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{{rough translation|1=Catalan|date=March 2014}}
{{Short description|Catalan businessman}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
|name=Josep Bonaplata
|name=Josep Bonaplata
Line 8: Line 6:
|caption=
|caption=
|birth_date=1795
|birth_date=1795
|birth_place=
|birth_place= [[Barcelona]]
|death_date=June 2, 1843
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1843|06|02|1795||}}
|death_place={{nowrap|[[Bunyol]], [[Foia de Bunyol]], Valencian Community}}
|death_place={{nowrap|[[Bunyol]], [[Foia de Bunyol]], Valencian Community}}
|nationality = Spanish
|nationality = Spanish
|occupation=Founder of [[Factory Bonaplata]], [[business executive]], engineering
|occupation=Founder of [[Bonaplata Factory]], [[business executive]], engineering
|spouse=
|spouse=
|parents=Ramon Bonaplata and Teresa Corriol
|parents=Ramon Bonaplata and Teresa Corriol
|children=
|children=
|religion=
|networth=
|signature=
|signature=
}}
}}
'''Josep Bonaplata and Corriol''' ([[Barcelona]], [[1795]] - [[Bunyol]], [[June 2]] of [[1843]]) was a Catalan industrial entrepreneur known to be the one who introduced the [[steam machine]] in [[Catalonia]] and [[Spain]]. Their parents were [[chintz]] makers Ramon Bonaplata and Teresa Corriol; and their brothers were Salvador, [[Ramon Bonaplata|Ramon]] and Narcís.
'''Josep Bonaplata i Corriol''' (1795 - [[Bunyol]], 2 June 1843) was a [[Catalans|Catalan]] industrial entrepreneur known for introducing the [[steam engine]] into [[Catalonia]] and [[Spain]]. His parents, [[Ramon Bonaplata]] and Teresa Corriol, were [[textile manufacturer]]s, principally of [[chintz]], and he had three brothers, Salvador, Ramon and Narcís.


==Youth and trip to England==
==Youth and trip to England==


Josep Bonaplata worked at the family manufactory until his father retired and the business was inherited by the older brother, Salvador.<ref name="Nadal6">[[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 6-8</ref> In [[1828]] Josep and his friend Joan Vilaregut started a cotton textile factory in [[Sallent]], with mechanical looms that were hydro-powered by the [[River Llobregat]].<ref name="Nadal6"/><ref name="GEC">[[#GEC|Enciclopèdia Catalana]]</ref> In 1829, in an attempt to modernise the plant, he was given permission by the Spanish government to import an English steam engine.<ref name="Note1">The news was greeted with strong opposition from the Catalan trade organisation, Junta de Comerçtrade, because it was feared that the project was a cover-up for importing cheaper English textiles. However, they came round after inspecting the new factory in March 1833. [[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 6-8</ref>
Josep Bonaplata worked at the family factory until his father retired and the business was inherited by his older brother, Salvador.<ref name="Nadal6">[[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 6-8</ref> In 1828 Josep and his friend Joan Vilaregut then started a cotton textile factory in [[Sallent]], using mechanical looms that were hydraulically powered by the [[Llobregat]] River. This was the first time in Spain that mechanical looms had been used. In 1829, in an attempt to modernise his business, he was given permission by the Spanish government to import an English steam engine.{{sfn|GEC}}<ref name="Note1">The news was greeted with strong opposition from the Catalan trade organisation, Junta de Comerç, as it was feared that the project was a cover-up for importing cheaper English textiles. The businessmen would later change their minds after inspecting the new factory site in Barcelona in March 1833. [[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 6-8</ref>


