Bertrando Spaventa: Difference between revisions

Bertrando Spaventa
Bertrando Spaventa
Born	26 June 1817; Bomba, Abruzzo, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Died	20 September 1883 (aged 66); Naples, Kingdom of Italy
Nationality	Italian
Era	19th-century philosophy
Region	Western Philosophy
School	Hegelianism

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Bertrando Spaventa (26 June 1817 – 20 September 1883) was a leading Italian philosopher of the 19th century whose ideas had an important influence on the changes that took place during the unification of Italy and on philosophical thought in the 20th century.

Biography

Elder brother of Italian patriot Silvio Spaventa, Bertrando was born into a middle-class family in financial difficulty. His mother, Maria Anna Croce, was the great-aunt of philosopher Benedetto Croce.

He was educated at the Diocesan Seminary in Chieti and ordained there. In 1838 he moved, along with his brother, to Montecassino to take up the post of teacher of mathematics and rhetoric at the local seminary.^[1] In 1840 he went to Naples to continue his education. By learning German and English, he became one of the first Italian thinkers of the period to read the works of foreign philosophers in the original. He moved in liberal circles and became close to thinkers like Ottavio Colecchi (Italian entry) and Antonio Tari (Italian entry), set up his own philosophy school^[2] and also helped edit Il Nazionale, the newspaper founded and edited by his brother, Silvio. In 1849, following the repeal of the Constitution by Ferdinando II and the arrest of Silvio,^[3] he left Naples: first for Florence,^[4] then Turin. After abandoning the priesthood,^[5] he began work as a journalist for the Piedmontese publications Il Progresso, Il Cimento, Il Piemonte, and Rivista Contemporanea. While in Turin, Spaventa drew close to the ideas of Hegel, working out his philosophical system and political thought, and engaging in a polemic with La Civiltà Cattolica, the Jesuit's journal, arguing against the idea that religion was necessary for human development.

In 1858 he took up the chair of philosophy of law at the University of Modena, followed by that of history of philosophy at Bologna in 1860, then philosophy at the University of Naples in the following year. In a series of lectures, given in Bologna in 1860,^[6] he first expounded his theory on the circular movement of philosophical thought between Italy and Europe. Although the accepted view then was that Italian philosophy had always remained loyal to the Platonic-Christian tradition, Spaventa sought to demonstrate that modern, secular, idealist, philosophy had originated in Italy, even though it had reached its highest form in Germany. He attributed the sorry state of philosophy in 19th century Italy to the lack of intellectual freedom following the Counter-Reformation, as well as to the oppression of despotic rulers.^[7] Furthermore, he attempted to equate the philosophy of Descartes to that of Tommaso Campanella, of Baruch Spinoza to that of Giordano Bruno, of Immanuel Kant to that of Giambattista Vico and Antonio Rosmini, and of the German Idealists to that of Vincenzo Gioberti.^[8] His aim in this was to free Italian philosophy of its provincialism^[9] and bring new life to it^[10] without falling into the trap of the nationalists, against whom he wrote a vigorous polemic.^[11]

Spaventa spread the influence of Hegelian Idealism in Italy:^[12]^[13] his work influenced profoundly Giovanni Gentile and Benedetto Croce, who moved in with Silvio Spaventa after his parents had died and attended Bertrando's lectures, liking them particularly for their liberalism. Other members of his “school” include Sebastiano Maturi (in Italian), Donato Jaja (in Italian), Filippo Masci (in Italian), Felice Tocco (in Italian), and Antonio Labriola.

Bertrando Spaventa also served three terms as Member of Parliament in the Kingdom of Italy for the Historical Right party. He supported secular policies, linked to a strong feeling for the state,^[14] based on universal suffrage.^[15] This would form the source of inspiration for the development of a harmonious society, in which individuals and the community could find the necessary resources for growth in an “orderly and just” manner.^[16]

