Bidar Sultanate: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Late mediaeval Indian kingdom (1492–1619)}} |
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{{See also|Bidar (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Confuse|text=the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], which ruled from Bidar}} |
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{{More citations needed|date = February 2016}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}} |
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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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|native_name = |
| native_name = |
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|conventional_long_name = |
| conventional_long_name = Sultanate of Bidar |
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|year_start = |
| year_start = 1492 |
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|year_end = 1619 |
| year_end = 1619 |
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|p1 = Bahmani Sultanate |
| p1 = Bahmani Sultanate |
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| s1 = Bijapur Sultanate |
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| image_map = {{South Asia in 1525 CE|center||{{Annotation|119|138|[[File:Rectangle (plain).svg|43px]]}}||none}} |
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| image_map_caption = Bidar Sultanate in the 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>For a map of their territory see: {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=39, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076}}</ref> |
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|flag_p2 = |
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| national_motto = |
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| national_anthem = |
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| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name="EI3">{{EI3 | doi =10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25225 | last = Philon | first = Helen | title = Barīd Shāhīs | year = 2019}}</ref> |
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|date_start = |
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| capital = [[Bidar]] |
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|event_start = |
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| government_type = Monarchy |
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| title_leader = [[Sultan]] |
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| leader1 = [[Qasim Barid I]] |
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| year_leader1 = 1489 – 1504 |
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| leader2 = Amir Barid Shah III (last) |
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| year_leader2 = 1609 – 1619 |
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|image_map_caption = Extent of Bidar Sultanate |
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| common_name = Bidar Sultanate |
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| today = India |
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|religion = [[Islam]] |
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|capital = [[Bidar]] |
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|government_type = Monarchy |
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|title_leader = Barid Shah |
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|leader1 = |
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|year_leader1 = 1490–1636 |
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|leader2 = |
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|year_leader2 = |
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|leader3 = |
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|year_leader3 = |
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|leader4 = |
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|year_leader4 = |
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|leader5 = |
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|year_leader5 = |
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|stat_year1 = |
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|stat_pop1 = |
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|stat_area4 = |
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|population_density3 = |
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|currency = Mohur |
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|common_name = Bidar Sultanate |
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| today = [[India]] |
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}} |
}} |
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''' |
The '''Sultanate of Bidar''' was an [[early modern]] Indian polity that ruled a territory in the central [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] centred at [[Bidar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Barid-Shahi-dynasty|title=Barīd Shāhī dynasty {{!}} Muslim dynasty|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> As one of the [[Deccan sultanates]], the sultanate's initial territory corresponded to that of one of the five provinces of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], and under the rule of [[Qasim Barid I]] in 1492 assumed de facto control of state affairs of the Bahmani Sultanate. Leadership passed to his sons; [[Amir Barid I]] in 1504 and [[Ali Barid Shah I]] in 1542. Starting from the 1580s as a result of Ali's death, a wave of successions occurred in the rulership of the dynasty which ended in 1609 under the last sultan, Amir Barid III. He was eventually defeated in 1619 by [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]], who annexed the territory of the Bidar Sultanate into his realm. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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<!---1426 Bidar King recognised: Karniks belonging to CKP caste ... see under CKP in Wikipedia leaving up to scholars to incorporate outstanding quality of administrators in Bidar...Krishna Prakash Bahadur, Sukhdev Singh Chib (1977). The Castes, Tribes & Culture of India: Western Maharashtra & Gujarat. Ess Ess Publications. p. 27. A sanad was bestowed on one Parashurama Prabhu Karnik in 1426 by the Bidar king...They showed remarkable valour and loyalty, and were one of the chief sources of strength to Shivaji Maharaj..so useful did Shivaji Maharaj find them, that at one stage he dismissed all the Brahmins from their high posts and replaced them by Kayastha Prabhus...... remarkable inasmuch as they were equally good warriors, statesmen and writer--> |
