier.de |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[linear genetic programming]] for internet search.<ref>[http://www.ne.se/jsp/search/show_section.jsp?i_art_id=NT4374&i_word=peter%20nordin&i_h_text=1&i_rphr=peter%20nordin Nationalencyklopedin]{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|sv}}, [https://scholar.google.se/scholar?q=peter+nordin&hl=sv&lr= Google.se] {{in lang|sv}}, [https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-46239-2_17 Springerlink.com]</ref> He researched analysis of genetic programming through complexity theory.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Pennsylvania State University |year = 1995|pages = 310–317|citeseerx = 10.1.1.57.2133}}</ref>


Peter Nordin is the inventor of the ALLAN-method<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=2001065395 |title=WIPO.int |publisher=WIPO.int |accessdate=December 16, 2011}}</ref> for [[Artificial General Intelligence]] based on complexity measures i.e. [[Speed Prior]] using random strings as reinforcement to create a [[Marcus Hutter#Universal artificial intelligence (AIXI)|Universal Artificial Intelligence]].
Peter Nordin was the inventor of the ALLAN-method<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?wo=2001065395 |title=WIPO.int |publisher=WIPO.int |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> for [[Artificial General Intelligence]] based on complexity measures i.e. [[Speed Prior]] using random strings as reinforcement to create a [[Marcus Hutter#Universal artificial intelligence (AIXI)|Universal Artificial Intelligence]].


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 52: Line 51:
==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070619021836/http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ RoboBusiness: Robots that Dream of Being Better]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070619021836/http://mensnewsdaily.com/2007/05/16/robobusiness-robots-with-imagination/ RoboBusiness: Robots that Dream of Being Better]
* [http://mensnewsdaily.com/2008/02/07/sweden-the-land-of-robots/ Sweden: The Land of Robots]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080217080939/http://mensnewsdaily.com/2008/02/07/sweden-the-land-of-robots/ Sweden: The Land of Robots]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070523094317/http://irobis.com/ Institute of Robotics in Scandinavia AB (iRobis)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070523094317/http://irobis.com/ Institute of Robotics in Scandinavia AB (iRobis)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630111131/http://humanoid.fy.chalmers.se/ The Humanoid Project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070630111131/http://humanoid.fy.chalmers.se/ The Humanoid Project]
Line 63: Line 62:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nordin, Peter}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nordin, Peter}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Helsingborg]]
[[Category:People from Helsingborg]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]
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[[Category:Swedish roboticists]]
[[Category:Swedish roboticists]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Swedish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Swedish inventors]]
[[Category:Technical University of Dortmund alumni]]
[[Category:Technical University of Dortmund alumni]]
[[Category:Chalmers University of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Chalmers University of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century inventors]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish inventors]]

Latest revision as of 20:51, 30 July 2024

For the Swedish musician Peter Nordin, see Meshuggah.

Peter Nordin
Born(1965-08-09)August 9, 1965
Helsingborg, Sweden
DiedOctober 12, 2020(2020-10-12) (aged 55)
Nationality Swedish
Alma materUniversity of Dortmund
Chalmers University of Technology
Göteborg University
Scientific career
FieldsEvolutionary robotics
Artificial intelligence
Text Mining
Complex Systems
InstitutionsiRobis

Peter Nordin (August 9, 1965 – October 12, 2020)[1] was a Swedish computer scientist, entrepreneur and author who has contributed to artificial intelligence, automatic programming, machine learning, and evolutionary robotics.

Studies and early career

[edit]

Peter Nordin was born in 1965 in Helsingborg but moved to Gothenburg in 1967, where he was raised. He began studies at Chalmers University of Technology in 1984 and completed the M.S. in computer science and engineering in 1988 and studied economics. He then worked as a knowledge engineer for artificial intelligence (AI) company, Infologics AB, focusing on research and development of knowledge-based systems and complex system configuration.[2]

Nordin began his research while at Infologics AB, Sweden. His work led to several European research projects (ESPRIT)[3] including projects in machine learning (autonomous vehicles) and methodologies for AI system development.[4] He began his research in Genetic Programming (GP) in 1992.[5] In 1993, he started Dacapo AB,[6] a research and development company.[7] He invented a method for automatic induction of binary machine code using genetic programming[8] and researched how to produce machine code with genetic programming. In 1997 he co-founded the American company RML Technologies, Inc. with commercial GP software.[9] Nordin spent a large portion of 1995 and 1996 at the University of Dortmund, where he completed his doctoral studies.[10] At Dortmund University he initiated research in evolutionary robotics.[11] and demonstrated that GP can be used for real-time, on-line training and control[citation needed] of robotic systems.[12]

