Wanyan Xiyin: Difference between revisions

Wanyan Xiyin
Wanyan Xiyin
Traditional Chinese	完顏希尹
Simplified Chinese	完颜希尹
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Wányán Xīyǐn
Gushen (Jurchen name)
Traditional Chinese	穀神
Simplified Chinese	谷神
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Gǔshén
Wushi (Jurchen name)
Chinese	兀室/悟室
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Wùshì
Hushe (Jurchen name)
Chinese	胡舍
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Húshé

Wanyan Xiyin
Wanyan Xiyin
Personal details
Born	Gushen (穀神); Wushi (兀室/悟室); Hushe (胡舍); Unknown
Died	1140
Military service
Allegiance	Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

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Gushen (died 1140), also known as Wushi or Hushe, and better known by his sinicised name Wanyan Xiyin, was a Jurchen noble and civil minister who lived in the founding and early years of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty (1115–1234), which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries. He was a chief adviser to Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. Described by modern writers as the "Chief Shaman" of the pre-Jin Jurchen state,^[1] he became deeply interested in Han Chinese culture, and is particularly known as the creator of the first writing system for the Jurchen language.

Family

Consort Zheng (正妃元妃烏古論氏), of the Wugulun clan
Consort Li (李次妃李氏; d. 1110 ), of the Li clan, personal name Shunying (舜英)
Concubine Wang (王妾王氏), of the Wang clan, personal name Mao'er (猫儿)^[2]
Concubine Liu (刘妾刘氏), of the Liu clan, personal name Baigu (百古)^[3]
Concubine Zhang (章妾章氏), of the Zhang clan, personal name Haolang (好郎)^[4]
Concubine Sun (孙妾孙氏), of the Sun clan, personal name Xingnu (星奴)^[5]
Concubine Zhao (趙妾趙氏), of the Zhao clan, personal name Fujin (福金), daughter of Emperor Huizong

Issues:

Wanyan Bada (完顏把荅; d.1140), first son
Wanyan Mandai (完顏漫帶; d.1140), second son
Wanyan Tata (完顏挞挞; d.1140), third son

Life

Wanyan Xiyin's original Jurchen name is transcribed in Chinese sources as "Gushen", "Wushi" or "Hushe". He was from the Wanyan tribe, the ruling clan of the Jin dynasty, but was not in the direct imperial family line.^[6] His father was Huandu (歡都), a cousin of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder of the Jin dynasty. Along with Nianhan (Wanyan Zonghan), Wanyan Xiyin was one of the chief advisers to Aguda. He helped Aguda in unifying the various Jurchen tribes under the Wanyan tribe's leadership, and overthrowing the Khitan-led Liao dynasty.^[7] After Aguda's death, Wanyan Xiyin continued to serve as a civil minister in the imperial court of Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong), Aguda's younger brother and successor. However, he fell into disgrace during the reign of Emperor Xizong, Emperor Taizong's successor, and was eventually forced to commit suicide in 1140.^[6]

According to contemporary Chinese sources, Wanyan Xiyin "was crafted and talented. It was he who personally devised laws and the script for the Jurchen, and thus shaped them into one state (guo; 國). The people of the state called him shan-man (珊蠻); shan-man in Jurchen refers to a shaman. This is because he understood changing conditions like a god. From Nianhan down, nobody was able to be his equal."^[8]

As the translator of this text, Herbert Franke, notes, this may be the earliest known Chinese document in which the term shaman (珊蠻) is attested; it corresponds to the Manchu saman ("shaman, sorcerer").^[8]

Wanyan Xiyin was fascinated by Chinese classics, and collected a large library when Jurchens seized and looted the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng), in the Jin–Song Wars. He invited several Han Chinese scholars, led by Yuwen Xuzhong (宇文虛中; a Song envoy detained by the Jurchens), to advise him and to teach his sons and grandsons. Hong Hao (洪皓) – another Song envoy similarly detained by the Jurchens – though that it was under Yuwen Xuzhong's influence that a variety of Han Chinese cultural practices entered the Jin dynasty, such as the forms of government organisations, the scale of official ranks, salaries, and hereditary privileges, as well as the rules for assigning posthumous names to emperors and the taboo against using characters that appear in emperors' names.^[9]