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=== Qasim Barid and Amir Barid === |
=== Qasim Barid and Amir Barid === |
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The sultanate was founded in 1492 by [[Qasim Barid I]],{{sfn|Sen|2013|p=118}} who was a Turk<ref>Khan, Iqtidar Alam. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzZFUcDpDzsC&dq=qutb+shahi+turkish+origin&pg=PP1 Historical dictionary of medieval India. No. 20.] Scarecrow Press, 2008."The founder of the Barid Shahi dynasty of Bidar was the son of a Bahmani noble of Turkish origin, Qasim Barid"</ref><ref>Bolar, Varija R. [https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/257310 "Turks in Karnataka."] International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 4, no. 1 (2012): 419-428.“The Barid Shahi kingdom was established by a Turk named Qasim Barid who had come to Bidar in 1463 AD”</ref><ref>Ali, Shanti Sadiq. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC&pg=PA51 The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times.] Orient Blackswan, 1996.“It may be noted here that Qasim Barid, the Kotwal of Bidar, though of Turkish origin succeeded in imposing his influence on Sultan Shihabu'd-din Mahmad”</ref><ref>Syed, Muzaffar H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP37 History of Indian Nation: Medieval India. Vol. 2.] KK Publications, 2022. p.37. “that he left the administration in the hands of one Turk noble, Qasim Barid.”</ref> or Georgian and enslaved by Turks.{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=324}} He joined the service of the [[Bahmani sultanate|Bahmani]] Sultan [[Muhammad Shah III Lashkari|Muhammad Shah III]]. He started his career as a ''sar-naubat'', and was made kotwal of Bidar by [[Nizam Shahi dynasty|Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri]] for helping the [[Deccanis]] in the massacre of the foreign population at Bidar.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZJEAQAAIAAJ&q=bidar+massacre |title= Maharashtra State Gazetteers. History: Mediaeval period, by B.G. Kunte.- pt. 3. Maratha period, by J. Sarkar and others |author= J. Sarkar |publisher= Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Department |page=214 |date=1972 }}</ref> However, he later became the ''mir-jumla'' (prime minister) of the Bahmani sultanate. During the reign of [[Mahmood Shah Bahmani II]] (r. 1482 – 1518), he became the de facto ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=466}} |
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The sultanate was founded in 1492 by [[Qasim Barid]],{{sfn|Sen|2013|p=118}} who was Georgian enslaved by Turks.{{sfn|Bosworth|1996|p=324}} or Turk origin He joined the service of the [[Bahmani sultanate|Bahmani]] sultān Muhammad Shah III. He started his career as a ''sar-naubat'' but later became the ''mir-jumla'' (prime minister) of the Bahmani sultanate. During the reign of Mahmud Shah Bahmani (r.1482 – 1518), he became the de facto ruler. |
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After the death of Mahmud Shah Bahmani in 1518, he was succeeded by four sultans, one after another, but they were mere puppets in the hands of Amir Barid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India|title=India - Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Haig|1928|pp=431}} |
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When the last Bahmani ruler Kalimullah fled to Bidar in 1527, Amir Barid became practically independent.{{ |
When the last Bahmani ruler Kalimullah fled to Bidar in 1527, [[Amir Barid I]] became practically independent, as his de jure suzerain's state ceased to exist.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=466}} However, he never assumed any royal title.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=25}} |
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=== Ali Barid Shah === |
=== Ali Barid Shah === |
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In 1542, |
In 1542, Amir was succeeded by his son [[Ali Barid Shah I]], who was the first to assume the royal title of ''Shah''.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=13}} Ali Barid joined the other Deccan sultans in the [[Battle of Talikota]] against the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijayanagar Empire]] in January 1565.{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|p=467}} |
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=== Later rulers === |
=== Later rulers === |
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After his death in 1580, Ali Barid was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Barid, who ruled for seven years until his death in 1587.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=160}} He was succeeded by his younger brother Qasim Barid II.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} After his death in 1591, he was succeeded by his infant son Ali Barid II, who was soon dethroned by one of his relative, Amir Barid II. In 1601, he was also overthrown by one of his relative, Mirza Ali Barid. |