Bonaplata travelled to [[Britain]] with Joan Rull and a man named Camps to learn about the textile industry in [[Lancashire]] and to buy the necessary machinery from the [[Boulton & Watt]] manufactory in [[Birmingham]].<ref name="GEC"/> In London, he received the reuired authorisation to import the steam engine from Spanish ambassador [[Francisco Cea Bermúdez]]. Bonaplata and Rull went back to Catalonia in July 1830, but Camps stayed in [[Manchester]] to continue learning about the machinery, in particular [[Richard Roberts]]'s self-acting spinning mule, which Bonaplata planned to produce under licence.<ref name="Nadal6"/>
Bonaplata travelled to [[Lancashire]] with Joan Rull and a man named Camps to learn about the textile industry and to buy machinery. In London, he received authorisation to import a steam engine from the Spanish ambassador [[Francisco Cea Bermúdez]]. Bonaplata and Rull returned to Catalonia in July 1830, but Camps stayed in [[Manchester]] to continue learning about the machinery.<ref name="Nadal6"/>


==Industrial entrepreneur==
==Industrial entrepreneur==
{{Main|Bonaplata Factory}}


At September 30 of 1831 formed the firm "Bonaplata, Rull, Vilaregut i Cia." with his three brothers, his friend Joan Vilaregut, and the new partner Joan Rull. This company was capitalized with 1.600.000 [[Spanish real|reales]].<ref name="Nadal6"/> The '''[[Factory Bonaplata]]''' (also known as "''El Vapor''") was placed at Tallers Street, at [[El Raval|Raval]]'s neighborhood in Barcelona, and held two activities: At 1832 was founded the [[blast furnace]] for processing iron, with a workshop for making mechanical looms, and at November [[1833]] was founded the factory for weaving and spinning mechanically. Significantly it was the first factory in [[Spain]] to use a [[steam machine]] for generating mechanical motion to move other engines.<ref name="GEC"/> Its value and social impact was recognized then already because it employed roughly 700 people, and because it inspired the aim to learn and to modernize the economy.<ref name="Note2">In 1834 French geographer [[Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|Moreau de Jonnès]] praised the factory in the Spanish part of his "''Statistique de l'Agriculture de France, contenant la statistique des céréales diverses, des pâturages, des bois et forêts et des animaux domestiques, avec leur production actuelle comparée à celle des temps anciens et des principaux pays européens''". This part was translated to Spanish language by lawyer and future politician [[Pascual Madoz]] on its "''Estadística de España''" at 1835, adding some comments that described it as a "full revolution". In 1846 Madoz highlighted again the importance of the Factory Bonaplata as the dawn of the new industrial age. Furthermore, at 1867 was [[Ildefons Cerdà]] himself, talking about his years of youth, who remembered "''El Vapor''" as the turning point between two ages. [[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 7 and 15</ref> However, the factory was assaulted and burned at night between [[August 4]] and August 5 of [[1835]], during the turmoil of a riot with a component of [[luddism]], among other issues.<ref name="Nadal6"/><ref name="Note3">Years later [[Valentí Esparó]] used the same place to build up a workshop that would become the basis of the famous factory "[[La Maquinista Terrestre y Marítima|La Maquinista]]". [[#GEC|Enciclopèdia Catalana]]</ref>
On 30 September 1831 Bonaplata formed the firm Bonaplata, Rull, Vilaregut and Company with his three brothers, his friend Joan Vilaregut, and his new partner Joan Rull. The company was capitalized at 1.600.000 [[Spanish real|reales]].<ref name="Nadal6"/> The [[Bonaplata Factory]] (also known as ''El Vapor'') had two activities: an [[iron foundry]] with a workshop for making mechanical looms, and a mechanical weaving and spinning factory. This was the first factory in [[Spain]] to use a [[steam engine]] to power machinery.{{sfn|GEC}} Its value and social impact was immediately recognised and it inspired the modernisation of the economy.<ref name="Note2">In 1834 the French geographer [[Alexandre Moreau de Jonnès|Moreau de Jonnès]] praised the factory in the Spanish part of his "''Statistique de l'Agriculture de France''", which compared European economies. This was translated into Spanish by the lawyer and future politician [[Pascual Madoz]] in his "''Estadística de España''" in 1835, who added the comment that El Vapor brought about a "full revolution". In 1846 Madoz again highlighted the importance of the Bonaplata Factory as the dawn of the new industrial age. In 1867 [[Ildefons Cerdà]], the Barcelona urban planner who reshaped the city, talking about his youth, remembered "''El Vapor''" as the turning point between two ages. [[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 7 and 15</ref>