The instruction offered by Yuwen Xuzhong and other Han Chinese scholars must have been successful, as Wanyan Xiyin's sons were able to write Chinese poems for Hong Hao. The degree of their sinicisation was high enough for one of them to become one of the first Jurchens to have a Han Chinese wife.^[9]

The tombs of Wanyan Xiyin and his family members are said to be located near present-day Shulan, Jilin Province. Since 1961, they have been listed on the provincial register of the protected historical sites.^[10]

Jurchen script

On Aguda's orders, in 1119 or 1120, Wanyan Xiyin created the Jurchen script, known as the "large-character script", for use in the administration of the new Jurchen (Jin) Empire. He based it on Chinese characters and the Khitan script.

References

^ Tao (1976), Page 95.
^ She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.
^ She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.
^ She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.
^ She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.
^ ^a ^b Franke 1997(I), pp. 150-151.
^ Franke 1997(I), p. 154
^ ^a ^b Franke 1997(I), pp. 155-156.
^ ^a ^b Tao (1976), pages 31, 40.
^ 完颜希尹家族墓地 (Wanyan Xiyin Family Tombs Site) (in Chinese)

Herbert Franke, 1997 (I): "Chinese Texts on the Jurchen (I): a Translation of the Jurchen in the San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien. Originally published in Zantralasiatische Studien 9. Wiesbaden, 1975. Reprinted in: Herbert Franke and Hok-lam Chan, "Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty", Variorum Collected Series Studies: CS591, Ashgate, 1997. ISBN 0-86078-645-5. (The work whose name is transcribed in Wade-Giles as San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien is Xu Mengxin's "Collected Accounts of the Treaties with the North under Three Reigns", or San chao beimeng huibian in Pinyin. Franke translates and comments on its Chapter 3, which deals with the history and customs of the Jurchen people).
Jing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976, ISBN 0-295-95514-7.

[tao95-1] Tao (1976), Page 95.

[2] She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.

[3] She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.

[4] She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.

[5] She was a concubine of Huizong of Song.

[f150-6] Franke 1997(I), pp. 150-151.

[franke154-7] Franke 1997(I), p. 154

[f155-8] Franke 1997(I), pp. 155-156.

[tao-9] Tao (1976), pages 31, 40.