After his death in 1580, Ali Barid was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Barid, who ruled for seven years until his death in 1587.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=160}} He was succeeded by his younger brother Qasim Barid II.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} After his death in 1591, he was succeeded by his infant son Ali Barid II, who was soon dethroned by one of his relative, Amir Barid II. In 1601, he was also overthrown by one of his relative, Mirza Ali Barid. |
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In 1609, he was succeeded by the last ruler, Amir Barid III,{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} who fought against the Mughals in 1616 under the leadership of [[Malik Ambar]]. In 1619, he was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] sultan [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. Bidar was annexed to Bijapur sultanate. Amir Barid III and his sons were brought to [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and kept "under surveillance"{{sfn|Majumdar| |
In 1609, he was succeeded by the last ruler, Amir Barid III,{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=14}} who fought against the Mughals in 1616 under the leadership of [[Malik Ambar]]. In 1619, he was defeated by the [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]] sultan [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]]. Bidar was annexed to Bijapur sultanate. Amir Barid III and his sons were brought to [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and kept "under surveillance".{{sfn|Majumdar|1974|pp=466–468}} |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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{{See also|Deccan sultanates#Bidar}} |
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The rulers patronized [[Persianate society|Persianate]] culture. Persian poetry is inscribed on their tombs. |
The rulers patronized [[Persianate society|Persianate]] culture. Persian poetry is inscribed on their tombs. |
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{{See also|Barid Shahi tombs}} |
{{See also|Barid Shahi tombs}} |
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The Bidar Sultanate made considerable additions to the [[Bidar Fort]]. Their tombs are also located at Bidar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan)/Chapter_2|title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|last=Law|first=John|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate |
The Bidar Sultanate made considerable additions to the [[Bidar Fort]]. Their tombs, the [[Barid Shahi tombs]], were their main architectural pursuits, and are also located at Bidar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan)/Chapter_2|title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan)|last=Law|first=John|pages=15–17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|title=Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228210923/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/|archive-date=2018-02-28|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref>{{sfn|Mitchell|Zebrowski|1999|p=14}} The rulers employed Hindu architects and engineers for the construction of these buildings, which resulted in amalgamation of some Hindu features within the architecture of this period.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=26}} |
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==Rulers== |
==Rulers== |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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File:Entrance to the Bidar Fort.JPG|Bidar Fort near the entrance. |
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File:Frescoed calligraphy.jpg|Calligraphy in coloured tiles |
File:Frescoed calligraphy.jpg|Calligraphy in coloured tiles |
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File:Chaukhandi_bidar.jpg|Ashtur Tombs |
File:Chaukhandi_bidar.jpg|Ashtur Tombs |
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File:BIADR FORT (inside view garden).jpg|[[Bidar Fort|Bidar Fort (inside view garden)]] |
File:BIADR FORT (inside view garden).jpg|[[Bidar Fort|Bidar Fort (inside view garden)]] |
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File:Fort Garden bidar.jpg|[[Bidar Fort|Fort Garden Bidar]] |
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File:Barid Shahi 04.jpg|Tombs of Bidar Shahi kings at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]] |
File:Barid Shahi 04.jpg|Tombs of Bidar Shahi kings at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]] |
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File:Barid Shahi 03.jpg|Tombs at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]] |
File:Barid Shahi 03.jpg|Tombs at Barid Shahi Park in [[Bidar]] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties]] |
*[[List of Shi'a Muslims dynasties]] |
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*[[List of Turkic dynasties and countries]] |
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*[[Battle of Talikota]] |
*[[Battle of Talikota]] |
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===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
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*{{cite book |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 }} |
*{{cite book |title=The New Islamic Dynasties |last=Bosworth |first=C.E. |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1996 |author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth}} |
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*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |
