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A dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) is a radio antenna mostly used at microwave frequencies and higher, that consists of a block of ceramic material of various shapes, the dielectric resonator, mounted on a metal surface, a ground plane. Radio waves are introduced into the inside of the resonator material from the transmitter circuit and bounce back and forth between the resonator walls, forming standing waves. The walls of the resonator are partially transparent to radio waves, allowing the radio power to radiate into space.^[1]

An advantage of dielectric resonator antennas is they lack metal parts, which become lossy at high frequencies, dissipating energy. So these antennas can have lower losses and be more efficient than metal antennas at high microwave and millimeter wave frequencies.^[1] Dielectric waveguide antennas are used in some compact portable wireless devices, and military millimeter-wave radar equipment. The antenna was first proposed by Robert Richtmyer in 1939.^[2] In 1982, Long et al. did the first design and test of dielectric resonator antennas considering a leaky waveguide model assuming magnetic conductor model of the dielectric surface .^[3] In that very first investigation, Long et al. explored HEM11d mode in a cylindrical shaped ceramic block to radiate broadside. After three decades, yet another mode (HEM12d) bearing identical broadside pattern has been introduced by Guha in 2012.^[4]

An antenna like effect is achieved by periodic swing of electrons from its capacitive element to the ground plane which behaves like an inductor. The authors further argued that the operation of a dielectric antenna resembles the antenna conceived by Marconi, the only difference is that inductive element is replaced by the dielectric material.^[5]

Features

Dielectric resonator antennas offer the following attractive features:

The dimension of a DRA is the order of ${\frac {\lambda _{0}}{\sqrt {\varepsilon _{r}}}}$ , where $\lambda _{0}$ is the free-space wavelength and $\varepsilon _{r}$ is the dielectric constant of the resonator material. Thus, by choosing a high value of $\varepsilon _{r}$ ( $\varepsilon _{r}\approx 10-100$ ), the size of the DRA can be significantly reduced.
There is no inherent conductor loss in dielectric resonators. This leads to high radiation efficiency of the antenna. This feature is especially attractive for millimeter (mm)-wave antennas, where the loss in metal fabricated antennas can be high.
DRAs offer simple coupling schemes to nearly all transmission lines used at microwave and mm-wave frequencies. This makes them suitable for integration into different planar technologies. The coupling between a DRA and the planar transmission line can be easily controlled by varying the position of the DRA with respect to the line. The performance of DRA can therefore be easily optimized experimentally.
The operating bandwidth of a DRA can be varied over a wide range by suitably choosing resonator parameters. For example, the bandwidth of the lower order modes of a DRA can be easily varied from a fraction of a percent to about 20% or more by the suitable choice of the dielectric constant of the material and/or by strategic shaping of the DRA element.
Use of multiple modes radiating identically has also been successfully addressed. One such example is hybrid combination of dielectric ring-resonator and electric monopole which was initially explored by Lapierre.^[6] Multiple identical monopole-type modes in an annular shaped dielectric ring-resonator were theoretically analyzed by Guha to show their unique combinations with that due to a traditional electric monopole resulting in UWB antennas. ^[7]
Each mode of a DRA has a unique internal and associated external field distribution. Therefore, different radiation characteristics can be obtained by exciting different modes of a DRA.
Differently radiating modes have also been employed to generate identical radiation patterns using composite geometries, with a special feature of wider bandwidth.^[8]^[9]

References

R. K. Mongia; P. Bhartia (1994). "Dielectric Resonator Antennas – A Review and General Design Relations for Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering". 4 (3): 230–247. doi:10.1002/mmce.4570040304. S2CID 108525483. Archived from the original on 2012-12-16. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Antenova Antenova info.

External links

Animation of Radiation from a Circularly Tapered Dielectric Waveguide Antenna (on YouTube)

Notes

^ ^a ^b Huang, Kao-Cheng; David J. Edwards (2008). Millimetre wave antennas for gigabit wireless communications: a practical guide to design and analysis in a system context. USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 115–121. ISBN 978-0-470-51598-3.
^ Richtmeyer, Robert (1939), "Dielectric Resonators", Journal of Applied Physics, 10 (6): 391–398, Bibcode:1939JAP....10..391R, doi:10.1063/1.1707320
^ Long, S.; McAllister, M.; Shen, L. (1983), "The Resonant Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 31: 406–412, doi:10.1109/tap.1983.1143080
^ Guha, D.; et, al. (2012), "Higher Order Mode for High Gain Broadside Radiation from Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 60: 71–77, doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2167922, S2CID 26577173
^ "New Theory Leads to Gigahertz Antenna on Chip". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Lapierre, M.; et, al. (2005), "Ultra wideband monopole/dielectric resonator antenna", IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 15: 7–9, doi:10.1109/LMWC.2004.840952, S2CID 2008943
^ Guha, D.; et, al. (2006), "Improved design guidelines for the ultra wideband monopole-dielectric resonator antenna", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 5 (1): 373–376, Bibcode:2006IAWPL...5..373G, doi:10.1109/LAWP.2006.881922, S2CID 32617108
^ Guha, D.; Antar, Y. (2006), "Four-element cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for wideband monopole-like radiation", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54 (9): 2657–2662, Bibcode:2006ITAP...54.2657G, doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.880766, S2CID 31923813
^ Guha, D.; Antar, Y. (2006), "New half-hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna for broadband monopole-type radiation", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54 (12): 3621–3628, Bibcode:2006ITAP...54.3621G, doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.886547, S2CID 36512471