Main works

La filosofia di Kant e la sua relazione colla filosofia italiana, Unione Tipografica-editrice, Turin, 1860;
Principii di filosofia, 2 vols., Stabilimento Tip. Ghio, Naples, 1867;
Studi sull'etica di Hegel, Stamperia della Regia Università, Naples, 1869;
La filosofia di Vincenzo Gioberti, Tip. del Tasso, Naples, 1870;
Saggi critici di filosofia politica e religione, Tip. Giordano Bruno, Rome, 1899;
La dottrina della conoscenza di Giordano Bruno, Stamperia della Regia Università, Naples, 1900;
Scritti filosofici, ed. G. Gentile, Ditta A. Morano & Figlio, Naples, 1901;
Principi di etica, Pierro, Naples, 1904;
La filosofia italiana nelle sue relazioni con la filosofia europea, ed. G. Gentile, Laterza, Bari, 1909;
Logica e metafisica, ed. G. Gentile, Laterza, Bari, 1911;
Rivoluzione e utopia, in Giornale critico della filosofia italiana, XLII, pp. 66–93, ed. I. Cubeddu, 1963;
Introduzione a Hegel, in Il primo hegelismo italiano, ed. G. Oldrini, Florence, 1969;
Opere, ed. G. Gentile, "Classici della Filosofia", 3 vols., Sansoni, Florence, 1972;
Scritti kantiani, ed. L. Gentile, Sigraf Editrice, Pescara, 2008; ISBN 978-88-95566-24-5;
Opere, introductory essay, prefaces, notes and apparatus criticus by Francesco Valagussa – afterword by Vincenzo Vitiello (in Italian); 2881 p.; Bompiani - Milan, 2009; ISBN 88-452-6225-1 ISBN 978-88-452-6225-8;
Critical edition of the Opere psicologiche inedite ed. Domenico D'Orsi (in Italian):
- 1976: Lezioni di antropologia
- 1978: Psiche e metafisica
- 1984: Elementi di psicologia speculativa
- 2001: Sulle psicopatie in generale.

Bibliography

Renato Bartot, L'hegelismo di Bertrando Spaventa, Olschki, Florence, 1968;
Italo Cubeddu, Bertrando Spaventa. Edizioni e studi (1840-1970), Sansoni, Florence, 1974;
Raffaello Franchini (ed.), Bertrando Spaventa. Dalla scienza della logica alla logica della scienza, Pironti, Naples, 1986;
Eugenio Garin, Filosofia e politica in Bertrando Spaventa, ed. G. Tognon, Bibliopolis, Naples, 1983;
Eugenio Garin, Bertrando Spaventa, Bibliopolis, Naples, 2007;
Giovanni Gentile, Bertrando Spaventa, Vallecchi, Florence, 1920;
Luigi Gentile, Coscienza Nazionale e pensiero europeo in Bertrando Spaventa, Ed. NOUBS, Chieti, 2000; ISBN 88-87468-08-7;
Marcel Grilli, The Nationality of Philosophy and Bertrando Spaventa, in Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 2, No. 3, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941;
S. Landucci, Il giovane Spaventa tra hegelismo e socialismo, in Annali dell' Istituto G. G. Feltrinelli, VI, 1963;
Domenico Losurdo, Dai fratelli Spaventa a Gramsci, La Città del Sole, Naples, 1997;
Silvio Spaventa, Dal 1848 al 1861. Lettere scritti documenti, ed. B. Croce, Bari, 1923;
Giuseppe Vacca (in Italian), Politica e filosofia in Bertrando Spaventa, Laterza, Bari, 1966.

Notes

^ "Comune of Bomba website". Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ Scritti filosofici, p. XXIX
^ Scritti filosofici, p. XXXII
^ Scritti filosofici, p. XXXIII
^ Scritti filosofici, p. XXXV
^ Grilli, p. 362
^ Grilli, p. 363
^ Losurdo, pp. 79, 83
^ Losurdo, p. 83
^ Grilli, p. 362
^ Grilli, p. 365
^ Losurdo, p. 85
^ Gentile, L., p. 127
^ Losurdo, pp. 76-77
^ "Spaventa, Bertrando". L'Unificazione (in Italian). Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. 2011. Retrieved 2023-02-27.
^ Fusaro, Diego. "Bertrando Spaventa". Retrieved 27 August 2012.

External links

Savorelli, Alessandro (2019). "SPAVENTA, Bertrando". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 93: Sisto V–Stammati (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
Naples Theatre Archives, Bertrando Spaventa (in Italian), retrieved April 9, 2008^{[permanent dead link‍]}
Diego Fusaro, Bertrando Spaventa (in Italian), retrieved 2008-10-23
[1], [2] Information on website of Comune of Bomba (in Italian)

[1] "Comune of Bomba website". Retrieved 27 August 2012.