The losses from the disaster raised to 2.696.625 reales. Therefore he sued the Spanish government as the last responsible because it couldn't stop the revolt. Initially the government tried to elude all responsibility, but asked to the [[Cortes Generales]] a permission to pay a compensation. At April 1 of 1837 Josep Bonaplata appeared before the Cortes and committed himself to rebuild a new and bigger steam factory for starting the modernization of the Spanish industry; but later the treasure committee declared that he must gave up any compensation if he wanted a state investment.<ref name="Nadal9">[[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 9-11</ref>
However, the factory was attacked and burned on the night of 5 and 6 August 1835 by [[Luddite]] gangs known as Bullangues<ref name="Nadal6"/><ref name="Note3">Years later [[Valentí Esparó]] used the remains of the foundry to build a workshop that would become the basis of a famous factory, [[La Maquinista Terrestre y Marítima|La Maquinista]].</ref> The losses from the disaster were put at 2.696.625 reales. Bonaplata sued the Spanish government for failing to stop the riot. Initially, the government tried to evade responsibility, but then asked the [[Cortes Generales]] (parliament) for permission to pay compensation. On 1 April 1837, Josep Bonaplata appeared before the Cortes and agreed to build a new and bigger steam-powered factory to begin the modernisation of Spanish industry, but the treasury committee decided that he must give up any compensation claims if he wanted state investment for his new venture.<ref name="Nadal9">[[#Nadal|Jordi Nadal]]: p. 9-11</ref>


Before this resolution, Bonaplata already had gone to live in [[Madrid]] at [[1837]] to form the company ''Bonaplata, Sandford y Cía'' for showing his truly intentions of restarting the project. The company chose to establish the business at the late convent of Santa Barbara, at [[Hortaleza]]'s neighborhood, and he took a humble room as a home. He was forty two already, but still single. The place became his second [[blast furnace]] with the participation of a machinist named [[William Sanford]].<ref name="Nadal9"/> Possibly he was already suffering a breathing disorder, which could explain why his brothers Ramon and Narcís joined him again: At 1839 the company was changed to ''Bonaplata y Hermanos'', while Sandford remained staying only as a technician. Ramon took over the Madrilenian business, which was capitalized with 200.000 reales, while Narcís opened a new blast furnace in [[Seville]] capitalized with 90.000 reales; but both little brothers had to check the important decisions with their older brother.<ref name="Nadal9"/>
Before the issue was resolved, Bonaplata moved to [[Madrid]] where he formed Bonaplata, Sandford and Company to fulfill his vision. The business was established in the former convent of Santa Barbara, in the [[Hortaleza]] neighbourhood. He was now forty-two, and still single. The business included his second [[iron foundry]] in collaboration with the English engineer named William Sanford.<ref name="Nadal9"/> Bonaplata first began suffering health problems, which could explain why his younger brothers Ramon and Narcís joined him here. In 1839 Sanford gave up his share in the company and it was renamed Bonaplata and Brothers, though Sanford remained as the principal engineer. Ramon took over the Madrid business, which was capitalised at 200.000 reales, while Narcís opened a new blast furnace in [[Seville]] capitalised at 90.000 reales. Major decisions for both businesses were still taken by Josep.<ref name="Nadal9"/>


