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{{short description|Species of alga}}
{{italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Codium tomentosum''
| image = Alga marina (Codium tomentosum), isla de Mouro, Santander, España, 2019-08-14, DD 09.jpg
| image = Codium tomentosum.jpg
| image_caption = ''Codium tomentosum'' in the coast of Santander (Spain).
| image_width = 240px
| genus = Codium
| image_caption = ''Codium tomentosum'' at [[Kimmeridge]], Dorset.
| species = tomentosum
⚫
| authority = [[John Stackhouse (botanist)|Stackhouse]], 1797 <ref name=WoRMS>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=145092 ''Codium tomentosum'' - Stackhouse, 1797] World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Chlorophyta]]
| classis = [[Bryopsidophyceae]]
| ordo = [[Bryopsidales]]
| familia = [[Codiaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Codium]]''
| species = '''''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'''''
| binomial = ''Codium tomentosum''
⚫
| binomial_authority = [[John Stackhouse (botanist)|Stackhouse]], 1797 <ref name=WoRMS>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=145092 ''Codium tomentosum'' - Stackhouse, 1797] World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
| synonyms = *''Fucus tomentosus var. marginifer''<small> Turner, 1811</small> <ref name=WoRMS/>
| synonyms = *''Fucus tomentosus var. marginifer''<small> Turner, 1811</small> <ref name=WoRMS/>
*''Codium dichotomum'' <ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4244584 The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain] Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
*''Codium dichotomum'' <ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4244584 The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain] Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
}}
}}

'''''Codium tomentosum''''' is a [[species]] of green seaweed in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Codiaceae]]. Its common names include '''velvet horn''' and '''spongeweed'''.<ref name=MarLIN/>
'''''Codium tomentosum''''' is a [[species]] of green seaweed in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Codiaceae]]. Its common names include '''velvet horn''' and '''spongeweed'''.<ref name=MarLIN/>


==Description==
==Description==
The [[holdfast]] of ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' is saucer-shaped and has closely woven strands giving it a uniform appearance. The [[thallus]] or frond has a [[Dichotomy|dichotomous]], much branched structure with thin branches, each with a circular cross section. It grows to 30 cm (12 in) in length and is spongy, with the texture of felt. It is covered with colourless hairs which are visible when it is submerged.<ref name=MarLIN>[http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=3020 Velvet horn - ''Codium tomentosum''] [[Marine Life Information Network]]. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
The [[holdfast (biology)|holdfast]] of ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' is saucer-shaped and has closely woven strands giving it a uniform appearance. The [[thallus]] or frond has a [[Dichotomy|dichotomous]], much branched structure with thin branches, each with a circular cross section. It grows to 30&nbsp;cm (12&nbsp;in) in length and is spongy, with the texture of felt. It is covered with colourless hairs which are visible when it is submerged.<ref name=MarLIN>[http://www.marlin.ac.uk/speciesinformation.php?speciesID=3020 Velvet horn - ''Codium tomentosum''] [[Marine Life Information Network]]. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref> The cortex is composed of club-shaped vesicles forming a palisade-like layer.<ref>Fritsch, F.E. 1965. ''The Structure and Reproduction of Algae''. Cambridge University Press</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
Line 26: Line 19:


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
The related taxon, [[Codium fragile|''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''tomentosoides'']], has been spreading to various parts of the world, and a study was undertaken in 2003 in [[Guernsey]] to see whether it was displacing or even eliminating ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' from the island. It was found that, on the contrary, the native species was still thriving on the lower shore and that ''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''tomentosoides'' was restricted to rock pools in the upper mid-littoral region.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=FDF52EED9BDC5A3984268A1810BDB823.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=253621 Thriving populations of the native macroalga ''Codium tomentosum'' on Guernsey rocky shores] Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
The related taxon, [[Codium fragile|''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''tomentosoides'']], has been spreading to various parts of the world, and a study was undertaken in 2003 in [[Guernsey]] to see whether it was displacing or even eliminating ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' from the island. It was found that, on the contrary, the native species was still thriving on the lower shore and that ''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''tomentosoides'' was restricted to rock pools in the upper mid-littoral region.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=FDF52EED9BDC5A3984268A1810BDB823.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=253621 Thriving populations of the native macroalga ''Codium tomentosum'' on Guernsey rocky shores] Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>