[2] Scritti filosofici, p. XXIX

[3] Scritti filosofici, p. XXXII

[4] Scritti filosofici, p. XXXIII

[5] Scritti filosofici, p. XXXV

[6] Grilli, p. 362

[7] Grilli, p. 363

[8] Losurdo, pp. 79, 83

[9] Losurdo, p. 83

[10] Grilli, p. 362

[11] Grilli, p. 365

[12] Losurdo, p. 85

[13] Gentile, L., p. 127

[14] Losurdo, pp. 76-77

[15] "Spaventa, Bertrando". L'Unificazione (in Italian). Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. 2011. Retrieved 2023-02-27.

[16] Fusaro, Diego. "Bertrando Spaventa". Retrieved 27 August 2012.

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[4]

[5]

[6]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Italian philosopher (1817–1883)}}
-{{AFC submission|d|v|declinets=20120906041015|decliner=SarahStierch|ts=20120829145637|u=Oldhegelian|ns=5}}
+{{Infobox philosopher
-{{afc comment|1=there aren't enough sources, please provide more inline! [[User:SarahStierch|SarahStierch]] ([[User talk:SarahStierch|talk]]) 04:10, 6 September 2012 (UTC)}}
+| name = Bertrando Spaventa
+| image = Bertrando-Spaventa.png
-----
-{{ Infobox philosopher
 | region=Western Philosophy
 | era=[[19th-century philosophy]]
-| birth_date = {{birth date|1817|06|26}}
+| birth_date = {{birth date|1817|06|26|df=y}}
-| birth_place = [[:it:Bomba|Bomba (in Italian)]], Italy
+| birth_place = [[Bomba, Abruzzo]], [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]]
-| death_date = {{death date and age|1883|09|20|1817|06|26}}
+| death_date = {{death date and age|1883|09|20|1817|06|26|df=y}}
-| death_place = [[Naples]]
+| death_place = [[Naples]], [[Kingdom of Italy]]
 | nationality = Italian
 | school_tradition=[[Hegelianism]]
-| footnotes = Bertrando Spaventa was an Italian philosopher during the period of [[Italian unification]].
 }}
+'''Bertrando Spaventa''' (26 June 1817 – 20 September 1883) was a leading Italian philosopher of the 19th century whose ideas had an important influence on the changes that took place during the unification of Italy and on philosophical thought in the 20th century.
 ==Biography==
-Elder brother of Italian patriot [[:it:Silvio Spaventa|Silvio Spaventa (in Italian)]], Bertrando was born into a well-to-do, middle class family. His mother, Maria Anna Croce, was the great-aunt of philosopher [[Benedetto Croce]].
+Elder brother of Italian patriot [[Silvio Spaventa]], Bertrando was born into a middle-class family in financial difficulty. His mother, Maria Anna Croce, was the great-aunt of philosopher [[Benedetto Croce]].
-He was educated at the Diocesan Seminary in [[Chieti]] and ordained there. In 1838 he moved, along with his brother, to [[Montecassino]] to take up the post of teacher of mathematics and rhetoric at the local seminary<ref>{{cite web|title=Comune of Bomba website|url=http://www.comunedibomba.it/index.php?IdPagina=123|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> . In 1840 he went to Naples to continue his education. By learning German and English, he became one of the first Italian thinkers of the period to read the works of foreign philosophers in the original. He moved in liberal circles and became close to thinkers like [[:it:Ottavio Colecchi|Ottavio Colecchi (in Italian)]] and [[:it:Antonio Tari|Antonio Tari (in Italian)]], set up his own philosophy school and also helped edit  ''Il Nazionale'', the newspaper founded and edited by his brother. Following the repeal of the Constitution by [[Ferdinando II]] in 1848, he left Naples: first for Florence, then Turin. He abandoned the priesthood and began work as a journalist for the Piedmontese publications ''Il Progresso'', ''Il Cimento'', ''Il Piemonte'', and ''Rivista Contemporanea''. While in Turin, Spaventa drew close to the ideas of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], working out his philosophical system and political thought, and engaging in a polemic with ''La Civiltà Cattolica'', the [[Jesuit]]'s journal, arguing against the idea that religion was necessary for human development.