[Huang-1] Huang, Kao-Cheng; David J. Edwards (2008). Millimetre wave antennas for gigabit wireless communications: a practical guide to design and analysis in a system context. USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 115–121. ISBN 978-0-470-51598-3.

[2] Richtmeyer, Robert (1939), "Dielectric Resonators", Journal of Applied Physics, 10 (6): 391–398, Bibcode:1939JAP....10..391R, doi:10.1063/1.1707320

[3] Long, S.; McAllister, M.; Shen, L. (1983), "The Resonant Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 31: 406–412, doi:10.1109/tap.1983.1143080

[4] Guha, D.; et, al. (2012), "Higher Order Mode for High Gain Broadside Radiation from Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antennas", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 60: 71–77, doi:10.1109/TAP.2011.2167922, S2CID 26577173

[5] "New Theory Leads to Gigahertz Antenna on Chip". Retrieved 19 April 2015.

[6] Lapierre, M.; et, al. (2005), "Ultra wideband monopole/dielectric resonator antenna", IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 15: 7–9, doi:10.1109/LMWC.2004.840952, S2CID 2008943

[7] Guha, D.; et, al. (2006), "Improved design guidelines for the ultra wideband monopole-dielectric resonator antenna", IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 5 (1): 373–376, Bibcode:2006IAWPL...5..373G, doi:10.1109/LAWP.2006.881922, S2CID 32617108

[8] Guha, D.; Antar, Y. (2006), "Four-element cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for wideband monopole-like radiation", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54 (9): 2657–2662, Bibcode:2006ITAP...54.2657G, doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.880766, S2CID 31923813

[9] Guha, D.; Antar, Y. (2006), "New half-hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna for broadband monopole-type radiation", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 54 (12): 3621–3628, Bibcode:2006ITAP...54.3621G, doi:10.1109/TAP.2006.886547, S2CID 36512471