In 1998, he co-authored a textbook on genetic programming.[13] Peter Nordin created a search engine company in 1999, VILL AB[14] (with global search engine wannasee.com) as well as another AI-company, Tific AB[15][16] for automated support, and received the year’s Sten Gustafsson prize for entrepreneuring, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences.[17] At the time, he was also the co-founder of Chalmer's Medialab[18] and was on the board of the Swedish AI Society.[19] He was Chair of the second European Conference on Genetic Programming, EuroGP 1999, now part of EvoStar.

Robots and commercialization of AI

[edit]

During 1998–2003, he was an associate professor at Chalmers’ Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS).[dead link‍][20] For a short period he led an international master's degree program in CAS, which he co-founded.[dead link‍][21] He led the master’s program and supervised construction of GP-based adaptive physical robots.[dead link‍][22] During this time, he also started Chalmers’ Humanoid Project[23] resulted in Sweden’s first full-scale humanoid robots; Elvis, Elvina, and Priscilla, which currently reside in Sweden’s National Museum of Science and Technology.[24] Robots from the Humanoid Project participated in “RoboCup” soccer matches for humanoid robots[25][26] He also founded the first European company for humanoid technology: the Estonian company European Humanoids OY.[27] Several of Nordin's students have created their own humanoid projects, such as Davide Faconti and the REEM-B robot[28] and Almir Heralic with HR2.[29] Much of this earlier work focused on evolutionary robotic training methods for: problem solving, sound and image processing, perception and advanced non-linear low-level control. Robots have also learned to walk on two legs without having foreknowledge by simulating the behaviour.[30] The robot Elvis,[31] attracted some media interest internationally.[32] The world's first flying "flapping" adaptive ornithopter robot[33] appeared in TV and other media. The popular science book; “Humanoider: Självlärande robotar och artificiell intelligens”,[34] was one result of this public interest.[35]

During his time at Chalmers, he started another 10 spin-off companies based on his research.[dead link‍][36] He had a number of patents,[37] all related to genetic programming and evolutionary methods. He was a co-founder of the Institute of Robotics in Scandinavia.[dead link‍][38] From 2013 Peter Nordin was an adjoint professor at Chalmers in Göteborg, Sweden.

Nordin was seen in the public debate on treatment of gifted children and is an advisor for the Mensa International Process, both he and his wife were active members of Mensa International.

He lived with wife Carina and 6 children outside Gothenburg in Askim.[39]

Career summary, research

[edit]

Peter Nordin had a PhD in Computer Science at University of Dortmund (1997) and a degree in computer science and engineering from Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden (1988). His later research included commercial evolutionary robotics software[40] and software for a complete cognitive system for robots.[41] His earlier research included Evolutionary software architecture for robotics,[42] the invention of evolutionary induction of mathematical proofs[43] and of binary machine language,[44] speech and vision recognition,[45] and linear genetic programming for internet search.[46] He researched analysis of genetic programming through complexity theory.[47]

Peter Nordin was the inventor of the ALLAN-method[48] for Artificial General Intelligence based on complexity measures i.e. Speed Prior using random strings as reinforcement to create a Universal Artificial Intelligence.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ "Peter Nordin". Minnessidor (in Swedish). Fonus. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  2. ^ Ohsuga, Setsuo; Kangassalo, Hannu (1992). Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases III. IOS Press. ISBN 9789051990737.
  3. ^ "IEEE.org" (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  4. ^ Lri.fr Archived November 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  5. ^ Flickr.com, Google.se (in Swedish)
  6. ^ Short profile of Peter from Hindawi Publishing Corporation Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ "Genetic-programming.org". Genetic-programming.org. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  8. ^ "Evolutionary Program Induction of Binary Machine Code and its Applications".
  9. ^ "Home". rmltech.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  10. ^ "Delft University of Technology". Ph.tn.tudelft.nl. Archived from the original on March 28, 2008. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
  11. ^ Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Google.se (in Swedish), Lri.fr Archived January 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine (in French)
  12. ^ "Evolving real-time behavioral modules for a robot with GP (1996)". 1996: 675–680. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.53.5871. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. ^ Genetic Programming: An Introduction, Wolfgang Banzhaf, Peter Nordin, Robert E. Keller, and Frank D. Frandone, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc. (1998). Bokrecension.se (in Swedish)
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