+He was educated at the Diocesan Seminary in [[Chieti]] and ordained there. In 1838 he moved, along with his brother, to [[Montecassino]] to take up the post of teacher of mathematics and rhetoric at the local seminary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Comune of Bomba website|url=http://www.comunedibomba.it/index.php?IdPagina=123|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref> In 1840 he went to Naples to continue his education. By learning German and English, he became one of the first Italian thinkers of the period to read the works of foreign philosophers in the original. He moved in liberal circles and became close to thinkers like [[:it:Ottavio Colecchi|Ottavio Colecchi (Italian entry)]] and [[:it:Antonio Tari|Antonio Tari (Italian entry)]], set up his own philosophy school<ref>Scritti filosofici, p. XXIX</ref> and also helped edit  ''Il Nazionale'', the newspaper founded and edited by his brother, Silvio. In 1849, following the repeal of the Constitution by [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinando II]] and the arrest of Silvio,<ref>Scritti filosofici, p. XXXII</ref> he left Naples: first for Florence,<ref>Scritti filosofici, p. XXXIII</ref> then Turin. After abandoning the priesthood,<ref>Scritti filosofici, p. XXXV</ref> he began work as a journalist for the Piedmontese publications ''Il Progresso'', ''Il Cimento'', ''Il Piemonte'', and ''Rivista Contemporanea''. While in Turin, Spaventa drew close to the ideas of [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], working out his philosophical system and political thought, and engaging in a polemic with ''La Civiltà Cattolica'', the [[Jesuit]]'s journal, arguing against the idea that religion was necessary for human development.
-In 1858 he took up the chair of philosophy of law at the University of Modena, followed by that of history of philosophy at Bologna in 1860, then the chair of philosophy at the University of Naples in the following year. In a series of lectures, given in late 1861, he first expounded his theory on the circular movement of philosophical thought between Italy and Europe. Although the accepted view, at that time, was that Italian philosophy had always remained loyal to the Platonic-Christian tradition, Spaventa sought to demonstrate that modern, secular, idealist, philosophy had originated in Italy, even though it had reached its highest form in Germany. In doing so, he attempted to equate the philosophy of [[Descartes]] to that of [[Tommaso Campanella]], of [[Baruch Spinoza]] to that of [[Giordano Bruno]], of [[Immanuel Kant]] to that of [[Giambattista Vico]] and [[Antonio Rosmini]], and of the German Idealists to that of [[Vincenzo Gioberti]]. His aim in this was to free Italian philosophy of its provincialism.
+In 1858 he took up the chair of philosophy of law at the [[University of Modena]], followed by that of history of philosophy at Bologna in 1860, then philosophy at the [[University of Naples]] in the following year. In a series of lectures, given in Bologna in 1860,<ref>Grilli, p. 362</ref> he first expounded his theory on the circular movement of philosophical thought between Italy and Europe. Although the accepted view then was that Italian philosophy had always remained loyal to the Platonic-Christian tradition, Spaventa sought to demonstrate that modern, secular, idealist, philosophy had originated in Italy, even though it had reached its highest form in Germany. He attributed the sorry state of philosophy in 19th century Italy to the lack of intellectual freedom following the Counter-Reformation, as well as to the oppression of despotic rulers.<ref>Grilli, p. 363</ref>  Furthermore, he attempted to equate the philosophy of [[Descartes]] to that of [[Tommaso Campanella]], of [[Baruch Spinoza]] to that of [[Giordano Bruno]], of [[Immanuel Kant]] to that of [[Giambattista Vico]] and [[Antonio Rosmini]], and of the German Idealists to that of [[Vincenzo Gioberti]].<ref>Losurdo, pp. 79, 83</ref> His aim in this was to free Italian philosophy of its provincialism<ref>Losurdo, p. 83</ref> and bring new life to it<ref>Grilli, p. 362</ref> without falling into the trap of the nationalists, against whom he wrote a vigorous polemic.<ref>Grilli, p. 365</ref>