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-A '''dielectric resonator antenna''' is a radio [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] mostly used at [[microwave]] frequencies and higher, that consists of a block of [[ceramic]] material of various shapes, the [[dielectric resonator]], mounted on a metal surface, a [[ground plane]].  Radio waves are introduced into the inside of the resonator material from the [[transmitter]] circuit and bounce back and forth between the resonator walls, forming [[standing waves]].  The walls of the resonator are partially transparent to radio waves, allowing the radio power to radiate into space.<ref name="Huang">{{cite book
+A '''dielectric resonator antenna''' (DRA) is a radio [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] mostly used at [[microwave]] frequencies and higher, that consists of a block of [[ceramic]] material of various shapes, the [[dielectric resonator]], mounted on a metal surface, a [[ground plane]].  Radio waves are introduced into the inside of the resonator material from the [[transmitter]] circuit and bounce back and forth between the resonator walls, forming [[standing waves]].  The walls of the resonator are partially transparent to radio waves, allowing the radio power to radiate into space.<ref name="Huang">{{cite book
   | last = Huang
   | first =  Kao-Cheng
+  |author2=David J. Edwards
-  | authorlink =
-  | coauthors = David J. Edwards
   | title = Millimetre wave antennas for gigabit wireless communications: a practical guide to design and analysis in a system context
   | publisher = John Wiley & Sons
@@ Line 9: / Line 8: @@
   | location = USA
   | pages = 115–121
-  | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=G4CggacS5qUC&pg=PA115&dq=%22dielectric+resonator+antenna%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=FeRAT6e-IMXhiAL-sMUm&ved=0CEwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22dielectric%20resonator%20antenna%22&f=false
+  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G4CggacS5qUC&dq=%22dielectric+resonator+antenna%22&pg=PA115
+  | isbn = 978-0-470-51598-3}}</ref>
-  | doi =
-  | id =
-  | isbn = 0-470-51598-8}}</ref>   An advantage of dielectric resonator antennas is they lack metal parts, which become lossy at high frequencies, dissipating energy.   So these antennas can have lower losses and be more efficient than metal antennas at high microwave and [[millimeter wave]] frequencies.<ref name="Huang" />  Dielectric waveguide antennas are used in some compact portable wireless devices, and military millimeter-wave radar equipment.  The antenna was first proposed by Long, et al., in 1973.
+An advantage of dielectric resonator antennas is they lack metal parts, which become lossy at high frequencies, dissipating energy.   So these antennas can have lower losses and be more efficient than metal antennas at high microwave and [[millimeter wave]] frequencies.<ref name="Huang" />  Dielectric waveguide antennas are used in some compact portable wireless devices, and military millimeter-wave radar equipment.  The antenna was first proposed by Robert Richtmyer in 1939.<ref>{{Citation|first1=Robert|last1=Richtmeyer|title=Dielectric Resonators|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|volume=10|pages=391–398|year=1939|issue=6|doi=10.1063/1.1707320|bibcode=1939JAP....10..391R }}</ref>  In 1982, Long et al. did the first design and test of dielectric resonator antennas considering a leaky waveguide model assuming magnetic conductor model of the dielectric surface .<ref>{{Citation|first1=S.|last1=Long|first2=M.|last2=McAllister|first3=L.|last3=Shen|title=The Resonant Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antenna|journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation|volume=31|pages=406–412|year=1983|doi=10.1109/tap.1983.1143080}}</ref> In that very first investigation, Long et al. explored ''HEM11d'' mode in a cylindrical shaped ceramic block to radiate broadside. After three decades, yet another mode (''HEM12d'') bearing identical broadside pattern has been introduced by [[Debatosh_Guha|Guha]] in 2012.<ref>{{Citation|first1=D.|last1=Guha|first2=al.|last2=et| title= Higher Order Mode for High Gain Broadside Radiation from Cylindrical Dielectric Resonator Antennas|journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation |volume=60|pages=71–77|year=2012|doi= 10.1109/TAP.2011.2167922 |s2cid=26577173}}</ref>
-Dielectric resonator antennas (DRA) offer the following attractive features:
-* The dimension of a DRA is of the order of <math>\frac{\lambda_0} {\sqrt{\epsilon_r}}</math>, where <math>\lambda_0</math>; is the free-space wavelength and <math>\epsilon_r</math> is the [[Relative static permittivity|dielectric constant]] of the resonator material. Thus, by choosing a high value of <math>\epsilon_r</math> (<math>\epsilon_r\approx10-100</math>), the size of the DRA can be significantly reduced.
+An antenna like effect is achieved by periodic swing of electrons from its capacitive element to the ground plane which behaves like an inductor. The authors further argued that the operation of a dielectric antenna resembles the antenna conceived by [[Guglielmo_Marconi|Marconi]], the only difference is that inductive element is replaced by the dielectric material.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Theory Leads to Gigahertz Antenna on Chip|url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/gigahertz-antenna-on-a-chip |access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref>
+==Features==
+Dielectric resonator antennas offer the following attractive features:
+* The dimension of a DRA is the order of <math>\frac{\lambda_0} {\sqrt{\varepsilon_r}}</math>, where <math>\lambda_0</math> is the free-space wavelength and <math>\varepsilon_r</math> is the [[Relative static permittivity|dielectric constant]] of the resonator material. Thus, by choosing a high value of <math>\varepsilon_r</math> (<math>\varepsilon_r\approx10-100</math>), the size of the DRA can be significantly reduced.
 * There is no inherent conductor loss in dielectric resonators. This leads to high radiation efficiency of the antenna. This feature is especially attractive for millimeter (mm)-wave antennas, where the loss in metal fabricated antennas can be high.
 * DRAs offer simple coupling schemes to nearly all transmission lines used at microwave and mm-wave frequencies. This makes them suitable for integration into different planar technologies. The coupling between a DRA and the planar transmission line can be easily controlled by varying the position of the DRA with respect to the line. The performance of DRA can therefore be easily optimized experimentally.
-* The operating bandwidth of a DRA can be varied over a wide range by suitably choosing resonator parameters. For example, the bandwidth of the lower order modes of a DRA can be easily varied from a fraction of a percent to about 10% or more by the suitable choice of the dielectric constant of the resonator material.
+* The operating bandwidth of a DRA can be varied over a wide range by suitably choosing resonator parameters. For example, the bandwidth of the lower order modes of a DRA can be easily varied from a fraction of a percent to about 20% or more by the suitable choice of the dielectric constant of the material and/or by strategic shaping of the DRA element.
+*Use of multiple modes radiating identically has also been successfully addressed. One such example is hybrid combination of dielectric ring-resonator and electric monopole which was initially explored by Lapierre.<ref>{{Citation|first1=M.|last1=Lapierre|first2=al.|last2=et|title= Ultra wideband monopole/dielectric resonator antenna|journal=IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters |volume=15|pages=7–9|year=2005|doi=10.1109/LMWC.2004.840952 |s2cid=2008943}}</ref> Multiple identical monopole-type modes in an annular shaped dielectric ring-resonator were theoretically analyzed by [[Debatosh_Guha|Guha]] to show their unique combinations with that due to a traditional electric monopole resulting in UWB antennas. <ref>{{Citation|first1=D.|last1=Guha|first2=al.|last2=et|title= Improved design guidelines for the ultra wideband monopole-dielectric resonator antenna|journal=IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters |volume=5|pages=373–376|year=2006|issue=1 |doi= 10.1109/LAWP.2006.881922 |bibcode=2006IAWPL...5..373G |s2cid=32617108}}</ref>
 * Each mode of a DRA has a unique internal and associated external field distribution. Therefore, different radiation characteristics can be obtained by exciting different modes of a DRA.
+* Differently radiating modes have also been employed to generate identical radiation patterns using composite geometries, with a special feature of wider bandwidth.<ref>{{Citation|first1=D.|last1=Guha|first2=Y.|last2=Antar| title= Four-element cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna for wideband monopole-like radiation|journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation|volume=54|pages=2657–2662|year=2006|issue=9|doi= 10.1109/TAP.2006.880766 |bibcode=2006ITAP...54.2657G |s2cid=31923813}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first1=D.|last1=Guha|first2=Y.|last2=Antar| title= New half-hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna for broadband monopole-type radiation|journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation|volume=54|pages=3621–3628|year=2006|issue=12|doi= 10.1109/TAP.2006.886547 |bibcode=2006ITAP...54.3621G |s2cid=36512471}}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 26: / Line 31: @@
 ==References==
-# R. K. Mongia, and P. Bhartia, “Dielectric Resonator Antennas – A Review and General Design Relations for Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth”, ''International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering'', 1994, 4, (3), pp 230-247.[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114177828/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0]
+* {{cite journal|author1=R. K. Mongia |author2= P. Bhartia |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114177828/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216153959/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/114177828/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-16 |title=Dielectric Resonator Antennas – A Review and General Design Relations for Resonant Frequency and Bandwidth International Journal of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Computer-Aided Engineering |year=1994 |volume=4 |issue=3  |pages=230–247 |doi=10.1002/mmce.4570040304|s2cid= 108525483 }}
-# Antenova [http://www.antenova.com Antenova info]
+* Antenova [http://www.antenova.com Antenova info].
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXvdruxTDKk Animation of Radiation from a Circularly Tapered Dielectric Waveguide Antenna (on YouTube) ]
+*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXvdruxTDKk Animation of Radiation from a Circularly Tapered Dielectric Waveguide Antenna (on YouTube) ]
 ==Notes==
 {{reflist}}
 {{Antenna_Types}}
 [[Category:Radio electronics]]
 [[Category:Radio frequency antenna types]]
+[[Category:Antennas (radio)]]