*{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R.C. |year=1974 |title=The Mughul Empire |chapter=The Five Sultanates of the Deccan |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://archive.org/details/mughal-empire-r.-c.-majumdar-1974}} |
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*{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year = 1999| location = Cambridge| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn = 0-521-56321-6}} |
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*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 }} |
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 }} |
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*{{cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Spooner |first2=William L. |last2=Hanaway |title=Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 }} |
*{{cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Spooner |first2=William L. |last2=Hanaway |title=Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |author-link=Brian Spooner (anthropologist)|author-link2=William L. Hanaway}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}} |
* {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}} |
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* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India Volume III |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76553 |last=Haig |first=Sir Wolseley |author-link=Wolseley Haig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928 |
* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of India Volume III |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76553 |last=Haig |first=Sir Wolseley |author-link=Wolseley Haig |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1928 }} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1619]] |
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1619]] |
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[[Category:Bidar Sultanate| ]] |
[[Category:Bidar Sultanate| ]] |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Sunni dynasties]] |
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[[Category:Historical Turkic states]] |
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[[Category:Deccan sultanates]] |
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]] |
Latest revision as of 14:07, 31 July 2024
Sultanate of Bidar | |||||||||
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1492–1619 | |||||||||
Capital | Bidar | ||||||||
Common languages | Persian (official)[2] Deccani Urdu, Kannada | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam[3] | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||
• 1489 – 1504 | Qasim Barid I | ||||||||
• 1609 – 1619 | Amir Barid Shah III (last) | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Established | 1492 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 1619 | ||||||||
Currency | Mohur | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Today part of | India |
The Sultanate of Bidar was an early modern Indian polity that ruled a territory in the central Deccan centred at Bidar.[4] As one of the Deccan sultanates, the sultanate's initial territory corresponded to that of one of the five provinces of the Bahmani Sultanate, and under the rule of Qasim Barid I in 1492 assumed de facto control of state affairs of the Bahmani Sultanate. Leadership passed to his sons; Amir Barid I in 1504 and Ali Barid Shah I in 1542. Starting from the 1580s as a result of Ali's death, a wave of successions occurred in the rulership of the dynasty which ended in 1609 under the last sultan, Amir Barid III. He was eventually defeated in 1619 by Ibrahim Adil Shah II of the Sultanate of Bijapur, who annexed the territory of the Bidar Sultanate into his realm.
History
[edit]Qasim Barid and Amir Barid
[edit]The sultanate was founded in 1492 by Qasim Barid I,[5] who was a Turk[6][7][8][9] or Georgian and enslaved by Turks.[10] He joined the service of the Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah III. He started his career as a sar-naubat, and was made kotwal of Bidar by Nizam-ul-Mulk Bahri for helping the Deccanis in the massacre of the foreign population at Bidar.[11] However, he later became the mir-jumla (prime minister) of the Bahmani sultanate. During the reign of Mahmood Shah Bahmani II (r. 1482 – 1518), he became the de facto ruler of the Bahmani Sultanate.[12]
After the death of Mahmud Shah Bahmani in 1518, he was succeeded by four sultans, one after another, but they were mere puppets in the hands of Amir Barid.[13][14]
When the last Bahmani ruler Kalimullah fled to Bidar in 1527, Amir Barid I became practically independent, as his de jure suzerain's state ceased to exist.[12] However, he never assumed any royal title.[15]
Ali Barid Shah
[edit]In 1542, Amir was succeeded by his son Ali Barid Shah I, who was the first to assume the royal title of Shah.[16] Ali Barid joined the other Deccan sultans in the Battle of Talikota against the Vijayanagar Empire in January 1565.[17]
Later rulers
[edit]After his death in 1580, Ali Barid was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Barid, who ruled for seven years until his death in 1587.[18] He was succeeded by his younger brother Qasim Barid II.[19] After his death in 1591, he was succeeded by his infant son Ali Barid II, who was soon dethroned by one of his relative, Amir Barid II. In 1601, he was also overthrown by one of his relative, Mirza Ali Barid.
In 1609, he was succeeded by the last ruler, Amir Barid III,[19] who fought against the Mughals in 1616 under the leadership of Malik Ambar. In 1619, he was defeated by the Bijapur sultan Ibrahim Adil Shah II. Bidar was annexed to Bijapur sultanate. Amir Barid III and his sons were brought to Bijapur and kept "under surveillance".[20]
Culture
[edit]The rulers patronized Persianate culture. Persian poetry is inscribed on their tombs.