-Spaventa spread the influence of Hegelian Idealism in Italy: his work influenced profoundly [[Giovanni Gentile]]; [[Benedetto Croce]], who moved in with Silvio Spaventa after his parents had died, attended Bertrand's lectures, liking them particularly for their liberalism. Other members of his “school” include [[:it:Sebastiano Maturi|Sebastiano Maturi (in Italian)]], [[:it:Donato Jaja|Donato Jaja (in Italian)]], [[:it:Filippo Masci|Filippo Masci (in Italian)]], [[:it:Felice Tocco|Felice Tocco (in Italian)]], and [[Antonio Labriola]].
+Spaventa spread the influence of Hegelian Idealism in Italy:<ref>Losurdo, p. 85</ref><ref>Gentile, L., p. 127</ref> his work influenced profoundly [[Giovanni Gentile]] and [[Benedetto Croce]], who moved in with Silvio Spaventa after his parents had died and attended Bertrando's lectures, liking them particularly for their liberalism. Other members of his “school” include [[:it:Sebastiano Maturi|Sebastiano Maturi (in Italian)]], [[:it:Donato Jaja|Donato Jaja (in Italian)]], [[:it:Filippo Masci|Filippo Masci (in Italian)]], [[:it:Felice Tocco|Felice Tocco (in Italian)]], and [[Antonio Labriola]].
-Bertrando Spaventa also served three terms as Member of Parliament in the [[Kingdom of Italy]]. He supported secular policies, linked to a strong feeling for the state. This would form the source of inspiration for the development of a harmonious society, in which individuals and the community could find the necessary resources for growth in an “orderly and just” manner<ref>{{cite web|last=Fusaro|first=Diego|title=Bertrando Spaventa|url=http://www.filosofico.net/spaventa.htm|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref>.
+Bertrando Spaventa also served three terms as Member of Parliament in the [[Kingdom of Italy]] for the [[Historical Right]] party. He supported secular policies, linked to a strong feeling for the state,<ref>Losurdo, pp. 76-77</ref> based on universal suffrage.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Spaventa, Bertrando |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bertrando-spaventa_(L%27Unificazione) |access-date=2023-02-27 |encyclopedia=L'Unificazione |language=it|year=2011|publisher=[[Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]]}}</ref> This would form the source of inspiration for the development of a harmonious society, in which individuals and the community could find the necessary resources for growth in an “orderly and just” manner.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fusaro|first=Diego|title=Bertrando Spaventa|url=http://www.filosofico.net/spaventa.htm|accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref>
 ==Main works==
-*''La filosofia di Kant e la sua relazione colla filosofia italiana'', Unione Tipografica-editrice, [[Torino]] 1860;
+*''La filosofia di Kant e la sua relazione colla filosofia italiana'', Unione Tipografica-editrice, [[Turin]], 1860;
-*''Principii di filosofia'', 2 vols., Stabilimento Tip. Ghio, [[Napoli]] 1867;
+*''Principii di filosofia'', 2 vols., Stabilimento Tip. Ghio, [[Naples]], 1867;
-*''Studi sull'etica di Hegel'', Stamperia della Regia Università, Napoli 1869;
+*''Studi sull'etica di Hegel'', Stamperia della Regia Università, Naples, 1869;
-*''La filosofia di Vincenzo Gioberti'', Tip. del Tasso, Napoli 1870;