v t e Antenna types
Isotropic	Isotropic radiator
Omnidirectional	Batwing antenna Biconical antenna Cage aerial Coaxial antenna Crossed field antenna Dielectric resonator antenna Dipole antenna Discone antenna Folded unipole antenna Franklin antenna Ground-plane antenna G5RV antenna Halo antenna Helical antenna Inverted-F antenna Inverted vee antenna J-pole antenna Mast radiator Monopole antenna Random wire antenna Rubber ducky antenna Sloper antenna Turnstile antenna T2FD antenna T-antenna Umbrella antenna Whip antenna
Directional	Adcock antenna AS-2259 Antenna AWX antenna Beverage antenna Cantenna Cassegrain antenna Choke ring antenna Collinear antenna array Conformal antenna Corner reflector antenna Curtain array Folded inverted conformal antenna Fractal antenna Gizmotchy Helical antenna Horn antenna Log-periodic antenna Loop antenna Microstrip antenna Moxon antenna Offset dish antenna Patch antenna Phased array Planar array Parabolic antenna Plasma antenna Quad antenna Reflective array antenna Regenerative loop antenna Rhombic antenna Sector antenna Short backfire antenna Slot antenna Sterba antenna Vivaldi antenna WokFi Yagi–Uda antenna
Application-specific	ALLISS Corner reflector (passive) Evolved antenna Ground dipole Reconfigurable antenna Rectenna Reference antenna Spiral antenna Circularly disposed antenna array Television antenna