A similar study undertaken in 2000 on exposed shores in western [[Ireland]] showed that, as compared to thirty years earlier, ''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''tomentosoides'' had decreased while [[Codium fragile|''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''atlanticum'']] had increased. The native ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' had maintained its population size and not been displaced.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=91369 Coexistence of introduced and native congeneric algae: ''Codium fragile'' and ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' on Irish rocky intertidal shores.] Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>
A similar study undertaken in 2000 on exposed shores in western [[Ireland]] showed that, as compared to thirty years earlier, ''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''tomentosoides'' had decreased while [[Codium fragile|''C.&nbsp;fragile'' subsp. ''atlanticum'']] had increased. The native ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' had maintained its population size and not been displaced.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=91369 Coexistence of introduced and native congeneric algae: ''Codium fragile'' and ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum'' on Irish rocky intertidal shores.] Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref>


The sea slug ''[[Elysia viridis]]'' (the "sap-sucking slug") feeds on ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum''<ref name=sss/> and ''C.&nbsp;fragile'' and has a [[Endosymbiont|symbiotic]] relationship with them. When the fluids from the algae are ingested, the [[chloroplast]]s remain intact and [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetically]] active in the digestive [[Diverticulum|diverticula]] of the slug for some days. They continue to synthesize sugars which the slug then metabolises. The activity of the chloroplasts degenerates over time and they need to be constantly replaced by further consumption of ''Codium'' spp.<ref name=sss>Taylor, D. L. (1968). [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4364664 "Chloroplasts as symbiotic organelles in the digestive gland of ''Elysia viridis'' (Gastropoda: opisthobranchia)"], ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom'', 48: 1-15. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref><ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/35374 The biology of chloroplast acquisition by ''Elysia viridis'']. Retrieved 2011-09-22.</ref>
The sea slug ''[[Elysia viridis]]'' (the "sap-sucking slug") feeds on ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum''<ref name=sss/> and ''C.&nbsp;fragile'' and has a [[Endosymbiont|symbiotic]] relationship with them. When the fluids from the algae are ingested, the [[chloroplast]]s remain intact and [[Photosynthesis|photosynthetically]] active in the digestive [[Diverticulum|diverticula]] of the slug for some days. They continue to synthesize sugars which the slug then metabolises. The activity of the chloroplasts degenerates over time and they need to be constantly replaced by further consumption of ''Codium'' spp.<ref name=sss>Taylor, D. L. (1968). [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4364664 "Chloroplasts as symbiotic organelles in the digestive gland of ''Elysia viridis'' (Gastropoda: opisthobranchia)"], ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom'', 48: 1-15. Retrieved 2011-09-17.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/pss/35374 The biology of chloroplast acquisition by ''Elysia viridis'']. Retrieved 2011-09-22.</ref>


==Research==
==Research==
A [[lectin]] named tomentine has been isolated by [[affinity chromatography]] from ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum''.<ref name=ctt>{{cite book |author= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fishery Resources Division |title=Aquatic sciences and fisheries abstracts |volume=20 |pages=27&ndash;28 |publisher=Information Retrieval Ltd. |year=1990 |location=Pennsylvania State University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rytZAAAAYAAJ&q=tomentine&dq=tomentine&hl=en&ei=xFN5TvnwHMWEtgfH9sD_Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg |accessdate=2011-09-20}}</ref> It shows [[N-Acetylglucosamine|N-acetylglucosamine]]-specific activity and has been found to be rich in [[glycine]], [[threonine]] and [[valine]].<ref name=ctt/>
A [[lectin]] named tomentine has been isolated by [[affinity chromatography]] from ''C.&nbsp;tomentosum''.<ref name=ctt>{{cite book |author= Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fishery Resources Division |title=Aquatic sciences and fisheries abstracts |volume=20 |pages=27&ndash;28 |publisher=Information Retrieval Ltd. |year=1990 |location=Pennsylvania State University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rytZAAAAYAAJ&q=tomentine |accessdate=2011-09-20}}</ref> It shows [[N-Acetylglucosamine|N-acetylglucosamine]]-specific activity and has been found to be rich in [[glycine]], [[threonine]] and [[valine]].<ref name=ctt/>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Codium tomentosum|''Codium tomentosum''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5140305}}