[10] 完颜希尹家族墓地 (Wanyan Xiyin Family Tombs Site) (in Chinese)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{short description|Scribe}}
-'''Wanyan Xiyin''' ({{zh|c=完颜希尹}}; ?-1140) was a trusted advisor of the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] chieftain, [[Wanyan Aguda]] (later the Emperor Taizu, the first emperor of the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]]). Described by modern writers as the "Chief [[Shaman]]" of the pre-Jin Jurchen state,<ref name=tao95>Tao (1976),  Page 95.</ref> he became deeply interested in Chinese culture, and is
+{{Infobox officeholder
-particularly known as the creator of the [[Jurchen script|first writing system]] for the Jurchen language.
+| name = Wanyan Xiyin
+| image =
+| image_size =
+| alt =
+| caption =
+| birth_name = Gushen (穀神)<br>Wushi (兀室/悟室)<br>Hushe (胡舍)
+| birth_date = Unknown
+| death_date = 1140
+| allegiance = [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
+}}
+{{family name hatnote|[[Wanyan]]|lang=Chinese}}
+{{Chinese|t=完顏希尹|s=完颜希尹|p=Wányán Xīyǐn|altname=Gushen {{small|(Jurchen name)}}|t2=穀神|s2=谷神|p2=Gǔshén|altname3=Wushi {{small|(Jurchen name)}}|c3=兀室/悟室|p3=Wùshì|altname4=Hushe {{small|(Jurchen name)}}|c4=胡舍|p4=Húshé}}
+'''Gushen''' (died 1140), also known as '''Wushi''' or '''Hushe''', and better known by his [[Sinicization|sinicised]] name '''Wanyan Xiyin''', was a [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] noble and civil minister who lived in the founding and early years of the Jurchen-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]], which ruled northern China between the 12th and 13th centuries. He was a chief adviser to [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda (Emperor Taizu)]], the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. Described by modern writers as the "Chief [[Shaman]]" of the pre-Jin Jurchen state,<ref name=tao95>Tao (1976),  Page 95.</ref> he became deeply interested in [[Han Chinese]] culture, and is
+particularly known as the creator of the [[Jurchen script|first writing system]] for the [[Jurchen language]].
+== Family ==
-Wanyan Xiyin's original Jurchen name is transcribed in Chinese sources as '''Wushi''' ({{zh|c=兀室}} or 悟室; [[Wade-Giles]], Wu-shih). He belonged to the Jurchen [[Wanyan]] tribe, but not to the actual imperial Wanyan family.<ref name=f150>Franke 1997(I), pp. 150-151.</ref>
+*Consort Zheng (正妃 元妃烏古論氏), of the Wugulun clan
-Along with [[Wanyan Nianhan]] (1080-1137) and Gushe (骨括, or Hushe, 胡舍), Wushi was one of the three chief advisors of [[Wanyan Aguda|Aguda]] at the time of his rebellion against the [[Liao Dynasty|Liao]].<ref name=franke154>Franke 1997(I), p. 154</ref> He continued to be a  trusted advisor of Aguda as he became the first Emperor Taizu of the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]], and of and his successor [[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]] (r. 1123-1134). However, Wushi (Xiyin) fell into disgrace under Taizong's successor [[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Xizong]] (r. 1135-1149) and had to commit suicide in 1140.<ref name=f150/>
+*Consort Li (李次妃 李氏; d. 1110 ), of the Li clan,  personal name Shunying (舜英)
+*Concubine Wang (王妾 王氏), of the Wang clan, personal name Mao'er (猫儿)<ref>She was a concubine of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong of Song]].</ref>
+*Concubine Liu (刘妾刘氏), of the Liu clan, personal name Baigu (百古)<ref>She was a concubine of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong of Song]].</ref>
+*Concubine Zhang (章妾章氏), of the Zhang clan, personal name  Haolang (好郎)<ref>She was a concubine of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong of Song]].</ref>
+*Concubine Sun (孙妾孙氏), of the Sun clan, personal name Xingnu (星奴)<ref>She was a concubine of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Huizong of Song]].</ref>
+*Concubine Zhao (趙妾趙氏), of the Zhao clan, personal name Fujin (福金), daughter of [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]]
+'''Issues''':
+*Wanyan Bada (完顏把荅; d.1140), first son
+*Wanyan Mandai (完顏漫帶; d.1140), second son
+*Wanyan Tata (完顏挞挞; d.1140), third son
+==Life==