Architecture
[edit]The Bidar Sultanate made considerable additions to the Bidar Fort. Their tombs, the Barid Shahi tombs, were their main architectural pursuits, and are also located at Bidar.[21][22][23] The rulers employed Hindu architects and engineers for the construction of these buildings, which resulted in amalgamation of some Hindu features within the architecture of this period.[24]
Rulers
[edit]Name | Reign |
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Qasim Barid I | 1489 – 1504 |
Amir Barid I | 1504 – 1542[25] |
Ali Barid Shah I | 1542 – 1580[26] |
Ibrahim Barid Shah | 1580 – 1587 |
Qasim Barid Shah II | 1587 – 1591 |
Ali Barid Shah II | 1591 |
Amir Barid Shah II | 1591 – 1601 |
Mirza Ali Barid Shah III | 1601 – 1609 |
Amir Barid Shah III | 1609 – 1619 |
Gallery
[edit]-
Calligraphy in coloured tiles
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Ashtur Tombs
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Tombs of Bidar Shahi kings at Barid Shahi Park in Bidar
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Tombs at Barid Shahi Park in Bidar
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ For a map of their territory see: Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 39, 147. ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ Spooner & Hanaway 2012, p. 317.
- ^ Philon, Helen (2019). "Barīd Shāhīs". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_25225. ISSN 1873-9830.
- ^ "Barīd Shāhī dynasty | Muslim dynasty". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ Sen 2013, p. 118.
- ^ Khan, Iqtidar Alam. Historical dictionary of medieval India. No. 20. Scarecrow Press, 2008."The founder of the Barid Shahi dynasty of Bidar was the son of a Bahmani noble of Turkish origin, Qasim Barid"
- ^ Bolar, Varija R. "Turks in Karnataka." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 4, no. 1 (2012): 419-428.“The Barid Shahi kingdom was established by a Turk named Qasim Barid who had come to Bidar in 1463 AD”
- ^ Ali, Shanti Sadiq. The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times. Orient Blackswan, 1996.“It may be noted here that Qasim Barid, the Kotwal of Bidar, though of Turkish origin succeeded in imposing his influence on Sultan Shihabu'd-din Mahmad”
- ^ Syed, Muzaffar H. History of Indian Nation: Medieval India. Vol. 2. KK Publications, 2022. p.37. “that he left the administration in the hands of one Turk noble, Qasim Barid.”
- ^ Bosworth 1996, p. 324.
- ^ J. Sarkar (1972). Maharashtra State Gazetteers. History: Mediaeval period, by B.G. Kunte.- pt. 3. Maratha period, by J. Sarkar and others. Maharashtra (India). Gazetteers Department. p. 214.
- ^ a b Majumdar 1974, p. 466.
- ^ "India - Bahmanī consolidation of the Deccan". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ Haig 1928, pp. 431.
- ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 25.
- ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 13.
- ^ Majumdar 1974, p. 467.
- ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 160.
- ^ a b Yazdani, 1947, pp. 14.
- ^ Majumdar 1974, pp. 466–468.
- ^ Law, John. Modern Hyderabad (Deccan). pp. 15–17.
- ^ "Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- ^ Mitchell & Zebrowski 1999, p. 14.
- ^ Yazdani, 1947, pp. 26.
- ^ Haig 1928, pp. 429.
- ^ Haig 1928, pp. 681 & 683.
Bibliography
[edit]- Bosworth, C.E. (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
- Majumdar, R.C. (1974). "The Five Sultanates of the Deccan". The Mughul Empire. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
- Mitchell, George; Zebrowski, Mark (1999). Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56321-6.
- Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books.
- Spooner, Brian; Hanaway, William L. (2012). Literacy in the Persianate World: Writing and the Social Order. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Yazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press.
- Haig, Sir Wolseley (1928). The Cambridge History of India Volume III. Cambridge University Press.
External links
[edit]- Philon, Helen (2019). "Barīd Shāhīs". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.