[[Category:Codium|tomentosum]]
[[Category:Codium|tomentosum]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1797]]
[[Category:Marine biota of Africa]]
[[Category:Marine biota of Europe]]
[[Category:Protists described in 1797]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Stackhouse]]
[[Category:Chlorophyta species]]

Latest revision as of 03:53, 1 August 2024

Codium tomentosum
Codium tomentosum in the coast of Santander (Spain).
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Clade: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: UTC clade
Order: Bryopsidales
Family: Codiaceae
Genus: Codium
Species:
C. tomentosum
Binomial name
Codium tomentosum
Synonyms
  • Fucus tomentosus var. marginifer Turner, 1811 [1]
  • Codium dichotomum [2]

Codium tomentosum is a species of green seaweed in the family Codiaceae. Its common names include velvet horn and spongeweed.[3]

Description

[edit]

The holdfast of C. tomentosum is saucer-shaped and has closely woven strands giving it a uniform appearance. The thallus or frond has a dichotomous, much branched structure with thin branches, each with a circular cross section. It grows to 30 cm (12 in) in length and is spongy, with the texture of felt. It is covered with colourless hairs which are visible when it is submerged.[3] The cortex is composed of club-shaped vesicles forming a palisade-like layer.[4]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

C. tomentosum is native to the north east Atlantic Ocean from the British Isles southwards to the Azores and Cape Verde. It has also been recorded around the coasts of Africa and in various other parts of the world.[5] The type locality is England.[5] It is found on exposed rocks in deep rock pools on the lower shore.[3]

Ecology

[edit]

The related taxon, C. fragile subsp. tomentosoides, has been spreading to various parts of the world, and a study was undertaken in 2003 in Guernsey to see whether it was displacing or even eliminating C. tomentosum from the island. It was found that, on the contrary, the native species was still thriving on the lower shore and that C. fragile subsp. tomentosoides was restricted to rock pools in the upper mid-littoral region.[6]

A similar study undertaken in 2000 on exposed shores in western Ireland showed that, as compared to thirty years earlier, C. fragile subsp. tomentosoides had decreased while C. fragile subsp. atlanticum had increased. The native C. tomentosum had maintained its population size and not been displaced.[7]

The sea slug Elysia viridis (the "sap-sucking slug") feeds on C. tomentosum[8] and C. fragile and has a symbiotic relationship with them. When the fluids from the algae are ingested, the chloroplasts remain intact and photosynthetically active in the digestive diverticula of the slug for some days. They continue to synthesize sugars which the slug then metabolises. The activity of the chloroplasts degenerates over time and they need to be constantly replaced by further consumption of Codium spp.[8][9]

Research

[edit]

A lectin named tomentine has been isolated by affinity chromatography from C. tomentosum.[10] It shows N-acetylglucosamine-specific activity and has been found to be rich in glycine, threonine and valine.[10]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Codium tomentosum - Stackhouse, 1797 World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  2. ^ The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  3. ^ a b c Velvet horn - Codium tomentosum Marine Life Information Network. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  4. ^ Fritsch, F.E. 1965. The Structure and Reproduction of Algae. Cambridge University Press
  5. ^ a b Codium tomentosum Stackhouse AlgaeBase. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  6. ^ Thriving populations of the native macroalga Codium tomentosum on Guernsey rocky shores Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  7. ^ Coexistence of introduced and native congeneric algae: Codium fragile and C. tomentosum on Irish rocky intertidal shores. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  8. ^ a b Taylor, D. L. (1968). "Chloroplasts as symbiotic organelles in the digestive gland of Elysia viridis (Gastropoda: opisthobranchia)", Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 48: 1-15. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  9. ^ The biology of chloroplast acquisition by Elysia viridis. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
  10. ^ a b Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Fishery Resources Division (1990). Aquatic sciences and fisheries abstracts. Vol. 20. Pennsylvania State University: Information Retrieval Ltd. pp. 27–28. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
[edit]
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