Two years latter Narcís emancipated the Andalusian factory, so the Madrilenian one (which kept the brand) was capitalized with 403.063 reales. Although Josep Bonaplata owned the bigger part of it, the legal documents acknowledged [[Ramon Bonaplata|Ramon]] as the lone administrator of "Santa Barbara"; probably he was suffering a bad health, but still then he kept the right to act on whatever he thought was convenient.<ref name="Nadal9"/>
Two years later Narcís took full control of the Andalusian factory, leaving Bonaplata y Hermanos in Madrid capitalised at 403,063 reales. Although Josep Bonaplata owned the bigger part of the Santa Barbara concern, the legal documents acknowledged his brother Ramon as its sole administrator, probably because of Josep's poor health, though he retained the right to act on whatever he thought necessary.<ref name="Nadal9"/>


==The rural business==
==Rural businesses==
⚫
A few months after the destruction of El Vapor, in December 1835, Josep Bonaplata had paid 187,000 reales for the Espinar estate in the Valencian village of [[Llíria]]. Here he built an olive oil mill, and planted many almond trees. He also invested 1,190,000 reales in a project that would link the [[Cinca River (Aragon)|Cinca]] and [[Segre (river)|Segre]] to irrigate the [[Llitera]] area. The plan was promoted by his friend Antoni Gassó, but it came to nothing.<ref name="Nadal9"/>

⚫
Right after the destruction of "''El Vapor''", at December 1835 Josep Bonaplata bought by 187.000 reales the estate of "''Espinar''" in the Valencian village of [[Llíria]]. He made some important investments in the site like the construction of an olive oil mill, and planted almond trees massively. In parallel, he invested 1.190.000 reales in a project that would link the rivers [[Cinca River (Aragon)|Cinca]] and [[Segre (river)|Segre]] for developing the irrigation of the middle shire of [[Llitera]]. The plan was promoted by his friend Antoni Gassó, but ended not realized at that time.<ref name="Nadal9"/>


==Illness and death==
==Illness and death==
⚫
The severe respiratory problems that Bonaplata had been suffering affected his work. Fearing a sudden attack, he made his will in May 1840. Three years later he decided to retire at the Espinar estate in Llíria. On 30 May 1843, Bonaplata handed his will to his executor and started out for his Espinar estate, but he suffered a fatal asthma attack on 2 June close to the nearby village of [[Bunyol]]. He was 48.<ref name="Nadal9"/>


⚫
He died without issue so his brothers inherited his estate. It is known that he had had an illegitimate daughter named Sofia, but she died at birth in 1840. It is possible that Josep married the mother of his child, Jesusa Romero.<ref name="Nadal9"/>
⚫
At least since 1839 Josep Bonaplata was suffering severe respiratory disorders that affected his dedication to business. Fearing a last attack, he made his will at May 1840. Three years later he finally decided to retire at the Espinar farmhouse in Llíria. At May 30 of [[1843]] Bonaplata handed the will to the executor and started the trip, but his lungs collapsed in a last asthma attack at [[June 2]] while he was passing the near village of [[Bunyol]]. He was 48.<ref name="Nadal9"/>

⚫
He died without progeny so the brothers were his successors. It is known that he had had an illegitimate daughter named Sofia, but she died while was being born at 1840. It's likely that Josep and Jesusa Romero, the mother, became a couple.<ref name="Nadal9"/>


== References ==
== References ==
Line 55: Line 50:
=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Josep Bonaplata |encyclopedia=Enciclopèdia Catalana |publisher=Grup Enciclopèdia |location=Barcelona |id= |url=https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/josep-bonaplata |access-date=28 May 2023|ref={{harvid|GEC}}}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.enciclopedia.cat/enciclop%C3%A8dies/gran-enciclop%C3%A8dia-catalana/EC-GEC-0011071.xml#.UyA36c6I7uo |title=Josep Bonaplata |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher=Enciclopèdia Catalana |language= Catalan |accessdate=12 March 2014 |ref=EC}}
* {{cite web |url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000118%5C00000011.pdf |title=Els Bonaplata: Tres generacions d'industrials catalans a l'Espanya del segle XIX |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |language= Catalan |accessdate=12 March 2014 |ref=Nadal}}
* {{cite web |url=http://publicacions.iec.cat/repository/pdf/00000118%5C00000011.pdf |title=Els Bonaplata: Tres generacions d'industrials catalans a l'Espanya del segle XIX |trans-title=The Bonaplatas: Three generations of Catalan industrialists in 19th century Spain|publisher=Institut d'Estudis Catalans |language=Catalan |access-date=12 March 2014 |ref=Nadal|author-link=Jordi Nadal}}
*''Burning Barcelona'' by Roger Williams (Bristol Book Publishing 2008, {{ISBN|9780955537615}}) is an historical novel about the installation of the steam engine by Josep Bonaplata and William Sanford, an engineer from the Boulton & Watt manufactory.
{{refend}}