+*''La filosofia di Vincenzo Gioberti'', Tip. del Tasso, Naples, 1870;
-*''Saggi critici di filosofia politica e religione'', Tip. Giordano Bruno, Roma 1899;
+*''Saggi critici di filosofia politica e religione'', Tip. Giordano Bruno, Rome,  1899;
-*''La dottrina della conoscenza di Giordano Bruno'', Stamperia della Regia Università, Napoli 1900;
+*''La dottrina della conoscenza di Giordano Bruno'', Stamperia della Regia Università, Naples, 1900;
+*''Scritti filosofici'', ed. G. Gentile, Ditta A. Morano & Figlio, Naples, 1901;
-*''Principi di etica'', Pierro, Napoli 1904;
+*''Principi di etica'', Pierro, Naples, 1904;
-*''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75175s La filosofia italiana nelle sue relazioni con la filosofia europea]'', ed. G. Gentile, Laterza, [[Bari]] 1909;
-*''Logica e metafisica'', ed. G. Gentile, Laterza, Bari 1911.
+*''[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75175s La filosofia italiana nelle sue relazioni con la filosofia europea]'', ed. G. Gentile, Laterza, [[Bari]], 1909;
-*''Opere'', ed. G. Gentile, "Classici della Filosofia", 3 vols., Sansoni, Firenze 1972.
+*''Logica e metafisica'', ed. G. Gentile, Laterza, Bari, 1911;
+*''Rivoluzione e utopia'', in ''Giornale critico della filosofia italiana'', XLII, pp.&nbsp;66–93, ed. I. Cubeddu, 1963;
-*''Opere'', introductory essay, prefaces, notes and apparatus criticus by Francesco Valagussa – afterword by [[:it:Vincenzo Vitiello|Vincenzo Vitiello (in Italian)]]; 2881 p.; Bompiani - Milano, 2009; ISBN:8845262251  9788845262258
+*''Introduzione a Hegel'', in ''Il primo hegelismo italiano'', ed. G. Oldrini, [[Florence]], 1969;
+*''Opere'', ed. G. Gentile, "Classici della Filosofia", 3 vols., [[Sansoni (publisher)|Sansoni]], Florence, 1972;
+*''Scritti kantiani'', ed. L. Gentile, Sigraf Editrice, [[Pescara]], 2008; {{ISBN|978-88-95566-24-5}};
+*''Opere'', introductory essay, prefaces, notes and apparatus criticus by Francesco Valagussa – afterword by [[:it:Vincenzo Vitiello|Vincenzo Vitiello (in Italian)]]; 2881 p.; Bompiani - [[Milan]], 2009; {{ISBN|88-452-6225-1}}  {{ISBN|978-88-452-6225-8}};
 *Critical edition of the ''Opere psicologiche inedite'' ed. [[:it:Domenico D'Orsi|Domenico D'Orsi (in Italian)]]:
-**[[1976]]: ''Lezioni di antropologia''
+**1976: ''Lezioni di antropologia''
-**[[1978]]: ''Psiche e metafisica''
+**1978: ''Psiche e metafisica''
-**[[1984]]: ''Elementi di psicologia speculativa''
+**1984: ''Elementi di psicologia speculativa''
-**[[2001]]: ''Sulle psicopatie in generale''.
+**2001: ''Sulle psicopatie in generale''.
 ==Bibliography==
-*Renato Bartot, ''L'hegelismo di Bertrando Spaventa'', Olschki, Firenze 1968;
+*Renato Bartot, ''L'hegelismo di Bertrando Spaventa'', Olschki, Florence, 1968;
-*Italo Cubeddu, ''Bertrando Spaventa. Edizioni e studi (1840-1970)'', Sansoni, Firenze 1974;
+*Italo Cubeddu, ''Bertrando Spaventa. Edizioni e studi (1840-1970)'', [[Sansoni (publisher)|Sansoni]], Florence, 1974;
-*Raffaello Franchini (ed.), ''Bertrando Spaventa. Dalla scienza della logica alla logica della scienza'', Pironti, Napoli 1986;
+*Raffaello Franchini (ed.), ''Bertrando Spaventa. Dalla scienza della logica alla logica della scienza'', Pironti, Naples, 1986;
-*[[Eugenio Garin]], ''Filosofia e politica in Bertrando Spaventa'', ed. G. Tognon, Bibliopolis, Napoli 1983;
+*[[Eugenio Garin]], ''Filosofia e politica in Bertrando Spaventa'', ed. G. Tognon, Bibliopolis, Naples, 1983;
-*[[Eugenio Garin]], ''Bertrando Spaventa'', Bibliopolis, Napoli 2007;
+*[[Eugenio Garin]], ''Bertrando Spaventa'', Bibliopolis, Naples, 2007;
-*[[Giovanni Gentile]], ''Bertrando Spaventa'', Vallecchi, Firenze 1920;
+*[[Giovanni Gentile]], ''Bertrando Spaventa'', Vallecchi, Florence, 1920;
-*Luigi Gentile, ''Coscienza Nazionale e pensiero europeo in Bertrando Spaventa'', Ed. NOUBS, Chieti 2000;