-According to the contemporary Chinese sources, "Wushi was crafted and talented. It was he who personally devised laws and the script for the Jurchen, and thus shaped them into one state (''guo'', 国). The people of the state called him ''shan-man'' (珊蛮); shan-man in Jurchen means a shamaness. This is because he understood changing conditions like a good. From Nianhan down, nobody was able to be his equal."<ref name=f155>Franke 1997(I), pp. 155-156.</ref>
+Wanyan Xiyin's original Jurchen name is transcribed in Chinese sources as "Gushen", "Wushi" or "Hushe". He was from the [[Wanyan]] tribe, the ruling clan of the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]], but was not in the direct imperial family line.<ref name=f150>Franke 1997(I), pp. 150-151.</ref> His father was Huandu (歡都), a cousin of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda (Emperor Taizu)]], the founder of the Jin dynasty. Along with [[Wanyan Zonghan|Nianhan (Wanyan Zonghan)]], Wanyan Xiyin was one of the chief advisers to Aguda. He helped Aguda in unifying the various Jurchen tribes under the Wanyan tribe's leadership, and overthrowing the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty]].<ref name=franke154>Franke 1997(I), p. 154</ref> After Aguda's death, Wanyan Xiyin continued to serve as a civil minister in the imperial court of [[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong)]], Aguda's younger brother and successor. However, he fell into disgrace during the reign of [[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Emperor Xizong]], Emperor Taizong's successor, and was eventually forced to commit suicide in 1140.<ref name=f150/>
+According to contemporary Chinese sources, Wanyan Xiyin "was crafted and talented. It was he who personally devised laws and the script for the Jurchen, and thus shaped them into one state (''guo''; 國). The people of the state called him ''shan-man'' (珊蠻); shan-man in Jurchen refers to a [[shaman]]. This is because he understood changing conditions like a god. From [[Wanyan Zonghan|Nianhan]] down, nobody was able to be his equal."<ref name=f155>Franke 1997(I), pp. 155-156.</ref>
-As the translator of this text, [[Herbert Franke (sinologist)|Herbert Franke]], notes, this may be the earliest known Chinese document in which the word [[:zh:珊蛮|珊蛮]] (''shanman'') is attested; it corresponds to the [[Manchu language|Manchu]] ''saman'' ("[[shaman]], sorcerer").<ref name=f155/>
+As the translator of this text, [[Herbert Franke (sinologist)|Herbert Franke]], notes, this may be the earliest known Chinese document in which the term ''shaman'' (珊蠻) is attested; it corresponds to the [[Manchu language|Manchu]] ''saman'' ("shaman, sorcerer").<ref name=f155/>
-Wushi was fascinated by Chinese classics, and collected a large library when Jurchens [[Jingkang Incident|seized and looted]] the capital of the [[Northern Song Dynasty]], Pianjing (now [[Kaifeng]]). He invited several Chinese scholars, led by [[Yuwen Xuzhong]] (宇文虚中; he was captured by the Jurchen while an envoy to the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin]]), to advise him and to teach his sons and grandsons.  [[Hong Hao]] (洪皓) - another Song envoy similarly detained by the Jurchen - though that it was under Yuwen's influence that a variety of Chinese cultural practices entered the Jin Empire, such as the forms of government organizations, the scale of official ranks, salaries, and hereditary privileges, as well as the rules for assigning [[posthumous name]]s to emperors and the [[Naming taboo|taboo]] against using [[chinese characters|characters]] that appear in emperors' names.<ref name=tao>Tao (1976), pages 31, 40.</ref>
+Wanyan Xiyin was fascinated by [[Chinese classics]], and collected a large library when Jurchens [[Jingkang Incident|seized and looted]] the capital of the [[Northern Song dynasty]], Bianjing (present-day [[Kaifeng]]), in the [[Jin–Song Wars]]. He invited several [[Han Chinese]] scholars, led by [[Yuwen Xuzhong]] (宇文虛中; a Song envoy detained by the Jurchens), to advise him and to teach his sons and grandsons. [[Hong Hao]] (洪皓) – another Song envoy similarly detained by the Jurchens – though that it was under Yuwen Xuzhong's influence that a variety of Han Chinese cultural practices entered the Jin dynasty, such as the forms of government organisations, the scale of official ranks, salaries, and hereditary privileges, as well as the rules for assigning [[posthumous name]]s to emperors and the [[Naming taboo|taboo]] against using [[Chinese characters|characters]] that appear in emperors' names.<ref name=tao>Tao (1976), pages 31, 40.</ref>