{{Authority control}}
{{Persondata

| NAME = Corriol, Josep Bonaplata i
{{DEFAULTSORT:Corriol, Josep Bonaplata i}}
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Spanish businessman
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1795
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = June 2, 1843
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:Businesspeople in textiles]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in textiles]]
[[Category:Catalan businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Ironmasters]]
[[Category:19th-century ironmasters]]
[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1795 births]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:1843 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Spanish businesspeople]]
[[Category:Spanish industrialists]]
[[Category:19th-century industrialists]]

Latest revision as of 13:59, 31 July 2024

Josep Bonaplata
Born1795
Barcelona
Died2 June 1843(1843-06-02) (aged 47–48)
Bunyol, Foia de Bunyol, Valencian Community
NationalitySpanish
Occupation(s)Founder of Bonaplata Factory, business executive, engineering
Parent(s)Ramon Bonaplata and Teresa Corriol

Josep Bonaplata i Corriol (1795 - Bunyol, 2 June 1843) was a Catalan industrial entrepreneur known for introducing the steam engine into Catalonia and Spain. His parents, Ramon Bonaplata and Teresa Corriol, were textile manufacturers, principally of chintz, and he had three brothers, Salvador, Ramon and Narcís.

Youth and trip to England

[edit]

Josep Bonaplata worked at the family factory until his father retired and the business was inherited by his older brother, Salvador.[1] In 1828 Josep and his friend Joan Vilaregut then started a cotton textile factory in Sallent, using mechanical looms that were hydraulically powered by the Llobregat River. This was the first time in Spain that mechanical looms had been used. In 1829, in an attempt to modernise his business, he was given permission by the Spanish government to import an English steam engine.[2][3]

Bonaplata travelled to Lancashire with Joan Rull and a man named Camps to learn about the textile industry and to buy machinery. In London, he received authorisation to import a steam engine from the Spanish ambassador Francisco Cea Bermúdez. Bonaplata and Rull returned to Catalonia in July 1830, but Camps stayed in Manchester to continue learning about the machinery.[1]

Industrial entrepreneur

[edit]
Main article: Bonaplata Factory

On 30 September 1831 Bonaplata formed the firm Bonaplata, Rull, Vilaregut and Company with his three brothers, his friend Joan Vilaregut, and his new partner Joan Rull. The company was capitalized at 1.600.000 reales.[1] The Bonaplata Factory (also known as El Vapor) had two activities: an iron foundry with a workshop for making mechanical looms, and a mechanical weaving and spinning factory. This was the first factory in Spain to use a steam engine to power machinery.[2] Its value and social impact was immediately recognised and it inspired the modernisation of the economy.[4]

However, the factory was attacked and burned on the night of 5 and 6 August 1835 by Luddite gangs known as Bullangues[1][5] The losses from the disaster were put at 2.696.625 reales. Bonaplata sued the Spanish government for failing to stop the riot. Initially, the government tried to evade responsibility, but then asked the Cortes Generales (parliament) for permission to pay compensation. On 1 April 1837, Josep Bonaplata appeared before the Cortes and agreed to build a new and bigger steam-powered factory to begin the modernisation of Spanish industry, but the treasury committee decided that he must give up any compensation claims if he wanted state investment for his new venture.[6]