+*Luigi Gentile, ''Coscienza Nazionale e pensiero europeo in Bertrando Spaventa'', Ed. NOUBS, [[Chieti]], 2000; {{ISBN|88-87468-08-7}};
+*Marcel Grilli, ''The Nationality of Philosophy and Bertrando Spaventa'', in ''Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 2, No. 3'', University of Pennsylvania Press, 1941;
-*[[Domenico Losurdo]], ''Dai fratelli Spaventa a Gramsci'', La Città del Sole, Naples 1997
+*S. Landucci, ''Il giovane Spaventa tra hegelismo e socialismo'', in ''Annali dell' Istituto G. G. Feltrinelli'', VI, 1963;
-*[[:it:Giuseppe Vacca|Giuseppe Vacca (in Italian)]], ''Politica e filosofia in Bertrando Spaventa'', Laterza, Bari 1966.
+*[[Domenico Losurdo]], ''Dai fratelli Spaventa a Gramsci'', La Città del Sole, Naples, 1997;
+*[[:it:Silvio Spaventa|Silvio Spaventa]], ''Dal 1848 al 1861. Lettere scritti documenti'', ed. B. Croce, Bari, 1923;
+*[[:it:Giuseppe Vacca (storico)|Giuseppe Vacca (in Italian)]], ''Politica e filosofia in Bertrando Spaventa'', Laterza, Bari, 1966.
 ==Notes==
@@ Line 60: / Line 66: @@
 ==External links==
+* {{DBI|url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/bertrando-spaventa_(Dizionario-Biografico)|first=Alessandro|last=Savorelli|title=SPAVENTA, Bertrando|volume=93}}
-* {{Cite web|author=Naples Theatre Archives|url=http://archiviteatro.napolibeniculturali.it/atn/foto/dettagli_foto?oid=93215&descrizione=Bertrando%20Spaventa&query_start=1|title=Bertrando Spaventa|accessdate=04-09-2008|language=it|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
-* {{Cite web|author=Diego Fusaro|url=http://www.filosofico.net/spaventa.htm|title=Bertrando Spaventa|accessdate=23-10-2008|language=it|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
+* {{citation|author=Naples Theatre Archives|url=http://archiviteatro.napolibeniculturali.it/atn/foto/dettagli_foto?oid=93215&descrizione=Bertrando%20Spaventa&query_start=1|title=Bertrando Spaventa|accessdate=April 9, 2008|language=it}}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
+* {{citation|author=Diego Fusaro|url=http://www.filosofico.net/spaventa.htm|title=Bertrando Spaventa|accessdate=2008-10-23|language=it}}
 *[http://www.comunedibomba.it/index.php?IdPagina=123], [http://www.comunedibomba.it/index.php?IdPagina=112] Information on website of Comune of [[:it:Bomba|Bomba (in Italian)]]
-{{Portal|biographies|philosophy}}
+{{Portal|Biography|Philosophy}}
+{{Authority control}}
-[[:Category:Italian philosophers]]
-[[:Category:1817 births]]
-[[:Category:1883 deaths]]
-[[:Category:19th-century philosophers]]
-[[:Category:Idealists]]
-[[:Category:Liberalism]]
-[[:Category:Italian historians of philosophy]]
-[[:Category:Hegelian philosophers]]
-[[:Category:Political philosophers]]
-[[:Category:Political theorists]]
-[[:Category:Social philosophers]]
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Spaventa, Bertrando}}
-[[it:Bertrando Spaventa]]
+[[Category:1817 births]]
-[[de:Bertrando Spaventa]]
+[[Category:1883 deaths]]
-[[pms:Bertrando Spaventa]]
+[[Category:People from the Province of Chieti]]
-[[ro:Bertrando Spaventa]]
+[[Category:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies people]]
-[[ru:Спавента, Бертрандо]]
+[[Category:Historical Right politicians]]
+[[Category:Deputies of Legislature VIII of the Kingdom of Italy]]
+[[Category:Deputies of Legislature X of the Kingdom of Italy]]
+[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XI of the Kingdom of Italy]]
+[[Category:Deputies of Legislature XII of the Kingdom of Italy]]
-== References ==
+[[Category:19th-century Italian philosophers]]
-{{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Idealists]]
-*
+[[Category:Italian political philosophers]]
-*
+[[Category:Liberalism]]
-*
+[[Category:Italian historians of philosophy]]
+[[Category:Hegelian philosophers]]
+[[Category:Social philosophers]]

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