-The instruction offered by Yuwen and other Chinese scholars must have been successful, as Wushi's sons were able to write Chinese poems for [[Hong Hao]]. The degree of their sinicization  was high enough for one of them to become one of the first Jurchen to have a Chinese wife.<ref name=tao/>
+The instruction offered by Yuwen Xuzhong and other Han Chinese scholars must have been successful, as Wanyan Xiyin's sons were able to write Chinese poems for [[Hong Hao]]. The degree of their [[Sinicization|sinicisation]] was high enough for one of them to become one of the first Jurchens to have a Han Chinese wife.<ref name=tao/>
-The tombs of Wanyan Xiyin and his family members are said to be located near the city of [[Shulan]] in [[Jilin]] Province. Since 1961, they have been listed on the provincial register of the protected historical sites.<ref>[http://jlwh.jllib.com/fengjing/indexfj_%20jlwyx.htm 完颜希尹家族墓地] (Wanyan Xiyin Family Tombs Site) {{zh icon}}</ref>
+The tombs of Wanyan Xiyin and his family members are said to be located near present-day [[Shulan]], [[Jilin|Jilin Province]]. Since 1961, they have been listed on the provincial register of the protected historical sites.<ref>[http://jlwh.jllib.com/fengjing/indexfj_%20jlwyx.htm 完颜希尹家族墓地] (Wanyan Xiyin Family Tombs Site) {{in lang|zh}}</ref>
 ==Jurchen script==
 {{main|Jurchen script}}
-On Aguda's orders, in  1119 or 1120, Wanyan Xiyin created the Jurchen script, known as the "large-character script",  for use in the administration of the new Jurchen (Jin) Empire.  He based it on [[China|Chinese]] characters and the [[Liao]] script.
+On Aguda's orders, in 1119 or 1120, Wanyan Xiyin created the Jurchen script, known as the "large-character script",  for use in the administration of the new Jurchen (Jin) Empire. He based it on [[Chinese characters]] and the [[Khitan large script|Khitan script]].
-== Literature==
-* Herbert Franke, 1997 (I): "Chinese Texts on the Jurchen (I): a Translation of the Jurchen in the ''San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien''. Originally published in ''Zantralasiatische Studien 9''. Wiesbaden, 1975.  Reprinted in: Herbert Franke and Hok-lam Chan, "Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty", Variorum Collected Series Studies: CS591,  Ashgate, 1997. ISBN 0-86078-645-5. (The work whose name is transcribed in [[Wade-Giles]] as ''San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien'' is Xu Mengxin's "Collected Accounts of the Treaties with the North under Three Reigns", or ''San chao beimeng huibian'' in Pinyin. Franke translates and comments on its Chapter 3, which deals with the history and customs of the Jurchen people).
+==See also==
-*Jing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976, ISBN 0-295-95514-7.
+*[[Shamanism in the Qing dynasty]]
 == References ==
 {{Reflist}}
+* Herbert Franke, 1997 (I): "Chinese Texts on the Jurchen (I): a Translation of the Jurchen in the ''San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien''. Originally published in ''Zantralasiatische Studien 9''. Wiesbaden, 1975.  Reprinted in: Herbert Franke and Hok-lam Chan, "Studies on the Jurchens and the Chin Dynasty", Variorum Collected Series Studies: CS591,  Ashgate, 1997. {{ISBN|0-86078-645-5}}. (The work whose name is transcribed in [[Wade-Giles]] as ''San ch'ao pei-meng hui-pien'' is Xu Mengxin's "Collected Accounts of the Treaties with the North under Three Reigns", or ''San chao beimeng huibian'' in Pinyin. Franke translates and comments on its Chapter 3, which deals with the history and customs of the Jurchen people).
+*Jing-shen Tao, "The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China". University of Washington Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-295-95514-7}}.
-[[Category:Inventors of writing systems]]
+[[Category:Creators of writing systems]]
-[[Category:Jurchen history]]
+[[Category:Jurchens]]
 [[Category:Scribes|Xiyin]]
+[[Category:1140 deaths]]
+[[Category:Suicides in the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)]]
-[[en:Wanyan Xiyin]]
-[[zh:完顏希尹]]