Before the issue was resolved, Bonaplata moved to Madrid where he formed Bonaplata, Sandford and Company to fulfill his vision. The business was established in the former convent of Santa Barbara, in the Hortaleza neighbourhood. He was now forty-two, and still single. The business included his second iron foundry in collaboration with the English engineer named William Sanford.[6] Bonaplata first began suffering health problems, which could explain why his younger brothers Ramon and Narcís joined him here. In 1839 Sanford gave up his share in the company and it was renamed Bonaplata and Brothers, though Sanford remained as the principal engineer. Ramon took over the Madrid business, which was capitalised at 200.000 reales, while Narcís opened a new blast furnace in Seville capitalised at 90.000 reales. Major decisions for both businesses were still taken by Josep.[6]

Two years later Narcís took full control of the Andalusian factory, leaving Bonaplata y Hermanos in Madrid capitalised at 403,063 reales. Although Josep Bonaplata owned the bigger part of the Santa Barbara concern, the legal documents acknowledged his brother Ramon as its sole administrator, probably because of Josep's poor health, though he retained the right to act on whatever he thought necessary.[6]

Rural businesses

[edit]

A few months after the destruction of El Vapor, in December 1835, Josep Bonaplata had paid 187,000 reales for the Espinar estate in the Valencian village of Llíria. Here he built an olive oil mill, and planted many almond trees. He also invested 1,190,000 reales in a project that would link the Cinca and Segre to irrigate the Llitera area. The plan was promoted by his friend Antoni Gassó, but it came to nothing.[6]

Illness and death

[edit]

The severe respiratory problems that Bonaplata had been suffering affected his work. Fearing a sudden attack, he made his will in May 1840. Three years later he decided to retire at the Espinar estate in Llíria. On 30 May 1843, Bonaplata handed his will to his executor and started out for his Espinar estate, but he suffered a fatal asthma attack on 2 June close to the nearby village of Bunyol. He was 48.[6]

He died without issue so his brothers inherited his estate. It is known that he had had an illegitimate daughter named Sofia, but she died at birth in 1840. It is possible that Josep married the mother of his child, Jesusa Romero.[6]

References

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Jordi Nadal: p. 6-8
  2. ^ a b GEC.
  3. ^ The news was greeted with strong opposition from the Catalan trade organisation, Junta de Comerç, as it was feared that the project was a cover-up for importing cheaper English textiles. The businessmen would later change their minds after inspecting the new factory site in Barcelona in March 1833. Jordi Nadal: p. 6-8
  4. ^ In 1834 the French geographer Moreau de Jonnès praised the factory in the Spanish part of his "Statistique de l'Agriculture de France", which compared European economies. This was translated into Spanish by the lawyer and future politician Pascual Madoz in his "Estadística de España" in 1835, who added the comment that El Vapor brought about a "full revolution". In 1846 Madoz again highlighted the importance of the Bonaplata Factory as the dawn of the new industrial age. In 1867 Ildefons Cerdà, the Barcelona urban planner who reshaped the city, talking about his youth, remembered "El Vapor" as the turning point between two ages. Jordi Nadal: p. 7 and 15
  5. ^ Years later Valentí Esparó used the remains of the foundry to build a workshop that would become the basis of a famous factory, La Maquinista.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Jordi Nadal: p. 9-11

Bibliography

[edit]
  • "Josep Bonaplata". Enciclopèdia Catalana. Barcelona: Grup Enciclopèdia. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
  • "Els Bonaplata: Tres generacions d'industrials catalans a l'Espanya del segle XIX" [The Bonaplatas: Three generations of Catalan industrialists in 19th century Spain] (PDF) (in Catalan). Institut d'Estudis Catalans. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  • Burning Barcelona by Roger Williams (Bristol Book Publishing 2008, ISBN 9780955537615) is an historical novel about the installation of the steam engine by Josep Bonaplata and William Sanford, an engineer from the Boulton & Watt manufactory.
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